Delamination threshold load for dynamic impact on plates

A criterion is derived for delamination onset in transversely isotropic laminated plates under small mass, high velocity impact. The resulting delamination threshold load is about 21% higher than the corresponding quasi-static threshold load. A closed form approximation for the peak impact load is then used to predict the delamination threshold velocity. The theory is validated for a range of test cases by comparison with 3D finite element simulation using LS-DYNA and a newly developed interface element to model delamination onset and growth. The predicted delamination threshold loads and velocities are in very good agreement with the finite element simulations. Good agreement is also shown in a comparison with published experimental results. In contrast to quasi-static impacts, delamination growth occurs under a rapidly decreasing load. Inclusion of finite thickness effects and a proper description of the contact stiffness are found to be vital for accurate prediction of the delamination threshold velocity

Dynamic identification of building structures: new strategies:Meccanica dei materiali e delle strutture

In this paper the evolution of a time domain dynamic identification technique based on a statistical moment approach is presented. This technique can be used in the case of structures under base random excitations in the linear state and in the non linear one. By applying Itoˆ stochastic calculus, special algebraic equations can be obtained depending on the statistical moments of the response of the system to be identified. Such equations can be used for the dynamic identification of the mechanical parameters and of the input. The above equations, differently from many techniques in the literature, show the possibility of obtaining the identification of the dissipation characteristics independently from the input. Through the paper the first formulation of this technique, applicable to non linear systems, based on the use of a restricted class of the potential models, is presented. Further a second formulation of the technique in object, applicable to each kind of linear systems and based on the use of a class of linear models, characterized by a mass proportional damping matrix, is described.

Finite element modeling of debonding failures in FRP-strengthened RC beams: A dynamic approach

This paper is concerned with the finite element simulation of debonding failures in FRP-strengthened concrete beams. A key challenge for such simulations is that common solution techniques such as the Newton-Raphson method and the arc-length method often fail to converge. This paper examines the effectiveness of using a dynamic analysis approach in such FE simulations, in which debonding failure is treated as a dynamic problem and solved using an appropriate time integration method. Numerical results are presented to show that an appropriate dynamic approach effectively overcomes the convergence problem and provides accurate predictions of test results.

Thin mercury film electrodes in dynamic speciation studies of metals

No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho e a aplicabilidade do eléctrodo de filme fino de mercúrio, em estudos de especiação dinâmica de metais vestigiais. Para tal, foram utilizadas duas técnicas electroanalíticas de redissolução: a clássica Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica (ASV) e a recentemente desenvolvida, Cronopotenciometria de Redissolução com varrimento do potencial de deposição (SSCP). As propriedades de troca-iónica e de transporte de massa de películas mistas preparadas a partir de dois polímeros com características distintas, o Nafion (NA) e o 4-Poliestireno sulfonato de sódio (PSS), foram avaliadas, antes da sua aplicação no âmbito da especiação de metais. Estas películas de NA-PSS demonstraram uma elevada sensibilidade, reprodutibilidade, estabilidade mecânica, bem como, propriedades de anti-bloqueio adequadas na modificação química do eléctrodo de filme fino de mercúrio (TMFE) e, na sua aplicação na determinação de catiões metálicos vestigiais em amostras complexas, por ASV. Para além disso, o desempenho de membranas do polielectrólito PSS em estudos de voltametria de troca-iónica (IEV) foi estudado. O objectivo desta investigação foi reunir as condições ideais na preparação de películas de PSS estáveis e com uma densidade de carga negativa elevada, de modo a aumentar a acumulação electrostática de catiões metálicos no filme polimérico e por conseguinte, conseguir incrementos no sinal voltamétrico. O desempenho e aplicabilidade do TMFE em estudos de especiação de metais vestigiais foram extendidos à SSCP como técnica analítica. Dada a elevada sensibilidade e resolução evidenciada pelo TMFE, este revelou ser uma alternativa adequada aos eléctrodos de mercúrio convencionais, podendo ser utilizado durante um dia de trabalho, sem degradação aparente do sinal analítico de SCP. As curvas de SSCP obtidas experimentalmente utilizando o TMFE estavam em concordância com aquelas previstas pela teoria. Para além disso, a constante de estabilidade (K) calculada a partir do desvio do potencial de meia-onda, para dois sistemas metal-complexo lábeis, aproxima-se não só do valor teórico, como também daquele obtido utilizando o eléctrodo de mercúrio de gota suspensa (HMDE). Adicionalmente, o critério experimental de labilidade inerente a esta técnica foi validado e o grau de labilidade para um dado sistema metal-complexo foi determinado, utilizando o filme fino de mercúrio depositado sob um eléctrodo rotativo (TMF-RDE). Este eléctrodo é muito útil na determinação de parâmetros cinéticos, como é o caso da constante de velocidade de associação (ka), uma vez que as condições hidrodinâmicas, durante a etapa de deposição, se encontram bem definidas.

