Análise de marcas de crescimento ósseo e estimativas de idade para Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) no litoral do Rio Grande do Sul

A tartaruga-verde, Chelonia mydas, possui ampla distribuição geográfica circuntropical, ocorrendo em toda zona costeira brasileira. A espécie está incluída em diversas listas de animais ameaçados de extinção, sendo assim fundamental a elaboração de modelos demográficos que possam vir a subsidiar futuros planos de manejo. Contudo, muitos aspectos referentes à história de vida destes animais ainda são pouco conhecidos, por serem animais marinhos de difícil observação, especialmente durante o período que despendem nas áreas de alimentação e durante as grandes migrações. As tartarugas marinhas apresentam características, em seu ciclo de vida, que dificultam a realização de estudos de marcação e recaptura, para determinação de parâmetros importantes como crescimento e determinação de idade. Por esta razão, muitos estudos envolvendo determinação de idade utilizando linhas cíclicas de crescimento presentes nos tecidos rígidos - esqueletocronologia, vêm sendo acumulados para esta espécie. Muito pouco se sabe sobre quaisquer aspectos relacionados às etapas do ciclo de vida das tartarugas marinhas que habitam o litoral do Rio Grande do Sul, deste modo, este estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar a técnica histológica utilizada usualmente nas análises de esqueletocronologia em tartarugas marinhas a fim de verificar a ocorrência de crescimento cíclico nos ossos e de se obter estimativas de idade para a população local. As amostras são provenientes de tartarugas-verdes encalhadas no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul e coletadas, de forma sistemática entre Torres e Mostardas, de março de 1994 a setembro de 2003. Os 89 exemplares (35%) de tartarugas-verdes registrados indicam que a espécie é a segunda em número de ocorrências, sendo menos freqüente apenas que Caretta caretta (54%). Foi verificada apenas a ocorrência de exemplares juvenis (ccc = 29,0 a 52,0 cm, média = 38,9cm), que estão iniciando o período de desenvolvimento costeiro. A técnica avaliada não apresentou os resultados esperados, necessitando de algumas modificações metodológicas. A partir da observação dos cortes histológicos pôde-se constatar a presença de linhas de crescimento ósseo em apenas onze dos vinte e quatro indivíduos que apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na preparação histológica, indicando que a deposição das linhas pode ser variável e dependente de fatores ambientais. Nos onze indivíduos puderam ser distinguidas de uma a cinco linhas de crescimento, indicando uma idade entre 1 e 5 anos para o término da fase no ambiente pelágico. Com estes resultados obteve-se o primeiro registro da presença de linhas de crescimento ósseo, assim como, a primeira estimativa de idade para a população de Chelonia mydas no início de sua fase de desenvolvimento costeiro no Brasil.

The failure of early-stage technology startups in Brazil: a study about the contributing factors to the early-death of startups between 2009 and 2014 in Southeastern Brazil

This research aimed to find out which are the main factors that lead technology startups to fail. The study focused on companies located in the Southeast region of Brazil that operated between 2009 and 2014. In the beginning, a review of the literature was done to have a better understanding of basic concepts of entrepreneurship as well as modern techniques for developing entrepreneurship. Furthermore, an analysis of the entrepreneurial scenario in Brazil, with a focus on the Southeast, was also done. After this phase, the qualitative study began, in which 24 specialists from startups were interviewed and asked about which factors were crucial in leading a technology startup to fail. After analyzing the results, four main factors were identified and these factors were validated through a quantitative survey. A questionnaire was then formulated based on the answers from the respondents and distributed to founders and executives of startups, which both failed and succeeded. The questionnaire was answered by 56 companies and their answers were treated with the factor analysis statistical method to check the validity of the questionnaire. Finally, the logistical regression method was used to know the extent to which the factors led to the startups’ failure. In the end, the results obtained suggest that the most significant factor that leads technology startups in southeastern Brazil to fail are problems with interpersonal relationship between partners or investors.

Stage level measurement of information and communication technology in organizations

