Beyond Attribution: Responsibility of Armed Non-State Actors for Reparations in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda

This chapter explores the responsibility of armed non-state actors for reparations to victims. Traditionally international law has focused on the responsibility of the state, and more recently the responsibility of convicted individuals before the International Criminal Court, to provide reparations for international crimes. Yet despite the prevalence of internal armed conflict over the past few decades, there responsibility of armed groups for reparations has been neglected in international law. Although there is a tentative emerging basis for armed groups to provide reparations under international law, such developments have not yet crystallized into hard law. However, when considering the more substantive practice of states in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda, a greater effort can be discerned in ensuring that such organizations are responsible for reparations. This paper finds that not only can armed non-state actors be held collectively responsible for reparations, but due to the growing number of internal armed conflict they can play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of reparations in remedying victims��� harm. Yet, finding armed groups responsible for reparations is no panacea for accountability, due to the nature of armed conflicts, responsibility may not be distinct, but overlapping and joint, and such groups may face difficulties in meeting their obligations, thus requiring a holistic approach and subsidiary role for the state.

Impact of political violence, social trust, and depression on civic participation in Colombia

Civic participation is important for peacebuilding and democratic development; however, the role of mental health has been largely overlooked by policymakers aiming to stimulate engagement in civil society. This study investigated antecedents of civic participation in Colombia, a setting of protracted political conflict, using bootstrapped mediation in path analysis. Past exposure to violence, experience with community antisocial behavior, and perceived social trust were all significantly related to civic participation. In addition, depression mediated the impact of past exposure to political violence and perceived social trust, but not community antisocial behavior, on civic participation. In this context, findings challenged depictions of helpless victims and instead suggested that when facing greater risk (past violence exposure and community antisocial behavior), individuals responded in constructive ways, taking on agency in their communities. Social trust in one���s neighbors and community also facilitated deeper engagement in civic life. Relevant to the mediation test, interventions aiming to increase civic participation should take mental health into account. Limitations and possible future research are discussed.

Reconstructing the Social Fabric amid On-going Violence: Attitudes toward Reconciliation and Structural Transformation in Colombia

Given the increase of reconciliation processes initiated amid on-going violence, this study focuses on community reconciliation and its relation to structural transformation, or social reconstruction through reforming unjust institutions and practices that facilitate protracted violent conflict. Drawing lessons from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, mixed method analyses include eight in-depth interviews and 184 surveys. Four key dimensions of reconciliation ��� truth, justice, mercy, peace ��� are examined. In the interviews, participants prioritize reconstructing the truth and bringing perpetrators to justice as essential aspects of reconciliation. Notions of mercy and forgiveness are less apparent. For the participants, sustainable peace is dependent on structural transformation to improve livelihoods. These data, however, do not indicate how this understanding of reconciliation may relate to individual participation in reconciliation processes. Complementing the qualitative data, quantitative analyses identify some broad patterns that relate to participation in reconciliation events. Compared to those who did not participate, individuals who engaged in reconciliation initiatives report higher levels of personal experience with violence, live alongside demobilized paramilitaries, are more engaged in civic life, and express greater preference for structural transformation. The paper concludes with policy implications that integrate reconciliation and structural transformation to deepen efforts to rebuild the social fabric amid violence.

Hanna, John Connor (1871-1947)

Profile and biography entry of John Connor Hanna, early film censor

ESCOLAS POPULARES NO ALENTEJO: OS CASOS DA ESCOLA POPULAR DA UNIVERSIDADE DE ��VORA E DA ESCOLA COMUNIT��RIA DE S��O MIGUEL DE MACHEDE

A Educa����o Popular tem assumido, na regi��o Alentejo, uma grande import��ncia, na medida em que tem adoptado v��rias modalidades, diferentes protagonistas e promotores. Na realidade, nesta regi��o, v��rios factores concorreram para este papel da Educa����o Popular.

Los pueblos indios en sus mitos 16: Quichuas amazonicos del Aguarico y San Miguel

La regio��n del Napo tiene una posicio��n geografica peculiar, que ha influido mucho en la historia de su gente. Por ella ha entrado Francisco de Orellana desde Quito al Amazonas y por ella, desde Bele��m do Par��, ha subido Pedro de Texeira hasta Quito. La facllidad de acceso desde los Andes y el hecho de tener ri��os navegables ha permitido al Napo conocer feno��menos casi inexistentes en otras provincias orientales ecuatorianos, como por ejemplo el establecerse de haciendas desde tiempos relativamente remotos, con la consecuente conversio��n de la poblacio��n indi��gena en personaje sometido. En la e��poca funesta del auge cauchero el Napo fue la u��nica provincia ecuatoriana seberamente afectada por el feno��meno, que determino�� la reubicacio��n forzada de muchas poblaciones Sin duda, de toda la Amazoni��a ecuatoriana, el Napo es la regio��n cuya poblacio��n, especalmente en el u��ltimo siglo, ha sido mo��s diezmada, sometida, literalmente zarandeada. Es tambie��n la que ha recibido un rnayor aporte de migracio��n serrana y costen��a, au��n antes del descubrimiento del petro��leo, hasta el punto que hoy se est�� hablando de su subdiuisio��n en dos o tres provincias.

