Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse : Impact of Interviewers’ Attitudes & Children's Collaboration during Forensic Interviews

L’agression sexuelle (AS) commise envers les enfants est un sujet complexe à enquêter et les allégations reposent souvent exclusivement sur le témoignage de l’enfant. Cependant, même quand l’enfant divulgue une AS, il peut être réticent à révéler certains détails personnels et gênants de l’AS à un étranger. Étant donné qu’il n'est pas toujours possible d'obtenir le consentement de filmer et qu’il est relativement difficile de mesurer l’attitude non verbale de l’enfant et celui de l’enquêteur au cours des entrevues d’investigations, cette recherche a été novatrice dans sa création d’échelles verbales de telles attitudes. Afin de déterminer la corrélation de l’attitude des enquêteurs et la collaboration des enfants, 90 entrevues d’enfants âgés de 4 à 13 ans ont été analysées. Les entrevues ont été enregistrées sur bande audio, transcrites et codifiées à l'aide des sous-échelles verbales d'attitudes soutenantes et non-soutenantes des enquêteurs ainsi que d’attitudes de résistance et de coopération de la part de l'enfant. La proportion des détails sur l’AS fournie par les enfants a également été calculée. Afin de comparer les entrevues avec et sans le protocole du National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), une MANCOVA, contrôlant pour l’âge de l’enfant et la proportion de questions ouvertes, démontre tel qu’attendu que les entrevues avec le protocole obtiennent plus de détails fournis à la suite des questions ouvertes que les entrevues sans le protocole. Cependant, aucune différence ne ressort quant aux attitudes de l’enfant et celle de l’enquêteur. Afin de trouver le meilleur prédicteur de la quantité de détails dévoilés par les enfants, une analyse de régression multiple hiérarchique a été faite. Après avoir contrôlé pour l'âge de l’enfant, l’utilisation du protocole et la proportion de questions ouvertes, la résistance de l’enfant et l’attitude non-soutenante de l’enquêteur expliquent 28 % supplémentaire de la variance, tandis que la variance totale expliquée par le modèle est de 58%. De plus, afin de déterminer si la collaboration de l’enfant et l’attitude de l’enquêteur varient en fonction de l’âge des enfants, une MANOVA démontre que les enquêteurs se comportent similairement, quel que soit l'âge des enfants. Ceci, malgré le fait que les jeunes enfants sont généralement plus réticents et coopèrent significativement moins bien que les préadolescents. Finalement, une régression multiple hiérarchique démontre que le soutien de l'enquêteur est le meilleur prédicteur de la collaboration des enfants, au-delà des caractéristiques de l'enfant et de l’AS. Bien que l’utilisation du protocole NICHD ait permis des progrès considérables dans la manière d’interroger les enfants, augmentant la proportion de détails obtenus par des questions ouvertes/rappel libre et amplifiant la crédibilité du témoignage, l’adhésion au protocole n’est pas en soi suffisante pour convaincre des jeunes enfants de parler en détail d’une AS à un inconnu. Les résultats de cette thèse ont une valeur scientifique et contribuent à enrichir les connaissances théoriques sur les attitudes de l'enfant et de l'enquêteur exprimées lors des entrevues. Même si les enquêteurs de cette étude offrent plus de soutien aux enfants résistants, indépendamment de leur âge, pour promouvoir la divulgation détaillée de l’AS, de meilleures façons de contrer les attitudes de résistance exprimées par les jeunes enfants et une minimisation des attitudes non-soutenantes lors des entrevues sont nécessaires.

To Say or not to Say: Dyadic Ambivalence over Emotional Expression and its Associations with Sexual Function, Satisfaction, Depression, Dyadic Adjustment, and Pain in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia and their Partners

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Doctorat en Psychologie Clinique

In search of protection : sexual minority women in Canadian refugee determination

Le Canada accepte des demandes d’asile sur la base de l'orientation sexuelle depuis plus de 20 ans. Quoi qu’il en soit, cette recherche permet de douter du fait que les demandes sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle déposées par des femmes soient traitées de façon adéquate. Pour garantir l’accès à la protection des femmes appartenant à des minorités sexuelles, une analyse du risque de persécution fondé sur l'orientation sexuelle doit incorporer des considérations de genre ainsi que divers autres facteurs d’ordre social et culturel. À partir d’une étude de cas de demandes du statut de refugié déposées par des femmes sur la base de l’orientation sexuelle et rejetées par la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié entre 2010 et 2013, cette recherche identifie des procédés décisionnels problématiques qui font obstacle au droit d’asile de ces femmes. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent qu’une analyse intersectionnelle, laquelle prend acte des formes variées et multiples de l’oppression dans un contexte social donné, est d’importance cruciale pour une évaluation éclairée et non tronquée des risques de persécution pour les minorités sexuelles féminines. À la lumière de ces résultats, ce mémoire propose qu’une analyse intersectionnelle accompagne une nécessaire formation pour les membres de la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié du Canada sur des questions particulières à des minorités sexuelles.