Associations of the mechanical, anthropometric and gait contributors to the knee adduction moment during paediatric gait

The knee adduction moment (KAM) during gait has been proposed as an indirect measure of dynamic knee joint loading and has been reported to be higher in obese children [1, 2]. The KAM is primarily calculated from the resultant ground reaction force (GRF) and the lever arm length, both of which can be manipulated through weight-loss or medical interventions [1]. However, there is little data on the relationships between the mechanical, anthropometric and gait contributors to the KAM during paediatric gait. The objectives of the study were to examine the associations with the first (1st) and second (2nd) peak KAM (pKAM) and: (1) centre of pressure (CoP), KAM lever arm length, vertical and mediolateral ground reaction forces (GRF) and, (2) fat mass, height, step width, foot rotation, knee rotation and walking velocity.

Non-linear analysis of piezolaminated structures

In the recent years the study of smart structures has attracted significant researchers, due to their potential benefits in a wide range of applications, such as shape control, vibration suppression, noise attenuation and damage detection. The applications in aerospace industry are of great relevance, such as in active control of airplane wings, helicopter blade rotor, space antenna. The use of smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, in the form of layers or patches embedded and/or surface bonded on laminated composite structures, can provide structures that combine the superior mechanical properties of composite materials and the capability to sense and adapt their static and dynamic response, becoming adaptive structures. The piezoelectric materials have the property of generate electrical charge under mechanical load or deformation, and the reverse, applying an electrical field to the material results in mechanical strain or stresses.

Optical and mechanical analysis on a biological cell in optical tweezers

La réponse mécanique d’une cellule à une force externe permet d’inférer sa structure et fonction. Les pinces optiques s’avèrent une approche particulièrement attrayante pour la manipulation et caractérisation biophysique sophistiquée des cellules de façon non invasive. Cette thèse explore l’utilisation de trois types de pinces optiques couramment utilisées : 1) statiques (static), 2) à exposition partagée (time-sharing) et 3) oscillantes (oscillating). L’utilisation d’un code basé sur la méthode des éléments finis en trois dimensions (3DFEM) nous permet de modéliser ces trois types de piégeage optique afin d’extraire les propriétés mécaniques cellulaires à partir des expériences. La combinaison des pinces optiques avec la mécanique des cellules requiert des compétences interdisciplinaires. Une revue des approches expérimentales sur le piégeage optique et les tests unicellulaires est présentée. Les bases théoriques liant l’interaction entre la force radiative optique et la réponse mécanique de la cellule aussi. Pour la première fois, une simulation adaptée (3DFEM) incluant la diffusion lumineuse et la distribution du stress radiatif permet de prédire la déformation d’une cellule biconcave –analogue aux globules rouges—dans un piège statique double (static dual-trap). À l’équilibre, on observe que la déformation finale est donnée par l’espacement entre les deux faisceaux lasers: la cellule peut être étirée ou même comprimée. L’exposition partagée (time-sharing) est la technique qui permet de maintenir plusieurs sites de piégeage simultanément à partir du même faisceau laser. Notre analyse quantitative montre que, même oscillantes, la force optique et la déformation sont omniprésentes dans la cellule : la déformation viscoélastique et la dissipation de l’énergie sont analysées. Une autre cellule-type, la tige cubique, est étudiée : cela nous permet d’élucider de nouvelles propriétés sur la symétrie de la réponse mécanique. Enfin, l’analyse de la déformation résolue en temps dans un piége statique ou à exposition partagée montre que la déformation dépend simultanément de la viscoélasticité, la force externe et sa forme tridimensionnelle. La technique à force oscillante (oscillating tweezers) montre toutefois un décalage temporel, entre la force et la déformation, indépendant de la forme 3D; cette approche donnerait directement accès au tenseur viscoélastique complexe de la cellule.

