989 resultados para virtual property


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This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter we study the smooth sets with respect to a Borel equivalence realtion E on a Polish space X. The collection of smooth sets forms σ-ideal. We think of smooth sets as analogs of countable sets and we show that an analog of the perfect set theorem for Σ11 sets holds in the context of smooth sets. We also show that the collection of Σ11 smooth sets is ∏11 on the codes. The analogs of thin sets are called sparse sets. We prove that there is a largest ∏11 sparse set and we give a characterization of it. We show that in L there is a ∏11 sparse set which is not smooth. These results are analogs of the results known for the ideal of countable sets, but it remains open to determine if large cardinal axioms imply that ∏11 sparse sets are smooth. Some more specific results are proved for the case of a countable Borel equivalence relation. We also study I(E), the σ-ideal of closed E-smooth sets. Among other things we prove that E is smooth iff I(E) is Borel.

In chapter 2 we study σ-ideals of compact sets. We are interested in the relationship between some descriptive set theoretic properties like thinness, strong calibration and the covering property. We also study products of σ-ideals from the same point of view. In chapter 3 we show that if a σ-ideal I has the covering property (which is an abstract version of the perfect set theorem for Σ11 sets), then there is a largest ∏11 set in Iint (i.e., every closed subset of it is in I). For σ-ideals on 2ω we present a characterization of this set in a similar way as for C1, the largest thin ∏11 set. As a corollary we get that if there are only countable many reals in L, then the covering property holds for Σ12 sets.

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If E and F are saturated formations, we say that E is strongly contained in F if for any solvable group G with E-subgroup, E, and F-subgroup, F, some conjugate of E is contained in F. In this paper, we investigate the problem of finding the formations which strongly contain a fixed saturated formation E.

Our main results are restricted to formations, E, such that E = {G|G/F(G) ϵT}, where T is a non-empty formation of solvable groups, and F(G) is the Fitting subgroup of G. If T consists only of the identity, then E=N, the class of nilpotent groups, and for any solvable group, G, the N-subgroups of G are the Carter subgroups of G.

We give a characterization of strong containment which depends only on the formations E, and F. From this characterization, we prove:

If T is a non-empty formation of solvable groups, E = {G|G/F(G) ϵT}, and E is strongly contained in F, then

(1) there is a formation V such that F = {G|G/F(G) ϵV}.

(2) If for each prime p, we assume that T does not contain the class, Sp’, of all solvable p’-groups, then either E = F, or F contains all solvable groups.

This solves the problem for the Carter subgroups.

We prove the following result to show that the hypothesis of (2) is not redundant:

If R = {G|G/F(G) ϵSr’}, then there are infinitely many formations which strongly contain R.

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Part I

Present experimental data on nucleon-antinucleon scattering allow a study of the possibility of a phase transition in a nucleon-antinucleon gas at high temperature. Estimates can be made of the general behavior of the elastic phase shifts without resorting to theoretical derivation. A phase transition which separates nucleons from antinucleons is found at about 280 MeV in the approximation of the second virial coefficient to the free energy of the gas.

Part II

The parton model is used to derive scaling laws for the hadrons observed in deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering which lie in the fragmentation region of the virtual photon. Scaling relations are obtained in the Bjorken and Regge regions. It is proposed that the distribution functions become independent of both q2 and ν where the Bjorken and Regge regions overlap. The quark density functions are discussed in the limit x→1 for the nucleon octet and the pseudoscalar mesons. Under certain plausible assumptions it is found that only one or two quarks of the six types of quarks and antiquarks have an appreciable density function in the limit x→1. This has implications for the quark fragmentation functions near the large momentum boundary of their fragmentation region. These results are used to propose a method of measuring the proton and neutron quark density functions for all x by making measurements on inclusively produced hadrons in electroproduction only. Implications are also discussed for the hadrons produced in electron-positron annihilation.