Sexual and relationship intimacy among women with provoked vestibulodynia and their partners : associations with sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain self-efficacy

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent subtype of vulvodynia. Women report negative consequences of PVD on their sexual and romantic relationships. Researchers have recently highlighted the importance of examining interpersonal factors such as intimacy, and of including both women and their partners in study designs. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate sexual and relationship intimacy as defined by the Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy and their associations with sexual satisfaction, sexual function, pain self-efficacy, and pain intensity among women with PVD and their partners. Methods Ninety-one heterosexual women (M age = 27.38, SD = 6.04) diagnosed with PVD and their partners (M age = 29.37, SD = 7.79) completed measures of sexual and relationship intimacy, sexual satisfaction, sexual function, pain self-efficacy, and pain intensity. Main Outcome Measures Dependent measures were the (i) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (ii) Female Sexual Function Index; (iii) Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale; and (iv) visual analog scale of pain intensity during intercourse. Results After controlling for women's age, women's greater sexual intimacy (β = 0.49, P < 0.001) was associated with women's greater sexual satisfaction and higher pain self-efficacy (β = 0.39, P = 0.001), beyond the effects of partners’ sexual intimacy. Also, women's greater sexual intimacy (β = 0.24, P = 0.05) and women's greater relationship intimacy (β = 0.54, P = 0.003) were associated with greater women's sexual function, beyond the effects of partners’ sexual and relationship intimacy. Conclusions Women's self-reported sexual and relationship intimacy in the couple relationship may promote higher sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain self-efficacy, as well as possibly foster greater sexual well-being among women with PVD. The authors discuss implications for the inclusion of emotional and interpersonal aspects of the couple's dynamic in clinical interventions and future research in PVD.

Attachment, sexual assertiveness and sexual outcomes in women with provoked vestibulodynia and their partners : a mediation model.

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a prevalent women’s sexual pain disorder, which is associated with sexual function difficulties. Attachment theory has been used to understand adult sexual outcomes, providing a useful framework for examining sexual adaptation in couples confronted with PVD. Research to date indicates that anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions correlate with worse sexual outcomes in community and clinical samples. The present study examined the association between attachment, pain, sexual function and sexual satisfaction in a sample of 101 couples in which the women presented with PVD. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used in order to investigate both actor and partner effects. This study also examined the role of sexual assertiveness as a mediator of these associations via structural equation modeling. Women completed measures of pain intensity and both members of the couple completed measures of romantic attachment, sexual assertiveness, sexual function and satisfaction. Results indicated that attachment dimensions did not predict pain intensity. Both anxious and avoidant attachment were associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Only attachment avoidance predicted lower sexual function in women. Partner effects indicated that higher sexual assertiveness in men predicted better sexual function in women, while higher sexual assertiveness in women predicted higher sexual satisfaction in men. Finally, women’s sexual assertiveness was found to be a significant mediator of the relationship between their attachment dimensions, sexual function and satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of examining how anxious and avoidant attachment may lead to difficulties in sexual assertiveness and to less satisfying sexual interactions in couples where women suffer from PVD.

Impact of male partner responses on sexual function in women with vulvodynia and their partners: a dyadic daily experience study.

Note de l'éditeur : This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. / Cet article ne constitue pas la version officielle, et peut différer de la version publiée dans la revue.

Why us? Perceived injustice is associated with more sexual and psychological distress in couples coping with genito-pelvic pain.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent cause of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) and is associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences for affected women and their partners. PVD is often misdiagnosed or ignored and many couples may experience a sense of injustice, due to the loss of their ability to have a normal sexual life. Perceiving injustice has been documented to have important consequences in individuals with chronic pain. However, no quantitative research has investigated the experience of injustice in this population. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between perceived injustice and pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among women with PVD and their partners. Methods Women diagnosed with PVD (N = 50) and their partners completed questionnaires of perceived injustice, pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression. Main Outcome Measures (1) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (2) Female Sexual Distress Scale; (3) Beck Depression Inventory-II; and (4) McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire. Results After controlling for partners' age, women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater depression, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher perceived injustice was not associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction but partners' higher perceived injustice was associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women's pain intensity. Conclusion Results suggest that perceiving injustice may have negative consequences for the couple's sexual and psychological outcomes. However, the effects of perceived injustice appear to be intra-individual. Targeting perceived injustice could enhance the efficacy of psychological interventions for women with PVD and their partners.

