ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF ISOPOLYOXOMETALLATES AND HETEROPOLYOXOMETALLATES FILM MODIFIED MICROELECTRODES .1. PRETREATMENT AND MODIFICATION OF THE MO80-26(4-) MODIFIED CARBON-FIBER MICROELECTRODE

In this paper the preparation of isopoly- and heteropolyoxometallates (IPA and HPA) thin film modified carbon fiber (CF) microelectrodes and the factor that influences the modification of IPA and HPA films are described. IPA and HPA film modified CF microelectrodes can all be prepared by cyclic potential scan and simple dip coating. The modified electrodes prepared are very stable and reversible in acidic solution with monolayer characteristics. The electrochemical pretreatment of CF microelectrodes plays an important role in the modification of IPA and HPA film. The absorption of IPA and HPA film on electrode surfaces has been discussed on the basis of surface conditions of the CF microelectrode and the structure of IPA and HPA.

同多酸和杂多酸修饰微电极的电化学研究——Ⅳ.1:2-磷钼杂多酸薄膜修饰碳纤维微电极的制备和电化性质

本文报道了1:12-磷铜杂多酸(PMo_(12)薄膜修饰碳纤维(CF)微电极的制备及其电化学性质。采用简单,快速的浸渍吸附制备的PMo_(12)薄膜修饰CF���极在酸性介质中具有很高的稳定性和氧化还原活性,电解质溶液的pH值和扫描电位范围对PMo_(12)膜的稳定性和电化学性质产生较大的影响。另一方面,PMo_(12)薄膜修饰CF���电极对酸性水溶液中的PMo_(12)和氯酸根离子(ClO)_3~-)的电催化还原作用也进行了描述。

AN ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSENSOR FOR CHLORIDE

The potential-response of a microdisk electrode made with a chloride-doped polypyrrole (PPY) film on a carbon fibre (CF) has been examined. The effect of the polymerization conditions on the response characteristics is discussed. The optimum conditions for preparing the electrode are: cycling potential from +0.8 to +1.0 V in 0.1-0.2M pyrrole (Py) containing 0.1M LiCl, electropolymerization time 15-20 min. The electrode gives a Nernstian response of 56-58 mV/pCl and a detection limit of 3.6 x 10(-5)M chloride. It has the advantages of low resistance, short conditioning time and fast response. It has been used satisfactorily for detection of chloride in serum.

STUDIES ON RADIATION EFFECTS OF PTFE .2. RADIATION-INDUCED STRUCTURAL-CHANGES AND THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT

In this work PTFE sheets irradiated with gamma-rays at 150-degrees-C and 200-degrees-C were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main structural changes in PTFE due to radiation are the formation of CF3 and CF groups. An irradiation temperature dependence of the relative content of the three kinds of groups in irradiated PTFE was observed. The CF3 groups, especially when irradiation is carried out a lower temperatures, can defluorinate in the same manner as previosly reported for CF2 groups. The CF groups, on the other hand, are observed to increase with increasing irradiation dose and irradiation temperature; the latter was explained as due to an increase in branching structures.

连续碳纤维增强的聚芳醚酮复合材料的层间破坏

用双悬臂梁和端开口弯曲试件分别研究了连续碳纤维增强的聚芳醚酮复合材料(CF/PEK-C)的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的层间破坏。CF/PEK-C的Ⅰ型层破坏的线弹性断裂判据G_(Ⅰc)和弹塑性断裂判据J_(Ⅰc)分别为0.69KJ/m~2且与裂纹长度无关。CF/PEK-C的Ⅱ型层间破坏的稳定性,与裂纹和半距之比α/L有关。当α/L小于0.7时,表现为不稳定的Ⅱ型层间破坏的断裂韧性G_(Ⅱc)为1.62KJ/m~2。当α/L大于0.7时,则为稳定的Ⅱ型层间破坏。此时的G_(Ⅱc)与临界点的选择有关。由亚临界点和0.95点法得出的G_(Ⅱc)值分别为1.73和2.74KJ.M~2。

Improving Ship Detection with Polarimetric SAR based on Convolution between Co-polarization Channels

The convolution between co-polarization amplitude only data is studied to improve ship detection performance. The different statistical behaviors of ships and surrounding ocean are characterized a by two-dimensional convolution function (2D-CF) between different polarization channels. The convolution value of the ocean decreases relative to initial data, while that of ships increases. Therefore the contrast of ships to ocean is increased. The opposite variation trend of ocean and ships can distinguish the high intensity ocean clutter from ships' signatures. The new criterion can generally avoid mistaken detection by a constant false alarm rate detector. Our new ship detector is compared with other polarimetric approaches, and the results confirm the robustness of the proposed method.