Na moderna Economia do Conhecimento, na Era do Big Data, entender corretamente o uso e a gestão da Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) tendo como base o campo acadêmico de estudos de Sistemas de Informação (SI), torna-se cada vez mais relevante e estratégico para as organizações que pretendem: permanecer em atividade, estar aptas para atender novas demandas (internas e externas) e enfrentar as complexas mudanças na competição de mercado. Esta pesquisa utiliza a teoria dos estágios de crescimento, fundamentada pelos estudos de Richard L. Nolan nos anos 70. A literatura acadêmica relacionada com modelos de estágios de crescimento e o contexto do campo de estudo de SI, fornecem as bases conceituais deste estudo. A pesquisa identifica um modelo com seus construtos relacionados aos estágios de crescimento das iniciativas da TIC/SI organizacional, partindo das variáveis de benchmark de segundo nível de Nolan, e propõe sua operacionalização com a criação e desenvolvimento de uma escala. De caráter exploratório e descritivo, a pesquisa traz contribuição teórica ao paradigma da teoria dos estágios de crescimento, adicionando um novo processo de crescimento em sua estrutura conceitual. Como resultado, é disponibilizado além de um instrumento de escala bilíngue (português e inglês), recomendações e regras para aplicação de um instrumento de pesquisa do tipo survey, na continuidade deste estudo. Como implicação geral desta pesquisa, é esperado que seu uso e aplicação ao mensurar a avaliação do nível de estágio da TIC/SI em organizações, possam auxiliar dois perfis de indivíduos: acadêmicos que estudam essa temática, assim como, profissionais que buscam respostas de suas ações práticas nas organizações onde trabalham.

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Tartarugas marinhas da Bacia Potiguar/RN: diagnóstico, biologia alimentar e ameaças

This work aimed to study the diversity and distribution of marine sea turtles stranded in Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte, as well as aspects related to feeding behavior associated with human impacts. The study was conducted through the analysis of data from stranded animals, recorded in a daily monitoring in an area bounded on the north by the municipality of Aquiraz, in the state of Ceará, and the east by the municipality of Caicara do Norte, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Stranded dead animals were necropsied and for the analysis of the diet of animals, esophagus, stomach and intestines were fixed in 10% formalin and after that, the stomach contents were sorted and stored in 70% alcohol. Representative fragments of these organs were removed for making histological slides, with a view to histological characterization of the digestive tract. 2.046 occurrences of turtles were recorded during the period from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2012. The Chelonia mydas species showed the highest number of records and it was observed in 66.81 % (N = 1,367) of cases; followed by Eretmochelys imbricata with 4.45 % (N = 91) and by Lepidochelys olivacea with 1.22% (N = 25). The Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea species were, respectively, 0.93 % (N = 19) and 0.05 % (N = 1) records of strandings. In 26.54 % of cases, it was not possible to identify the species. Regarding the spatial distribution, the stretch A was the one that had the highest number of strandings and a larger number of records were registered in the warm months of the year. The dietary analysis showed that C. mydas fed preferentially on algae; C. caretta had a diet with a predominance of the item "coral´s fragments" and E. imbricata species showed preference for an animal origin material. Related to this anthropic interaction, 57.14 % (n = 76) of animals that died at the rehabilitation s base, showed cause of death due to complications from ingesting debris. According to the data presented, the Potiguar Basin presents itself as an area with important diversity and distribution of marine sea turtle as well is characterized as a feeding and nidification area for these species

Aspectos biológicos do peixe-olhudo-dentinho, Synagrops bellus (Actinopterygii: Acropomatidae), da plataforma externa e talude superior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Biological aspects of the blackmouth bass Synagrops bellus from the outer shelf and upper slope along the coast of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, are presented. The species represented about 71.6% and 9.7% in number of the total catch performed by balloom trawl in the isobaths of 300m and 500m respectively. Body sizes of 266 individuals ranged between 130 and 265mm total length, with sex ratio of 55.9% males, and 44.1% females, where most individuals were in maturation stage. Twenty two food items were found, pointing out Myctophidae fishes, Penaeidea and Caridea shrimps, Brachyuran megalopae, Enoploteuthidae and Cranchiidae cephalopods, pteropods and tunicates. The intestinal coefficient increases as the body size increase, and the number of gill rakers ranged between 16 and 17. Length-weight relationship was WT = 6.0 x 10-6 x TL3.12, r2 = 0.9495. Synagrops bellus is an important link between zooplankton and micronekton, and demersal and pelagic predators in the outer shelf and upper slope in southwestern Brazilian coast.

Hormesis with glyphosate depends on coffee growth stage

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Physiological dose response of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants to glyphosate depends on growth stage

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influence of the season of year, stage of lactation and milking time on the chloride content in bovine milk

From January to October 1995, chloride content determinations were accomplished in 2,218 samples of milk collected from 67 quarters of 17 lactating cows, in initial, middle and final stages of lactation, in the morning and afternoon milking. The highest means of chloride contents were observed among the milk samples collected in the final stage of lactation (0,203 gC1/100ml), in the summer (0,212 gC1/100ml) and in the morning milking (0,189 g C1/100ml). The differences observed between the chloride contents in the samples obtained in the different stages of lactation and the seasons of the year were statistically significant (P<0.0001). The gratest occornce of chloride at rates superior to 0.22 gC1100ml was observed in the final stge of lactation (31.4%), summer (44.2%) and after the morning milking (27.8%). These results evidentiate the influence of physiological and external factors (stage of lactation and season of the year) on the concentration of chloride of milk.

