« Second tome doppendant des privilèges de l'impériale cité de Besançon, ouquel sont contenues plusieurs choses mémorables, tant des riéregestes de ladicte cité que d'aulcungs empereurs et aultres personnages illustres et magnanimes, le tout prins et extraict de plusieurs moult anciens et rares exemplaires ; aussi sur la fin a esté adjouxté ung discours de l'origine et meschant vie de l'abominable séducteur Machomet ».

Ex-libris gravé de Caumartin à l'intérieur de la couverture.

Indicators used by clinicians to assess pain in the brain injured

INTRODUCTION. The assessment of pain in critically ill brain-injured patients is challenging for health professionals. In addition to be unable to self-report, the confused and stereotyped behaviors of these patients are likely to alter their ''normal'' pain responses. Therefore, the pain indicators observed in the general critically ill population may not be appropriate. OBJECTIVES. To identify behavioral and physiological indicators used by clinicians to assess pain in critically ill brain-injured patients who are unable to self-report. METHODS.Amixed-method design was used with the first step being the combination of the results of an integrative literature review with the results of nominal groups of 12 nurses and four physicians. The second step involved a web-based survey to establish content validity. Fourteen experts (clinicians and academics) from three French speaking European countries rated the relevance of each indicator. A content validity index (CVI) was computed for each indicator (I-CVI) and for each category (S-CVI). RESULTS. The first step generated 52 indicators. These indicators were classified into six categories: facial expressions, position/movement, muscle tension, vocalization, compliance with ventilator, and physiological indicators. In the second step, the agreement between raters was high with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.88 (95% CI 0.83-0.92). The I-CVIs ranged from 0.07 to 1. Indicators with an I-CVI below 0.5 (n = 12) were not retained, resulting in a final list of 30 indicators. The CVI for this final list was 0.75 with categories ranging from 0.67 (compliance with ventilation) to 0.87 (vocalization). CONCLUSIONS. This process identified specific pain indicators for critically ill braininjured patients. Further evaluation is in progress to test the validity and relevance of these indicators in the clinical setting.

The second law of thermodynamics and the global climate system : A review of the maximum entropy production principle

The long-term mean properties of the global climate system and those of turbulent fluid systems are reviewed from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Two general expressions are derived for a rate of entropy production due to thermal and viscous dissipation (turbulent dissipation) in a fluid system. It is shown with these expressions that maximum entropy production in the Earth s climate system suggested by Paltridge, as well as maximum transport properties of heat or momentum in a turbulent system suggested by Malkus and Busse, correspond to a state in which the rate of entropy production due to the turbulent dissipation is at a maximum. Entropy production due to absorption of solar radiation in the climate system is found to be irrelevant to the maximized properties associated with turbulence. The hypothesis of maximum entropy production also seems to be applicable to the planetary atmospheres of Mars and Titan and perhaps to mantle convection. Lorenz s conjecture on maximum generation of available potential energy is shown to be akin to this hypothesis with a few minor approximations. A possible mechanism by which turbulent fluid systems adjust themselves to the states of maximum entropy production is presented as a selffeedback mechanism for the generation of available potential energy. These results tend to support the hypothesis of maximum entropy production that underlies a wide variety of nonlinear fluid systems, including our planet as well as other planets and stars

Second differential of the entropy as a criterion for the stability in low-dimensional climate models

The second differential of the entropy is used for analysing the stability of a thermodynamic climatic model. A delay time for the heat flux is introduced whereby it becomes an independent variable. Two different expressions for the second differential of the entropy are used: one follows classical irreversible thermodynamics theory; the second is related to the introduction of response time and is due to the extended irreversible thermodynamics theory. the second differential of the classical entropy leads to unstable solutions for high values of delay times. the extended expression always implies stable states for an ice-free earth. When the ice-albedo feedback is included, a discontinuous distribution of stable states is found for high response times. Following the thermodynamic analysis of the model, the maximum rates of entropy production at the steady state are obtained. A latitudinally isothermal earth produces the extremum in global entropy production. the material contribution to entropy production (by which we mean the production of entropy by material transport of heat) is a maximum when the latitudinal distribution of temperatures becomes less homogeneous than present values

Processat de vídeo aplicat a la robòtica

Aquest projecte consisteix en acoblar una càmera web uEye en una de les extremitats d'un robot industrial (ABB Irc5). Aquest robot, es mourà en cas què es detecti una cara a través de la webcam. L'objectiu és intentar que la cara es situï sempre al mig de la imatge captada per la càmera. Podem dividir les tasques d'aquest projecte amb 4 fases diferents. A continuació expliquem les diferents etapes. La Càmera uEye s'encarrega de capturar imatges i passar-les a un PC utilitzant Python. La funció de Detecció de Cares ens indica la posició i dimensions de la cara. Tot seguit, la funció LabJack s'encarrega de canviar els valors digitals de les 5 senyals mitjançant programació amb Python. Per últim el Robot ABB interpreta el valor d'aquestes 5 senyals i es desplaça mitjançant petits increments amb l'objectiu de situar la cara al mig de la imatge capturada.