Grupos ��tnicos de Colombia: Etnograf��a y bibliograf��a

El presente trabajo quiere presentar un panorama de los grupos e��tnicos indi��genas que hoy pueblan el territorio colombiano. La "visio��n etnolo��gica sobre los grupos e��tnicos indi��genas actuales de Colombia con su bibliografi��a" tiene como objeto presentar la riqueza e��tnica de las minori��as indi��genas que, junto con los negros y blancos, conforman el pueblo colombiano. Como lo indica el ti��tulo, esta no es una investigacio��n profunda sobre cada grupo, pero es una recopilacio��n de datos, informes y libros ya existentes para dar una visio��n de cada grupo e��tnico mencionado, aunque sobre algunos los datos son escasos, por varias razones que especialmente debido a la poca literatura eu��stente en la etnologi��a actual. Despue��s del i��ndice, la introduccio��n y agradecimientos, se encuentra la bibliografia general, a la cual sigue la presentacio��n de los deparamentos, intendencias y comisari��as donde existen los resguardos y las reservas indi��genas, complementados al final del trabajo con su respectivo mapa; en cada resguardo o reserva aparece entre pare��ntesis el nu��mero bajo el cual se puede buscar en el mapa. A continuacio��n se e��ncuentta la clasificacio��n de los grupos e��tnicos por familias lingu��i��sticas y la descripcio��n de cada uno, ordenados alfabe��ticamente, divididos en subti��tulos como nominacio��n, o bajo cuales nombres se conoce el grupo, localizacio��n, resguardos y/o reservas indi��genas, lengua y/o familia lingu��stica a Ia cual pertenece, vivienda, economi��a, vestidos y adornos, organizacio��n socio-poli��tica, creencias y rituales, aculturacio��n. Aunque los subti��tulos no se compaften siempre, debido a la escasez de trabajos sobre algunos grupos y/o a su falta de disponibilidad, espero que au��n de este modo el presente trabajo sera�� de utilidad y por ello despua��s de cada gupo se menciona la bibliografi��a de los trabajos existentes sobre el mismo, para quienes quieran profundizar sus conocimientos sobre el tema.

Lideran��a e gest��o das escolas em Portugal: o quotidiano do presidente do conselho executivo

O presente trabalho pretende apresentar uma investiga����o qualitativa que procurou conhecer o quotidiano de presidentes do conselho executivo de escolas secund��rias p��blicas portuguesas. Esta investiga����o desenvolveu-se utilizando a metodologia de observa����o participante e de ���shadowing��� dos presidentes do conselho executivo que aceitaram participar no estudo. Para tal, acompanh��mos 3 presidentes do conselho executivo de escolas secund��rias p��blicas portuguesas durante algumas semanas de um ano lectivo, registando todos os elementos que compuseram o seu quotidiano e realizando entrevistas, quer com os presidentes, quer com outros elementos da equipa do conselho executivo. Os dados recolhidos foram analisados utilizando diversos enquadramentos te��ricos de lideran��a e permitiram-nos caracterizar n��o s�� o quotidiano t��pico destes profissionais, mas tamb��m qual o seu papel na gest��o e lideran��a da escola secund��ria p��blica em Portugal.

Rui Morais, Miguel Bandeira, Eliana Manuel Pinho, ���Itineraria Sacra. Bracara Augusta Fidelis et Ancient

Recens��o do livro "Itineraria Sacra. Bracara Augusta Fidelis et Ancient

The importance of the pelagic larval phase of the wedge shell Donax trunculus (L.): implications for the management of the fishery

The wedge shell, Donax trunculus, inhabits high energy environment of exposed sandy beaches from the Atlantic coast of France to Senegal. Like all Donacidae, it is relative small, flat-shaped with elongated solid shells. It is a highly demanded and valuable species mainly in Algarve, with the dredge fleet increasing the pressure on species stocks. In 1986 the Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA) initiated a bivalve survey program to evaluate the stock status of species with economical valuable but always on the adult population. Since then, several managing measures were implemented to guarantee bivalves��� sustainable exploitation. Despite the available information on the abundance and distribution of the wedge shell along the Algarve coast, no information on the larval planktonic phase is available. To fill in this gap, the present study aimed at obtaining, for the first time information on the broodstock condition and on the pelagic phase of the wedge shell in the Algarve coast.

Old St. David's, Cheraw, South Carolina, 1770-1947

A history of Old St. David's Church in Cheraw, SC from 1770 to 1947.

Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) fishery and ecology in portuguese waters, with reference to its relationships to other european and african populations

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci��ncias, 2014

A identidade social : traject��ria de um discurso ideol��gico em Jos�� Saramago e Miguel Otero Silva

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Comparatistas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014