Cell Death in Salivary Glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) Females at Semi-engorged Feeding Stage

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

EFFECT of TYPES of NOZZLES on SPRAY DEPOSITION on TWO SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN STAGE V3

The effect of application with different nozzle types and volume rates on spray deposition in the V3 stage of two soybean cultivars was evaluated. The experiments were conducted in the Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas of the UNESP-Botucatu/SP. The nozzles evaluated were an air induced flat fan nozzle (Al 11015 at 150 L ha(-1), Al 11002 at 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), a twin flat fan nozzle (TJ 60 11002 at 150, 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), and a cone nozzle (TX 6 at 150 L ha(-1), TX 8 at 150 L ha(-1) and TX 10 at 250 L ha(-1)). To evaluate spray deposition on the plants, a tracer (Brilliant Blue FD&C-1) was added. The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Deposition on plants was determined by absorbancy reading in 630 nm wavelength. The data were adjusted to a calibration curve and transformed into deposited spray volume in mL. The relationship deposition per unit of dry matter was adjusted to a regression curve (Gompertz model). In cultivar CD 208, the highest deposit was for the larger volumes and for the treatment TX 8 200 L ha(-1). The most uniform treatments were all the nozzles with the volume 150 L ha(-1) and the TJ60 nozzle for 200 1, ha(-1). In cultivar CD 216, the greatest spray depositions were achieved with the treatments Al at 200 and 250 L ha(-1) and TJ 60 at 250 L ha(-1), and the most uniform treatments were the TX 6 and TJ60 nozzles for the volume150 L ha(-1).

The influence of ripening stage and cultivation system on the total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of yellow passion fruit pulp

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nutritional evaluation of stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em diálise apresentam alta prevalência de desnutrição proteico-energética. Não existe ainda um método uniforme para avaliar o estado nutricional desses pacientes. Recomenda-se a aplicação de um conjunto de métodos subjetivos e objetivos para se chegar aos diagnósticos nutricionais adequados. O objetivo deste estudo é traçar o perfil nutricional de pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado na Unidade de Tratamento Dialítico de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil, em 2008. MÉTODOS: 48 pacientes tiveram seus indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos caracterizados, sendo também submetidos ao questionário Avaliação Global Subjetiva modificada (SGAm), verificando-se possíveis correlações entre esses indicadores. RESULTADOS: A frequência de desnutrição moderada e grave variou de 22% a 54%, de acordo com o parâmetro utilizado. Com relação à adequação do peso ideal, 29% da amostra estavam com porcentagem de adequação abaixo do percentil 75, classificados como portadores de desnutrição moderada e grave. As correlações mais significativas foram observadas entre índice de massa corporal (IMC) e adequações de prega triciptal (PCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB); e entre o SGAm e adequações de CB e CMB. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição apresentou grande variabilidade de frequência entre os pacientes de acordo com o critério escolhido para avaliação. O acompanhamento nutricional de rotina e a validação de métodos que avaliem a composição corporal desses pacientes são de extrema importância para diagnosticar precocemente a desnutrição e assim prevenir complicações e reduzir as taxas de morbimortalidade nesta população.

Continuous ethanol production in a nonconventional five-stage system operating with yeast cell recycling at elevated temperatures

Three ranges of increasing temperatures (35-43, 37-45, 39-47degreesC) were sequentially applied to a five-stage system continuously operated with cell recycling so that differences of 2degreesC (between one reactor to the next) and 8degreesC (between the first reactor at the highest temperature and the fifth at the lowest temperature) were kept among the reactors for each temperature range. The entire system was fed through the first reactor. The lowest values of biomass and viability were obtained for reactor R-3 located in the middle of the system. The highest yield of biomass was obtained in the effluent when the system was operated at 35-43degreesC. This nonconventional system was set up to simulate the local fluctuations in temperature and nutrient concentrations that occur in different regions of the medium in an industrial bioreactor for fuel ethanol production mainly in tropical climates. Minimized cell death and continuous sugar utilization were observed at temperatures normally considered too high for Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentations.

Implementation of two-stage Hopfield model and its application in nonlinear systems

This paper presents an efficient neural network for solving constrained nonlinear optimization problems. More specifically, a two-stage neural network architecture is developed and its internal parameters are computed using the valid-subspace technique. The main advantage of the developed network is that it treats optimization and constraint terms in different stages with no interference with each other. Moreover, the proposed approach does not require specification of penalty or weighting parameters for its initialization.