Are primary and secondary provoked vestibulodynia two different entities? A comparison of pain, psychosocial and sexual characteristics.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is suspected to be the most frequent cause of vulvodynia in premenopausal women. Based on the onset of PVD relative to the start of sexual experience, PVD can be divided into primary (PVD1) and secondary PVD (PVD2). Studies comparing these PVD subgroups are inconclusive as to whether differences exist in sexual and psychosocial functioning. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the pain, sexual and psychosocial functioning of a large clinical and community-based sample of premenopausal women with PVD1 and PVD2. Methods A total of 269 women (n = 94 PVD1; n = 175 PVD2) completed measures on sociodemographics, pain, sexual, and psychosocial functioning. Main Outcome Measures Dependent variables were the 0–10 pain numerical rating scale, McGill–Melzack Pain Questionnaire, Female Sexual Function Index, Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait Subscale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale—Revised, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-Revised. Results At first sexual relationship, women with PVD2 were significantly younger than women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). The average relationship duration was significantly longer in women with PVD2 compared with women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). Although women with PVD1 described a significantly longer duration of pain compared with women with PVD2 (P < 0.01), no significant subtype differences were found in pain intensity during intercourse. When controlling for the sociodemographics mentioned earlier, no significant differences were found in sexual, psychological, and relational functioning between the PVD subgroups. Nevertheless, on average, both groups were in the clinical range of sexual dysfunction and reported impaired psychological functioning. Conclusions The findings show that there are no significant differences in the sexual and psychosocial profiles of women with PVD1 and PVD2. Results suggest that similar psychosocial and sex therapy interventions should be offered to both subgroups of PVD.

Provoked vestibulodynia : mediators of the associations between partner responses, pain, and sexual satisfaction.

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a chronic, recurrent vulvo-vaginal pain condition affecting 12% of the general population, and is associated with sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life. There is growing interest in the role of interpersonal variables in PVD, which have been widely neglected. In a sample of 175 couples, the present study examined the mediating roles of partner and participant catastrophizing and self-efficacy in the association between solicitous partner responses and pain intensity, and that of dyadic adjustment in the association between solicitous and negative partner responses and sexual satisfaction. Couples completed measures of partner responses, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, dyadic adjustment, and depression. Women also completed measures of pain, sexual satisfaction, and sexual function. Controlling for depression and solicitousness perceived by the other member of the couple, catastrophizing and self-efficacy partially mediated the association between higher solicitous responses and higher pain during intercourse, accounting for 26 and 25% of the variance in this association for participant and partner-perceived responses, respectively. For both participant and partners, only pain catastrophizing was a unique mediator. Controlling for depression, sexual function and partner-perceived responses, dyadic adjustment partially mediated the association between higher participant-perceived solicitous responses and higher sexual satisfaction, and between higher participant-perceived negative responses and lower sexual satisfaction, accounting for 26% of the variance in each association. The current findings suggest that catastrophizing and dyadic adjustment may constitute a route by which partner responses exacerbate pain and increase or decrease sexual satisfaction in PVD couples.

Harmful or helpful : perceived solicitous and facilitative partner responses are differentially associated with pain and sexual satisfaction in women with provoked vestibulodynia.

Introduction.  Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a highly prevalent vulvovaginal pain condition that negatively affects women's emotional, sexual, and relationship well-being. Recent studies have investigated the role of interpersonal variables, including partner responses. Aim.  We examined whether solicitous and facilitative partner responses were differentially associated with vulvovaginal pain and sexual satisfaction in women with PVD by examining each predictor while controlling for the other. Methods.  One hundred twenty-one women (M age = 30.60, SD = 10.53) with PVD or self-reported symptoms of PVD completed the solicitous subscale of the spouse response scale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, and the facilitative subscale of the Spouse Response Inventory. Participants also completed measures of pain, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, trait anxiety, and avoidance of pain and sexual behaviors (referred to as “avoidance”). Main Outcome Measures.  Dependent measures were the (i) Pain Rating Index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire with reference to pain during vaginal intercourse and (ii) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale. Results.  Controlling for trait anxiety and avoidance, higher solicitous partner responses were associated with higher vulvovaginal pain intensity (β = 0.20, P = 0.03), and higher facilitative partner responses were associated with lower pain intensity (β = −0.20, P = 0.04). Controlling for sexual function, trait anxiety, and avoidance, higher facilitative partner responses were associated with higher sexual satisfaction (β = 0.15, P = 0.05). Conclusions.  Findings suggest that facilitative partner responses may aid in alleviating vulvovaginal pain and improving sexual satisfaction, whereas solicitous partner responses may contribute to greater pain.