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a intervenção de elementos linguísticos no processo leitor em espanhol como língua estrangeira (E/LE) ,em ambiente virtual, de docente desse idioma. A partir desse objetivo macro, estabelecemos um recorte e nos focamos na análise de como/se elementos linguísticos mais característicos de uma linguagem coloquial podem afetar mais a leitura de um docente de E/LE que teve na sua formação e na sua atividade profissional um contato maior com a língua formal. Nesse contexto, escolhemos o blog como o suporte virtual dos textos a serem lidos pelo sujeito por apresentar uma linguagem mais coloquial. No que se refere ao aporte teórico, esta pesquisa tem com principais bases a Linguística Textual (KOCH, 2009, 2002, 2007; KOCH ; TRAVAGLIA, 1996, 2000) e a leitura sócio-interacional (KATO, 1986, 2007; KLEIMAN, 1993, 1996, 2008; NUNES, 2005; VERGNANO-JUNGER, 2009). Também utilizamos alguns elementos da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa em pontos nos quais ela dialoga com a perspectiva sócio-interacional, como, por exemplo, na noção de gênero do discurso (MAINGUENEAU, 1996, 2003; BAKTHIN, 2003). A Sociolinguística (MORENO FERNANDÉZ, 1996; ALKMIN, 2001) contribuiu para estabelecer os parâmetros da língua coloquial e formal. Quanto à leitura em ambiente virtual, seguimos Ribeiro (2005), Marcuschi (2007), Santaella (2008) e Vergnano-Junger (2009). Para a elaboração deste trabalho, utilizamos uma metodologia híbrida composta de uma parte documental e de um estudo de caso. A fase documental teve como metas classificar os blogs de docentes de E/LE e selecionar dois para a elaboração de atividades de leitura guiada. O estudo de caso realizado com um docente de E/LE, por sua vez, teve como etapas uma leitura livre, duas guiadas e uma entrevista. Objetivou observar e discutir o perfil e o processo leitor do sujeito, com foco na intervenção de elementos linguísticos. Dos resultados obtidos, podemos destacar uma proposta de classificação dos blogs de professores de E/LE. Com base no estudo de caso, duas considerações merecem destaque: (a) uma maior dificuldade de leitura do texto coloquial, ao que tudo indica, gerada pela variedade lexical e (b) uma tendência do sujeito à leitura linear em ambiente virtual, com atenção voltada, frequentemente, para os aspectos de vocabulário e como esses afetavam a compreensão, demonstrando uma tendência à leitura decodificadora

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El tramo litoral entre Deba y Zumaia constituye una de las zonas más conocidas y mejor estudiadas de todo el ámbito geológico de los Pirineos y, más particularmente, de su porción más occidental: la denominada cuenca o Región Vasco Cantábrica. Tal circunstancia deriva de los atributos particulares de su registro geológico: un potente conjunto de rocas sedimentarias de persistente estratificación, formadas en un antiguo fondo marino que, a pesar de grandes semejanzas, era muy distinto a los fondos marinos actuales. A este potente conjunto de rocas sedimentarias se le conoce bajo la denominación genérica de “flysch”, término de amplia raigambre geológica, cuya concepción y uso han cambiado considerablemente con el tiempo y el avance del conocimiento.

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We studied the phagocytic-like capacity of human CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes (TCs). For this, we examined segments of the colon after injection of India ink to help surgeons localize lesions identified at endoscopy. Our results demonstrate that CD34+ TCs have endocytic properties (phagocytic-like TCs: phTCs), with the capacity to uptake and store India ink particles. phTCs conserve the characteristics of TCs (long, thin, bipolar or multipolar, moniliform cytoplasmic processes/telopodes, with linear distribution of the pigment) and maintain their typical distribution. Likewise, they are easily distinguished from pigment-loaded macrophages (CD68+ macrophages, with oval morphology and coarse granules of pigment clustered in their cytoplasm). A few c-kit/CD117+ interstitial cells of Cajal also incorporate pigment and may conserve the phagocytic-like property of their probable TC precursors. CD34+ stromal cells in other locations (skin and periodontal tissues) also have the phagocytic-like capacity to uptake and store pigments (hemosiderin, some components of dental amalgam and melanin). This suggests a function of TCs in general, which may be related to the transfer of macromolecules in these cells. Our ultrastructural observation of melanin-storing stromal cells with characteristics of TCs (telopodes with dichotomous branching pattern) favours this possibility. In conclusion, intestinal TCs have a phagocytic-like property, a function that may be generalized to TCs in other locations. This function (the ability to internalize small particles), together with the capacity of these cells to release extracellular vesicles with macromolecules, could close the cellular bidirectional cooperative circle of informative exchange and intercellular interactions.

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Sheet resistance of laser-irradiated Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering was measured by the four-point probe method. With increasing laser power the sheet resistance undergoes an abrupt drop from 10(7) to 10(3) Omega/square at about 580 mW. The abrupt drop in resistance is due to the structural change from amorphous to crystalline state as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of the samples around the abrupt change point. Crystallized dots were also formed in the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films by focused short pulse laser-irradiated, the resistivities at the crystallized dots and the non-crystallized area are 3.375 x 10(-3) and 2.725 Omega m, sheet resistance is 3.37 x 10(4) and 2.725 x 10(7) Omega/square respectively, deduced from the I-V Curves that is obtained by conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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In this paper, we present some coincidence point theorems in the setting of quasi-metric spaces that can be applied to operators which not necessarily have the mixed monotone property. As a consequence, we particularize our results to the field of metric spaces, partially ordered metric spaces and G-metric spaces, obtaining some very recent results. Finally, we show how to use our main theorems to obtain coupled, tripled, quadrupled and multidimensional coincidence point results.