Characterization of an ETS transcription factor in the sea scallop Chlamys farreri

We have cloned and characterized a cDNA encoding a putative ETS transcription factor, designated Cf-ets. The Cf-ets encodes a 406 amino acid protein containing a conserved ETS domain and a Pointed domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Cf-ets belongs to the ESE group of ETS transcription factor family. Real-time PCR analysis of Cf-ets expression in adult sea scallop tissues revealed that Cf-ets was expressed mainly in gill and hemocytes, in a constitutive manner. Cf-ets mRNA level in hemocytes increased drastically after microbial challenge indicated its indispensable role in the anti-infection process. Simultaneously, the circulating hemocyte number decreased. In mammals, most ETS transcription factors play indispensable roles in blood cell differentiation and linage commitment during hematopoisis. Cf-ets is therefore likely to be a potential biomarker for hematopoiesis studies in scallops. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical species of iodine in some seaweeds II. Iodine-bound biological macromolecules

The distribution of iodine in various biological macromolecules in Sargassum kjellmanianum was studied using neutron activation analysis combined with chemical and biochemical separation techniques. The results indicate that iodine is mainly bound with protein, part of iodine with pigment and polyphenol, and little with polysaccharides, such as algin, fucoidan and cellulose. This result is significant for the mechanism of enriching iodine of algae and utilization of alga iodine.

A novel serine protease with clip domain from scallop Chlamys farreri

The serine proteases with clip domain are involved in various innate immune functions in invertebrate such as antimicrobial activity, cell adhesion, pattern recognition and regulation of the prophenoloxidase system. A serine protease with clip-domain cDNA (Cf SP) was obtained by Expressed sequence taggings (ESTs) method and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The Cf SP full-length cDNA was of 1,152 bp, including a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 63 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 81 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame of 1,008 bp encoding a polypeptide of 336 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cf SP contained an amino-terminal clip domain with three disulfide bonds formed six conserved Cys residues, a carboxyl-terminal trypsin-like domain with the conserved His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad, and a low complexity linker sequence. The Cf SP was strongly expressed in hemocytes and the mRNA expression of Cf SP was up-regulated and increased 3.2-fold and 2.6-fold at 16 h after injection of Vibrio anguillarum and Micrococcus luteus. The results suggested that Cf SP gene might be involved in immune response of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbial infection in scallop.