Woman and partner-perceived partner responses predict pain and sexual satisfaction in vestibulodynia couples

Introduction.  Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a highly prevalent vulvovaginal pain condition that results in significant sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life. Although some intra-individual psychological factors have been associated with PVD, studies to date have neglected the interpersonal context of this condition. Aim.  We examined whether partner responses to women's pain experience—from the perspective of both the woman and her partner—are associated with pain intensity, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction. Methods.  One hundred ninety-one couples (M age for women = 33.28, standard deviation [SD] = 12.07, M age for men = 35.79, SD = 12.44) in which the woman suffered from PVD completed the spouse response scale of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, assessing perceptions of partners' responses to the pain. Women with PVD also completed measures of pain, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, depression, and dyadic adjustment. Main Outcome Measures.  Dependent measures were women's responses to: (i) a horizontal analog scale assessing the intensity of their pain during intercourse; (ii) the Female Sexual Function Index; and (iii) the Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale. Results.  Controlling for depression, higher solicitous partner responses were associated with higher levels of women's vulvovaginal pain intensity. This association was significant for partner-perceived responses (β = 0.29, P < 0.001) and for woman-perceived partner responses (β = 0.16, P = 0.04). After controlling for sexual function and dyadic adjustment, woman-perceived greater solicitous partner responses (β = 0.16, P = 0.02) predicted greater sexual satisfaction. Partner-perceived responses did not predict women's sexual satisfaction. Partner responses were not associated with women's sexual function. Conclusions.  Findings support the integration of dyadic processes in the conceptualization and treatment of PVD by suggesting that partner responses to pain affect pain intensity and sexual satisfaction in affected women.

Las Medidas organizativas de atención a la diversidad en un centro de enseñanza secundaria: un estudio de casos