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease : "Are we where we think we are ?

ABSTRACT High frequency electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a worldwide recognized therapy for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in fluctuating patients who are progressively disabled despite medical treatment adjustments. However, such improvements emerge despite a lack of understanding of either the precise role of STN in human motor control or the mechanism(s) of action of DBS. Through the question "are we where we think we are", this thesis is first dedicated to the control of the position of the preoperatively defined target and of the implanted electrodes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This anatomical approach will provide a way to identify more precisely the structure(s) involved by electrical stimulation. Then, a study of the correlation existing between the position of the preoperative target and the position of the electrode is performed. In this part, a unique opportunity is given to identify factors that may affect these correlation results. Finally, the whole work represents a « quality assessment » of the crucial steps of STN DBS: first, the target and the implanted electrode localisation procedures that have been developed in collaboration with the Radiological department; second the implantation procedure that has been performed nowadays on more than 50 parkinsonian patients in the Neurosurgical department of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in collaboration with the Neurological department. This work is especially addressed to the multidisciplinary medical team involved in the surgical treatment of movement disorders, including also neurophysiologists, neuropsychologists and psychiatrists. RESUME La stimulation électrique à haute fréquence du noyau sous-thalamique est à ce jour mondialement reconnue pour le traitement des symptômes moteurs de la maladie de Parkinson chez des patients sévèrement atteints et chez qui la réponse fluctuante au traitement médicamenteux ne peut être améliorée de façon satisfaisante. Cependant, les résultats observés surviennent malgré une compréhension approximative et controversée du rôle réel du noyau sous-thalamique dans le contrôle du mouvement volontaire aussi bien que des mécanismes d'action de la stimulation cérébrale profonde. A travers la question « sommes-nous où nous pensons être », cette thèse est tout d'abord consacrée à l'étude du contrôle de la position de la cible définie avant l'intervention et de la position des électrodes implantées sur l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). Cette approche anatomique permettra d'identifier plus précisément la (les) structure(s) influencées par la stimulation électrique. Ensuite, une étude de la corrélation existant entre la position de la cible préopératoire et la position des électrodes implantées est effectuée. Elle a pour but de mettre en évidence les facteurs influençant les résultats de cette corrélation. Enfin, le travail dans son ensemble est un « contrôle de qualité » des étapes cruciales de la stimulation du noyau sous-thalamique : premièrement, des méthodes de localisation de la cible et des électrodes implantées effectuées sur IRM, développées en collaboration avec le service de Radiologie ; deuxièmement, de la méthode d'implantation utilisée à ce jour chez plus de 50 patients dans le service de Neurochirurgie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois en collaboration avec le service de Neurologie. Ce travail s'adresse spécialement aux équipes médicales pluridisciplinaires impliquées dans le traitement chirurgical des mouvements anormaux, incluant également des neurophysiologistes, des neuropsychologues et des psychiatres.

Efficacy of the barbecue manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal vertigo of the horizontal canal

Five to ten percent of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are caused by the horizontal semi-circular variant (h-BPPV). In this study, we reviewed the efficacy of the Barbecue repositioning manoeuvre in h-BPPV, and we assessed the possible effect of different factors on the outcome. Barbecue manoeuvre consists in turning the supine patient around his longitudinal axis toward the unaffected side until 360 degrees are accomplished. After every 90 degrees step the patient is maintained in the new position for 30 s. We reviewed 46 patients with h-BPPV, treated by barbecue rotation from 2003 to 2005. After the first Barbecue manoeuvre, the patients were followed-up at intervals of approximately 1 week and the rotation was repeated if h-BPPV persisted (up to three rotations). Factors assessed were age, gender, duration of symptoms before treatment and type of h-BPPV (canalolithiasis vs. cupulolithiasis). Fisher's exact test was used for the analysis. Results: 85% of patients (39/46) were cured after a maximum of 3 rotations. 74% (34/46) were cured after the first manoeuvre and 80% (37/46) after the second one. None of the evaluated factors did significantly affect the efficacy (P > 0.05). The Barbecue manoeuvre is an efficient treatment of h-BPPV demonstrating 85% cure rate after a maximum of three sessions. 74% of the patients are healed after one manoeuvre. The efficacy is not affected by the evaluated factors.

Where sound position influences sound object representations: a 7-T fMRI study.

Evidence from human and non-human primate studies supports a dual-pathway model of audition, with partially segregated cortical networks for sound recognition and sound localisation, referred to as the What and Where processing streams. In normal subjects, these two networks overlap partially on the supra-temporal plane, suggesting that some early-stage auditory areas are involved in processing of either auditory feature alone or of both. Using high-resolution 7-T fMRI we have investigated the influence of positional information on sound object representations by comparing activation patterns to environmental sounds lateralised to the right or left ear. While unilaterally presented sounds induced bilateral activation, small clusters in specific non-primary auditory areas were significantly more activated by contra-laterally presented stimuli. Comparison of these data with histologically identified non-primary auditory areas suggests that the coding of sound objects within early-stage auditory areas lateral and posterior to primary auditory cortex AI is modulated by the position of the sound, while that within anterior areas is not.