A physical packing sequence algorithm for the container loading problem with static mechanical equilibrium conditions

The container loading problem (CLP) is a combinatorial optimization problem for the spatial arrangement of cargo inside containers so as to maximize the usage of space. The algorithms for this problem are of limited practical applicability if real-world constraints are not considered, one of the most important of which is deemed to be stability. This paper addresses static stability, as opposed to dynamic stability, looking at the stability of the cargo during container loading. This paper proposes two algorithms. The first is a static stability algorithm based on static mechanical equilibrium conditions that can be used as a stability evaluation function embedded in CLP algorithms (e.g. constructive heuristics, metaheuristics). The second proposed algorithm is a physical packing sequence algorithm that, given a container loading arrangement, generates the actual sequence by which each box is placed inside the container, considering static stability and loading operation efficiency constraints.

Superficial and deep changes of cellular mechanical properties following cytoskeleton disassembly.

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, is a highly dynamic supramolecular network actively involved in many essential biological mechanisms such as cellular structure, transport, movements, differentiation, and signaling. As a first step to characterize the biophysical changes associated with cytoskeleton functions, we have developed finite elements models of the organization of the cell that has allowed us to interpret atomic force microscopy (AFM) data at a higher resolution than that in previous work. Thus, by assuming that living cells behave mechanically as multilayered structures, we have been able to identify superficial and deep effects that could be related to actin and microtubule disassembly, respectively. In Cos-7 cells, actin destabilization with Cytochalasin D induced a decrease of the visco-elasticity close to the membrane surface, while destabilizing microtubules with Nocodazole produced a stiffness decrease only in deeper parts of the cell. In both cases, these effects were reversible. Cell softening was measurable with AFM at concentrations of the destabilizing agents that did not induce detectable effects on the cytoskeleton network when viewing the cells with fluorescent confocal microscopy. All experimental results could be simulated by our models. This technology opens the door to the study of the biophysical properties of signaling domains extending from the cell surface to deeper parts of the cell.

Force potentiation as a modulator of contractile performance: Implications for control of skeletal muscle force and energetics of work

This thesis investigated the modulation of dynamic contractile function and energetics of work by posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Mechanical experiments were conducted in vitro using software-controlled protocols to stimulate/determine contractile function during ramp shortening, and muscles were frozen during parallel incubations for biochemical analysis. The central feature of this research was the comparison of fast hindlimb muscles from wildtype and skeletal myosin light chain kinase knockout (skMLCK-/-) mice that does not express the primary mechanism for PTP: myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. In contrast to smooth/cardiac muscles where RLC phosphorylation is indispensable, its precise physiological role in skeletal muscle is unclear. It was initially determined that tetanic potentiation was shortening speed dependent, and this sensitivity of the PTP mechanism to muscle shortening extended the stimulation frequency domain over which PTP was manifest. Thus, the physiological utility of RLC phosphorylation to augment contractile function in vivo may be more extensive than previously considered. Subsequent experiments studied the contraction-type dependence for PTP and demonstrated that the enhancement of contractile function was dependent on force level. Surprisingly, in the absence of RLC phosphorylation, skMLCK-/- muscles exhibited significant concentric PTP; consequently, up to ~50% of the dynamic PTP response in wildtype muscle may be attributed to an alternate mechanism. When the interaction of PTP and the catchlike property (CLP) was examined, we determined that unlike the acute augmentation of peak force by the CLP, RLC phosphorylation produced a longer-lasting enhancement of force and work in the potentiated state. Nevertheless, despite the apparent interference between these mechanisms, both offer physiological utility and may be complementary in achieving optimal contractile function in vivo. Finally, when the energetic implications of PTP were explored, we determined that during a brief period of repetitive concentric activation, total work performed was ~60% greater in wildtype vs. skMLCK-/- muscles but there was no genotype difference in High-Energy Phosphate Consumption or Economy (i.e. HEPC: work). In summary, this thesis provides novel insight into the modulatory effects of PTP and RLC phosphorylation, and through the observation of alternative mechanisms for PTP we further develop our understanding of the history-dependence of fast skeletal muscle function.