Sabemos que al menos un 20% del alumnado entre 12 y 16 años no manifiesta ninguna motivación para el aprendizaje en la mayoría de las áreas del currículum escolar (Marchesi, 2004) y que esa desafección, al menos en España, se gesta en la educación primaria de manera que el éxito (o el fracaso) escolar en esa etapa se convierte en el principal predictor del éxito (o del fracaso) en la ESO (Marchesi y Martín, 2002). La primera conclusión parece obvia: si queremos que los alumnos vayan bien en la educación secundaria hemos de conseguir que vayan bien en la educación primaria. Pero, ¿qué ocurre cuando nuestro alumnado llega a los institutos sin esos conocimientos mínimos sin los cuales no hay garantía posible de éxito? ¿Hemos de aceptar ese determinismo y convertirnos en meros espectadores de un fracaso anunciado? Uno de los principales indicadores de la calidad de la educación en un estado democrático es el trato que se da a aquella parte del alumnado que presenta dificultades para aprender. El hecho de que la enseñanza secundaria en el actual sistema educativo español sea obligatoria y comprensiva (es decir, que se enseñen los mismos contenidos a todos los alumnos) dificulta considerablemente la tarea del profesorado a la vez que incrementa el riesgo de fracaso escolar. Para contrarrestar dicho riesgo, los legisladores han dotado a los centros de una mayor autonomía que se pone de manifiesto en tres ámbitos fundamentales: 1. En el diseño currricular, a través del Proyecto Curricular de Centro (PCC). El currículum ha dejado de ser rígido y dictado por la administración a ser abierto y flexible, con un diseño final que ahora es responsabilidad de los claustros de profesores . 2. En la organización del centro, que toma decisiones sobre la forma de agrupar el alumnado, la adscripción del profesorado a los distintos grupos o la coordinación efectiva del profesorado. 3. En el acceso a recursos materiales y humanos que respondan a las necesidades reales del centro como consecuencia del ejercicio de su autonomía. Los diferentes decretos y resoluciones de las autoridades educativas de cada Comunidad Autónoma han delimitado el campo de actuación de los centros para que, dentro de su autonomía, puedan hacer frente a una diversidad creciente del alumnado (en capacidades, en intereses y motivación y en su condición social) con el objetivo final de garantizar el éxito 2 escolar. En Cataluña, por ejemplo, las instrucciones para la organización y el funcionamiento de los centros de secundaria, que son publicadas para cada curso escolar, regulan de manera cada vez más extensa aspectos relativos a la atención a las necesidades educativas del alumnado. Así, dichas medidas incrementan año tras año el abanico de recursos que se ponen a disposición de los centros: Aula abierta, Unidad de soporte a la educación especial, Unidad de educación especial, Unidad de escolarización compartida, Aula de acogida, etc. Todas estas medidas organizativas se complementan con puntos concretos relativos a los criterios generales sobre la distribución de grupos, la dedicación horaria del profesorado y de los diferentes órganos de coordinación, las funciones del profesorado de la especialidad de Psicología y Pedagogía y de los Maestros de Pedagogía terapéutica o las adaptaciones curriculares, así como la puesta a disposición de los equipos directivos (ED) de un número creciente de recursos humanos. Sin embargo, todo ello choca en ocasiones con una realidad que se caracteriza por : ¿ La resistencia de una parte del profesorado hacia la generalización de la educación secundaria obligatoria y comprensiva, en parte como consecuencia del deterioro que ha experimentado en sus condiciones de trabajo: un ambiente de clase poco propició al aprendizaje, una mayor exigencia de coordinación, una adaptación de sus quehaceres a una mayor diversidad de alumnado, un incremento de la burocracia administrativa docente, etc. (Fernández, 2001; Bolívar, 2004). ¿ La resistencia de una parte de los ED a la aplicación estricta de las normas en perjuicio de los principios pedagógicos y de igualdad que las impulsaban. Por ejemplo, los itinerarios escolares, que quedaron descartados en la LOGSE y posteriormente en la LOE, se han aplicado en innumerables centros a través de los criterios seguidos para agrupar a los alumnos (Cucurella, 2002; Estruch, 2002; Muñoz, 2000). ¿ Un profesorado instalado en una auténtica crisis de identidad que no acaba de asumir la enorme complejidad del proceso de educar en una sociedad incierta como la actual (pero en la que la educación es un derecho fundamental) y al que no ayuda una legislación en continuo cambio y cada vez más extensa (Fernández, 2001). ¿ Un profesorado que, a pesar de asumir la importancia de atender las necesidades educativas de todos los alumnos y alumnas, manifiesta un escaso conocimiento de las medidas destinadas a su tratamiento. Además, reconoce el escaso seguimiento y revisión que se lleva a cabo en los centros de los objetivos y de la planificación de la atención de la diversidad (Muñoz et all, 2007). El resultado de todo ello es un tira y afloja entre lo que pide la administración y lo que dan los centros escolares de secundaria. Desconocemos en qué medida la realidad del conjunto de los 3 centros de secundaria se acerca a la teoría que propugna la norma. En Cataluña, los últimos datos conocidos (los del Plan director 1997-2001, de la Inspección de educación) ponen de manifiesto una caída en picado de algunas actuaciones relacionadas con la atención de la diversidad cuando pasamos de la educación primaria a la educación secundaria, justo en el momento en el que los alumnos con menos expectativas de éxito demandan de una atención redoblada. El discurso sobre la diversidad y las teorías mejor elaboradas se estrellan a menudo sobre la organización encargada de llevarlas a la práctica. La existencia de un proyecto pedagógico realista, ajustado a las necesidades del centro y consensuado, la actuación colegiada del profesorado, la flexibilidad que sucede a la valoración crítica de los resultados, las adaptaciones curriculares, etc. son actuaciones que se han descrito como potenciadoras del tratamiento de la diversidad (Santos, 2002). Cuando se dispone de medios humanos suficientes, la adopción de una organización del centro que dé respuesta a la diversidad de su alumnado dentro de los límites legales depende sólo de la voluntad de los ED. Es cierto que dicha voluntad se haya limitada por las características del claustro y por la cultura del centro. Pero esos condicionantes ni son definitivos ni son ajenos a la acción transformadora del propio ED. El propósito de la investigación es analizar el conjunto de medidas organizativas que aplica un centro de enseñanza secundaria para dar respuesta a las necesidades educativas del alumnado que tiene dificultades para adquirir los conocimientos mínimos que le permitan pasar de curso y/o acreditar la ESO.

Democracia y diferencia sexual.

Monográfico con el título: 'Educar para la igualdad y la libertad'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

El aprendizaje cooperativo : una estrategia para la atención a la diversidad en el aula.

Monográfico con el título: 'Colaboración en el aula, aprendizaje en grupo'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Las adolescencias caben en la escuela de la diversidad

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'Culturas juveniles como estilos de vida distintivos'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n