IDENTITÉ, PROJET, CHANGEMENT : DES REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES AUX LEVIERS DE L'ACTION PUBLIQUE. POUR UN MODE DE GOUVERNANCE AXÉ SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT TERRITORIAL. ETUDE DE CAS : CANTON DU JURA (SUISSE)

Thirty years after the Canton of Jura entered sovereignty, it has to be admited that the creation of the newly canton did't fullfill the hopes of economic and demografic growth that many could have expected from political independance. Through a plurality of complementary approaches, the research suggest a closer look at, on one hand, the position of the Canton in its territorial context as well as its structure and dynamics and on the other hand, the representations of the territory and its evolution by the social actors. This in order to formulate a set of social demands (of debate, of openness and of overcoming cleavages) which augurs for a new territoriality regime and testify of a requirement of reflexivity toward the state institutions and actions. The analysis allowed to set in evidence the central role of the couple identity-project in the dynamics of change, and to identifiy three main periods in the recent past of the Canton: a period of territorialization, during which grew a strong collective identity, coupled with a major project of society (the creation of the canton of Jura); then followed a period of deterritorialization, with the fragmentation of the collective identity and the lack of a project of society. Then, the third period, with a paradoxical event, the failure in public vote of the the project Jura open Land (Jura Pays ouvert), which was meant to give a second wind to the Canton. We consider this turning point as the start of a new period (of reterritorialization), with an issue linked with the outlines of a renewed "jurassian" identity and the elaboration of a shared territory project.Trente ans après l'entrée en souveraineté, force est de constater que la création du canton du Jura n'a pas permis de répondre aux espérances de développement économique et démographique que l'indépendance politique devait entraîner dans son sillage. Cette recherche se propose, à travers une pluralité d'approches complémentaires, d'examiner d'une part la position du Canton dans son contexte territorial ainsi que sa structure et sa dynamique; d'autre part, les représentations que se font les acteurs du territoire et de son évolution, pour déboucher sur une série de demandes sociales (de débat, d'ouverture et de dépassement des clivages) qui augurent de la transition vers un nouveau régime de territorialité et témoignent d'une exigence de réflexivité envers les institutions et les actions de l'Etat. L'analyse a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle central du couple identité-projet dans la dynamique de changement et d'identifier trois temps forts dans l'évolution récente du Canton, une phase de territorialisation au cours de laquelle s'est constituée une identité forte doublée d'un projet de société majeur, suivie d'une phase de déterritorialisation avec une fragmentation de l'identité collective et l'absence de projet mobilisateur. Enfin, un moment paradoxal, l'échec du projet Jura Pays ouvert, censé redonner un second souffle au Canton, qui amorce une nouvelle étape (de reterritorialisation) avec un questionnement lié aux contours d'une identité jurassienne renouvelée et à l'élaboration d'un projet de territoire partagé.Les ressorts de la production du territoire et de son développement sont analysés à travers le rôle des représentations sociales dans la constitution identitaire et le projet territorial, à l'exemple du canton du Jura. La mise en évidence du rôle central du couple identité-projet dans la dynamique de changement a permis d'identifier trois temps forts dans l'évolution récente du Canton. Une première phase (la création du canton du Jura), au cours de laquelle s'est constituée une identité forte doublée d'un projet de société majeur, suivie d'une phase au cours de laquelle l'identité collective s'est fragmentée en l'absence de projet mobilisateur (la phase de « gestion » de l'Etat). Puis un moment de rupture (l'échec du projet Jura Pays ouvert) et l'amorce d'une transition vers une nouvelle étape, avec un questionnement lié aux contours d'une identité jurassienne renouvelée, à l'élaboration d'un projet de territoire partagé, et à l'action des pouvoirs publics dans un contexte de repositionnement du Canton.

The Brauer group and the second Abel-Jacobi map for 0-cycles on algebraic varieties

This paper focuses on the connection between the Brauer group and the 0-cycles of an algebraic variety. We give an alternative construction of the second l-adic Abel-Jacobi map for such cycles, linked to the algebraic geometry of Severi-Brauer varieties on X. This allows us then to relate this Abel-Jacobi map to the standard pairing between 0-cycles and Brauer groups (see [M], [L]), completing results from [M] in this direction. Second, for surfaces, it allows us to present this map according to the more geometrical approach devised by M. Green in the framework of (arithmetic) mixed Hodge structures (see [G]). Needless to say, this paper owes much to the work of U. Jannsen and, especially, to his recently published older letter [J4] to B. Gross.