On Limits to the Use of Linear Markov Strategies in Common Property Natural Resource Games

We derive conditions that must be satisfied by the primitives of the problem in order for an equilibrium in linear Markov strategies to exist in some common property natural resource differential games. These conditions impose restrictions on the admissible form of the natural growth function, given a benefit function, or on the admissible form of the benefit function, given a natural growth function.

On the Effects of Mergers on Equilibrium Outcomes in a Common Property Renewable Asset Oligopoly

This paper examines a dynamic game of exploitation of a common pool of some renewable asset by agents that sell the result of their exploitation on an oligopolistic market. A Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium of the game is used to analyze the effects of a merger of a subset of the agents. We study the impact of the merger on the equilibrium production strategies, on the steady states, and on the profitability of the merger for its members. We show that there exists an interval of the asset's stock such that any merger is profitable if the stock at the time the merger is formed falls within that interval. That includes mergers that are known to be unprofitable in the corresponding static equilibrium framework.

Low Temperature Curing of NBR for Property Improvement

Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates are prepared in the laboratory, and the effect of these xanthates with zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of HAF-filled nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds has been studied at different temperatures. The cure times of these compounds have been compared with that of NBR compounds containing TMTD/MBTS. The rubber compounds with the three xanthate accelerators and ZDC are cured at various temperatures from 60 to 150°C. The sheets are molded and properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, cross-link density, elongation at break, compression set, abrasion resistance, flex resistance, etc. have been evaluated. The properties show that zinc salt of the xanthate/ZDC accelerator system has a positive synergistic effect on the cure rate and mechanical properties of NBR compounds.

A Study on the Reversed Lack of Memory Property and its Generalizations

In this thesis, the concept of reversed lack of memory property and its generalizations is studied.We we generalize this property which involves operations different than the ”addition”. In particular an associative, binary operator ” * ” is considered. The univariate reversed lack of memory property is generalized using the binary operator and a class of probability distributions which include Type 3 extreme value, power function, reflected Weibull and negative Pareto distributions are characterized (Asha and Rejeesh (2009)). We also define the almost reversed lack of memory property and considered the distributions with reversed periodic hazard rate under the binary operation. Further, we give a bivariate extension of the generalized reversed lack of memory property and characterize a class of bivariate distributions which include the characterized extension (CE) model of Roy (2002a) apart from the bivariate reflected Weibull and power function distributions. We proved the equality of local proportionality of the reversed hazard rate and generalized reversed lack of memory property. Study of uncertainty is a subject of interest common to reliability, survival analysis, actuary, economics, business and many other fields. However, in many realistic situations, uncertainty is not necessarily related to the future but can also refer to the past. Recently, Di Crescenzo and Longobardi (2009) introduced a new measure of information called dynamic cumulative entropy. Dynamic cumulative entropy is suitable to measure information when uncertainty is related to the past, a dual concept of the cumulative residual entropy which relates to uncertainty of the future lifetime of a system. We redefine this measure in the whole real line and study its properties. We also discuss the implications of generalized reversed lack of memory property on dynamic cumulative entropy and past entropy.In this study, we extend the idea of reversed lack of memory property to the discrete set up. Here we investigate the discrete class of distributions characterized by the discrete reversed lack of memory property. The concept is extended to the bivariate case and bivariate distributions characterized by this property are also presented. The implication of this property on discrete reversed hazard rate, mean past life, and discrete past entropy are also investigated.

Loading dependence similarities on the cure time and mechanical properties of rubber ferrite composites containing nickel zinc ferrite

Composite magnetic materials have the unique advantage of property modification for tailoring devices for various applications. Rubber ferrite composites (RFCs) prepared by incorporating ferrites in rubber matrixes have the advantage of easy mouldability and flexibility. RFCs containing various loadings of nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) (Ni1 xZnxFe2O4) in a natural rubber matrix have been prepared. The cure characteristics and the mechanical properties of these composites were evaluated. The effect of loading on the cure characteristics and tensile properties were also evaluated. It is found that the loading dependence on the cure time and mechanical properties exhibit an identical pattern.