渤海沉积物中氮的赋存形态及其在循环中的作用

为揭示渤海沉积物中氮的生物地球化学循环过程，本文应用自然粒度下的分级分离浸取方法首次对渤海沉积物中氮的形态进行了研究，获得了氮形态分布的地球化学特征；将沉积物氮中可转化和非转化部分定量区别开，并对可转化态中各形态氮对其循环贡献的大小进行了评估；结合底栖生物的分布初步探计了沉积物中氮与生物生产的关系及底栖生物对氮循环的影响。得到的主要结论包括：渤海沉积物中氮的形态分布特征及其控制因素。表层沉积物中IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N和OSF-N占TN的比例分别为3.67%，0.31%，0.42%和26.45%，OSF-N是可转化态氮的优势形态。IEF-N 中NH_4~+和NO_3~-具有不同的成岩机制：NH_2~+主要受OC、Es和粘土矿物性质影响，NO_3~-与水体分布密切相关。CF-N含量最小，主要受沉积环境pH值的影响。IMOF-N主要由NH_4~+在Fe~（3+）上的吸附形成，受沉积物的氧化还原环境控制。OSF-N除与物质来源有关外，受到粘土矿物性质及沉积物粒度的影响。Fe、Mn和Co对IEF-N和IMOF-N的成岩作用影响明显，Cu、Pb和Mo对OSF-N的分布产生影响，二者作用的机理不同。表层样中，约69.15%的氮经过早期成岩作用而埋藏，短期内不再参与循环。氮的埋藏通量与沉积物聚积速率呈显著正相关，同时受温度、Eh、OC、盐度、硫化物含量等因素影响。沉积物中C/N和N/P均呈现异常的低值，前者主要是由于沉积物中保留了大量的无机氮，后者主要因为陆地排放大量磷入海以及磷的埋藏效率高于氮所致。柱状样中，IEF-N基本随深度减小，IMOF-N随深度有突变现象，OSF-N随深度的变化表明了矿化作用进行的程度。对沉积物中生源要素分解速率常数有：N>P>C>Si。表层沉积物中可转化态氮占总氮的比例高于深层沉积物。OC/ON随深度减小表明沉积物通过某种机制富集了有机氮。各形态氮在氮循环中作用及渤海氮循环收支。对渤海沉积物中可转化态氮的量进行了估算，IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N和OSF-N分别为3.657 * 10~8kg，2.794 * 10~7 kg，3.832 * 10~7kg和2.372平共处* 10~9kg；结合室内模拟的氮的界面交换通量，估算其完全释放所需的时间分别为2.15a���0.16a���0.225a���13.94a���各形态氮释放的顺序与其结合牢固程度一致，即IEF-N>CF-N >IMOF-N>OSF-N，其对界面交换的贡献大小则随时间尺度大小发生变化：随时间尺度增加，IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N的贡献逐渐减小，OSF-N的贡献逐渐增大，当时间尺度大到足以使四态氮完全释放时，其贡献的大小与各形态氮的量一致即OSF-N（84.6%）>IEF-N（13.0%）>IMOF-N（1.4%）>CF-N（1.0%）。非转化态氮占总氮的 69.15%，其中由于颗粒物包裹导致的“非转化态”氮为49%，说明粒度的影响非常重要。IEF-N和OSF-N主要存在于颗粒物质外层，是循环的主要参与者，CF-N和IMOF-N绝大部分在内层，对循环的贡献很小。水体中再循环的氮对初级生产力的贡献（74.4%）比沉积物中再循环氮的贡献 （26.1）大得多，二者对生态系统的作用不同，水体再生的营养盐通常在较长的时间尺度上维持初级生产力的平衡，而沉积物中的再生则在很短的时间内通过强烈的混合作用提高初级生产力。沉积物中氮与生物生产的关系及底栖生物对沉积物氮循环的影响。IEF-N和OSF-N的分布均与初级生产力以及浮游植物个体数量的分布具有一定的相似性。沉积物中的IEF-N的作用相当于一个氮营养盐的“储存库”对初级生产力产生影响，其作用机制类似于水体富营养化的正反馈机制。IEF-N能对赤潮的发生起加速作用。底栖生物的分布与氮形态分布具有正的相关性：莱洲湾内IEF-N和OSF-N的分布与该区域高生物量和高密度的大型底栖动物分布一致，说明在底栖生物活动活跃的区域营养盐的再生和流动是高效而迅速的。生物扰动能加速矿化作用的进行，使沉积物在一定深度范围内NH_4~+含量增加，大型底栖动物的灌溉作用使NO_3~-在深层仍有较高的分布。底栖生物的不同种群对营养盐变化的响应不同。

鱼类疫苗的研究：I: 海水鱼类病原菌乳化口服疫苗的研究；II：迟缓爱德华氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白疫苗的研究