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[ES]Este proyecto tiene como objeto aumentar el conocimiento concerniente a mecanismos robóticos reconfigurables, así como ponerlo en práctica. Estos mecanismos pueden lograr rápidas transiciones y son capaces de adaptarse a sí mismos a muchos entornos diferentes, conduciendo a una reducción de costes y requerimientos de espacio. Para ello, se estudia el estado del arte, de manera que se pueda reunir información sobre las principales aplicaciones y oportunidades que este campo ofrece en diferentes áreas. A continuación, se requiere llevar a cabo un análisis cinemático de un robot específico, y junto a métodos de planificación de trayectorias, su implementación en un software gráfico para simular su movimiento. La herramienta de software “Matlab” va a ser la que permitirá llevar a cabo toda la programación y representación a lo largo de todo el proyecto.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta que oferece ao arquiteto uma metodologia e um conjunto de ferramentas que auxiliará na representação gráfica de projetos de acessibilidade. O elemento base da proposta constitui-se em uma biblioteca de modelos 3D onde os equipamentos de acessibilidade, necessários em um projeto, estão modelados de acordo com a norma NBR9050. Para organizar o conhecimento da norma e guiar o arquiteto no uso da metodologia, a abordagem inclui uma taxonomia dos equipamentos de acessibilidade, utilizada para induzir o uso correto dos mesmos na modelagem 3D e para a construção de um Help integrado às ferramentas providas, auxiliando o arquiteto em suas tomadas de decisão, indicando quais são as melhores soluções propostas pela NBR9050. Para validar a proposta, um protótipo foi desenvolvido e, com este suporte, foi realizada uma avaliação com estudantes de arquitetura onde se verificou a necessidade de novas ferramentas para representação gráfica e de consulta à norma NBR9050 e a aceitação as ferramentas propostas nesta dissertação.

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Infrared-to-visible upconversion fluorescence property of Er3+/Yb3+ codoped novel bismuth-germanium glass under 975 nm LD excitation has been studied. Intense green and red emissions centered at 525, 546 and 657 nm, corresponding to the transitions H-2(11/2) -> I-4(15/2), S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2), and F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2), respectively, were observed at room temperature. The quadratic dependence of the 525, 546 and 657 nm emissions on excitation power indicates that a two-photon absorption process occurs. The structure of the bismuth-germanium glass has been investigated by peak-deconvolution of FT-Raman spectrum, and the structural information was obtained from the peak wavenumbers. This novel bismuth-germanium glass with low maximum phonon energy (similar to 750 cm(-1)) can be used as potential host material for upconversion lasers. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Nd:silicate glass was implanted at room temperature by 6.0 MeV C3+ ions with a dose of 2.0 x 10(15) ions cm(-2). A waveguide with thickness of about 6.3 mu m was formed. The prism-coupling method was used to observe the dark modes of the waveguide at 633 nm and 1539 nm, respectively. There are three dark modes at 633 nm, of which one is the enhanced-index mode. The propagation loss of the enhanced-index mode in the waveguide measured at 633 nm is 0.42 dB cm(-1) after annealing at 217 degrees C for 35 min. The reflectivity calculation method was applied to simulate the refractive index profiles in the waveguide. The mode optical near-field output at 633 nm was presented.

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Este trabalho analisa a informação política disponibilizada nos blogs diante de um cenário competitivo a eleição para a Prefeitura de São Paulo em 2008. Como se pretendia avaliar a capacidade das páginas para atrair leitores e interferir na agenda da imprensa, foram escolhidos os blogs de dois jornalistas (Ricardo Noblat e Reinaldo Azevedo), dois políticos (José Dirceu e Paulo Renato) e dois candidatos (Gilberto Kassab e Marta Suplicy), além do blog Campanha no Ar, criado pela Folha de S. Paulo estes são atores com alta capacidade de interferir no cenário político devido ao capital simbólico que possuem neste campo. A Folha foi escolhida para fazer a comparação com a imprensa tradicional. Com esta seleção, o trabalho realizou uma análise de conteúdo das páginas e uma avaliação com critérios específicos da Internet. Com isso, os resultados confirmam a tese de que há uma espécie de elite dos blogs, cujos atores apresentam maior capacidade de atrair leitores e jornalistas; que a imprensa é a principal fonte de informação dos blogs, mas também sofre influência deles; que o formato jornalístico ainda é um modelo usado para gerar credibilidade, apesar de estar sofrendo transformações na Internet; e que a interação com os leitores ainda é, basicamente, reativa e seu uso é mais intenso para o marketing político, embora haja um potencial de vigilância dos cidadãos e de pluralização nos debates

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The hydrolytic property and thermal stability of LiAlO2 (LAO), important factors for its application, were examined by AFM and X-ray rocking curve. We found that H2O may be deleterious for LAO surface polishing when the root mean square (RMS) value is less than 1 nm. However, when the RMS value is more than 1 nm it may be useful for LAO polishing. (100)-plane LAO substrates are annealed in the range of 850-900 degrees C in flux N-2, Slick AlN layer probably is produced on the substrate surface. M-plane GaN layer has grown on the substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. Theses results show that LiAlO2 crystal is a promising substrate of fabricating high-efficiency LEDs by MOCVD. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.