本论文的目的是研究几种病原菌口服疫苗接种鱼类的免疫效果，并从常见病原菌株中筛选几个具有较好保护效果的蛋白抗原，利用口服免疫的方式，接种养殖动物，并检测免疫效果。 以10号白油为有机溶剂，采用搅拌与均浆方法制备鳗弧菌M3和SMP1的油乳化二价疫苗，用饵料包埋后以口服途径免疫养殖大菱鲆，评价免疫大菱鲆的免疫应答和疫苗的保护效果。结果显示，以油乳化和未油乳化疫苗分别连续口服免疫大菱鲆一周后，在后肠组织，乳化疫苗刺激产生的非特异性活力、特异性抗体水平均高于未乳化疫苗；而在血清，两种疫苗引起的两种酶的活力、SMP1抗体水平没有变化，但在乳化疫苗免疫的大菱鲆检测到明显高于未免疫对照大菱鲆的M3抗体水平。大菱鲆后肠组织原位杂交结果显示，口服免疫的大菱鲆后肠褶皱有IgM抗体的产生和分布。其中，乳化疫苗免疫大菱鲆的IgM抗体的产生和分布水平高于未乳化疫苗免疫的大菱鲆。攻毒实验显示，乳化疫苗免疫的大菱鲆对M3和SMP1的感染分别获得100%和50%的免疫保护率，而未乳化疫苗获得的免疫保护率分别为57.9%和0%，表明乳化疫苗比未乳化疫苗更有效地保护大菱鲆、抵抗病原的感染。在乳化疫苗免疫持续期的研究中，免疫的大菱鲆后肠在免疫后120天仍能检测到抗体效价，在免疫后90天还能观察到一定的免疫保护效果。免疫30天、60天、90天和120天的大菱鲆分别获得100%、66.7%、36.7%和13.3%的免疫保护力。 以鳗弧菌M3和SMP1、链球菌CF���迟缓爱德华菌SMW7作为细菌抗原制备油乳化多价口服疫苗和轮虫携带疫苗，口服途径免疫养殖大菱鲆与大菱鲆初孵仔鱼。结果显示，在免疫大菱鲆后肠可检测到抗M3抗体水平的提高（P<0.05），而在其胆汁、鳃、中肠、体表黏液、前肠与血清中抗体效价变化与对照组没有显示出差异；没有检测到免疫大菱鲆后肠抗SMP1、SMW7、CF���体效价。M3浸泡攻毒实验显示，口服免疫的大菱鲆获得了100%的免疫保护力；在M3注射攻毒和SMP1、CF���SMW7浸泡攻毒大菱鲆的实验中，在每个攻毒组中，免疫组大菱鲆开始死亡的时间都要比对照组有不同程度的延迟，但攻毒大菱鲆都发生死亡，不能显示出与对照组的差异。轮虫携带免疫的结果显示，免疫的大菱鲆初孵仔鱼并未获得较好的保护效果，与对照大菱鲆没有体现出差异。 从致病性病嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila���LSA34克隆并表达ahaI基因和gapA���因，从迟缓爱德华菌（Edwardsiella tarda���LSE40克隆并表达eseB，将所得蛋白分别通过腹腔注射途径免疫大菱鲆，检测蛋白的免疫原性和免疫保护。结果在免疫后7天就可以检测到AhaI、GapA���白免疫组大菱鲆产生的抗体，至第40天可以检测到明显的保护性抗体，之后抗体效价增加明显，直至第60天时达到最高值。EseB免疫的大菱鲆第一次免疫后15天就有较高的抗体效价产生，明显高于对照组大菱鲆血清抗体效价，到距第一次免疫60天时，抗体效价达到最高值。攻毒实验显示，与对照组相比，AhaI免疫组和GapA���疫组对LSA34感染的免疫保护力分别为80%和100%；AhaI免疫组和GapA���疫组对LSE40感染的免疫保护力分别为30%和10%。，而对照组牙鲆对人工攻毒不具有保护力。以AhaI和GapA���为疫苗免疫大菱鲆，使大菱鲆获得了对嗜水气单胞菌LSA34较高的免疫保护；而对迟缓爱德华氏菌LSE40的交叉保护能力没有明显提高。EseB免疫的大菱鲆在攻毒实验中并没有显示出较好的保护效果，与对照组相比，只是在死亡时间上有所延迟。 以从致病性嗜水气单胞菌中克隆的ahaI和gapA���因表达出的蛋白为蛋白抗原制备油乳化疫苗，用饵料包埋后以口服途径免疫养殖牙鲆，评价免疫牙鲆的免疫应答和疫苗的保护效果。结果显示，以油乳化和未油乳化疫苗分别免疫牙鲆一周后，在后肠组织，AhaI和GapA���化疫苗免疫组牙鲆检测到抗体，且分别高于AhaI和GapA���乳化疫苗免疫的牙鲆；而在血清，GapA���两种疫苗引起的GapA���体水平没有变化；但在AhaI乳化疫苗免疫的牙鲆第21天和第35天的血清中检测到高于未免疫对照牙鲆的AhaI抗体水平，AhaI未乳化疫苗免疫牙鲆血清对照组相比没有检测到AhaI抗体水平的变化。