Structure and morphology studies of chromium film at elevated temperature in hypersonic environment

This paper presents the after shock heated structural and morphological studies of chromium film coated on hypersonic test model as a passive drag reduction element. The structural changes and the composition of phases of chromium due to shock heating (2850 K) are characterized using X-ray diffraction studies. Surface morphology changes of chromium coating have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after shock heating. Significant amount of chromium ablation and sublimation from the model surface is noticed from SEM micrographs. Traces of randomly oriented chromium oxides formed along the coated surface confirm surface reaction of chromium with oxygen present behind the shock. Large traces of amorphous chromium oxide phases are also observed.

Structural and mechanical properties of room temperature sputter deposited CrN coatings

Chromium nitride (CrN) thin films were deposited at room temperature on silicon and glass substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering in Ar + N-2 plasma. Structure and mechanical properties of these films were examined by using XRD, FESEM and nanoindentation techniques. XRD studies revealed that films are of mixed phase at lower nitrogen partial pressure (P-N2) and single phase at higher (P-N2). Microscopy results show that the films were composed of non-equiaxed columns with nanocrystallite morphology. The hardness and elastic modulus of the films increase with increasing nitrogen partial pressure (P-N2). A maximum hardness of similar to 29 GPa and elastic modulus of 341 GPa were obtained, which make these films useful for several potential applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies on rheocasting using cooling slope

In the present work, a cooling channel is employed to produce semi-solid A356 alloy slurry. To understand the transport process involved, a 3D non-isothermal, multiphase volume averaging model has been developed for simulation of the semi-solid slurry generation process in the cooling channel. For simulation purpose, the three phases considered are the parent melt, the nearly spherical grains and air as separated but highly coupled interpenetrating continua. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species have been solved for each phase and the thermal and mechanical interactions (drag force) among the phases have been considered using appropriate model. The superheated liquid alloy is poured at the top of the cooling slope/channel, where specified velocity inlet boundary condition is used in the model, and allowed to flow along gravity through the channel. The melt loses its superheat and becomes semisolid up to the end of cooling channel due to the evolving -Al grains with decreasing temperature. The air phase forms a definable air/liquid melt interface, i.e. free surface, due its low density. The results obtained from the present model includes volume fractions of three different phases considered, grain evolution, grain growth rate, size and distribution of solid grains. The effect of key process variables such as pouring temperature, slope angle of the cooling channel and cooling channel wall temperature on temperature distribution, velocity distribution, grain formation and volume fraction of different phases are also studied. The results obtained from the simulations are validated by microstructure study using SEM and quantitative image analysis of the semi-solid slurry microstructure obtained from the experimental set-up.

Topological analysis of electron density and the electrostatic properties of isoniazid: an experimental and theoretical study

Isoniazid (isonicotinohydrazide) is an important first-line antitubercular drug that targets the InhA enzyme which synthesizes the critical component of the mycobacterial cell wall. An experimental charge-density analysis of isoniazid has been performed to understand its structural and electronic properties in the solid state. A high-resolution single-crystal X-ray intensity data has been collected at 90 K. An aspherical multipole refinement was carried out to explore the topological and electrostatic properties of the isoniazid molecule. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical charge-density calculations performed using CRYSTAL09 with the B3LYP/6-31G** method. A topological analysis of the electron density reveals that the Laplacian of electron density of the N-N bond is significantly less negative, which indicates that the charges at the b.c.p. (bond-critical point) of the bond are least accumulated, and so the bond is considered to be weak. As expected, a strong negative electrostatic potential region is present in the vicinity of the O1, N1 and N3 atoms, which are the reactive locations of the molecule. The C-H center dot center dot center dot N, C-H center dot center dot center dot O and N-H center dot center dot center dot N types of intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilize the crystal structure. The topological analysis of the electron density on hydrogen bonding shows the strength of intermolecular interactions.

Synthesis and antiproliferative effect of novel 4-thiazolidinone-, pyridine- and piperazine-based conjugates on human leukemic cells

The present work reveals the synthesis and antiproliferative effect of a series of 2, 3 disubstituted 4-thiazolidinone analogues on human leukemic cells. The chemical structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and mass spectral analysis. Compound methyl 3-methoxy-4-(4-oxo-3-(5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolidin-2-yl)be nzoate (5) displayed potent activity (IC50 9.71, 15.24 and 19.29 mu M) against Nalm6, K562, Jurkat cells. Cell cycle analysis and mitochondrial membrane potential further confirmed that compound 5 is cytotoxic and able to induce cell death. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Sheltered coastal environments as archives of paleo-tsunami deposits: Observations from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

The 2004 earthquake left several traces of coseismic land deformation and tsunami deposits, both on the islands along the plate boundary and distant shores of the Indian Ocean rim countries. Researchers are now exploring these sites to develop a chronology of past events. Where the coastal regions are also inundated by storm surges, there is an additional challenge to discriminate between the deposits formed by these two processes. Paleo-tsunami research relies largely on finding deposits where preservation potential is high and storm surge origin can be excluded. During the past decade of our work along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the east coast of India, we have observed that the 2004 tsunami deposits are best preserved in lagoons, inland streams and also on elevated terraces. Chronological evidence for older events obtained from such sites is better correlated with those from Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia, reiterating their usefulness in tsunami geology studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photocytotoxic oxovanadium(IV) complexes of ferrocenyl-terpyridine and acetylacetonate derivatives

Oxovanadium(IV) complexes VO(Fc-tpy)(acac)](ClO4) (1), VO(Fc-tpy)(nap-acac)](ClO4) (2), VO(Fc-tpy)(py-acac)](ClO4) (3) and VO(Ph-tpy)(py-acac)](ClO4) (4) of 4'-ferroceny1-2,2':6',2 `'-terpyridine (Fc-tpy) and 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2 `'-terpyridine (Ph-tpy) having monoanionic acetylacetonate (acac), naphthylacetylacetonate (nap-acac) or pyrenylacetylacetonate (py-acac) ligand were prepared, characterized and their photocytotoxicity in visible light studied. The ferrocenyl complexes 1-3 showed an intense charge transfer band near 585 nm in DMF and displayed Fc(+)/Fc and V(IV)/V(III) redox couples near 0.66 V and -0.95 V vs. SCE in DMF-0.1 M TBAP. The complexes as avid binders to calf thymus DNA showed significant photocleavage of plasmid DNA in green light (568 nm) forming center dot OH radicals. The complexes that are photocytotoxic in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells in visible light (400-700 nm) with low dark toxicity remain nontoxic in normal fibroblast 3T3 cells. ICP-MS and fluorescence microscopic studies show significant cellular uptake of the complexes. Photo-irradiation of the complexes causes apoptotic cell death by ROS as evidenced from the DCFDA assay. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Do carboximide-carboxylic acid combinations form co-crystals? The role of hydroxyl substitution on the formation of co-crystals and eutectics

Carboxylic acids, amides and imides are key organic systems which provide understanding of molecular recognition and binding phenomena important in biological and pharmaceutical settings. In this context, studies of their mutual interactions and compatibility through co-crystallization may pave the way for greater understanding and new applications of their combinations. Extensive co-crystallization studies are available for carboxylic acid/amide combinations, but only a few examples of carboxylic acid/imide co-crystals are currently observed in the literature. The non-formation of co-crystals for carboxylic acid/imide combinations has previously been rationalized, based on steric and computed stability factors. In the light of the growing awareness of eutectic mixtures as an alternative outcome in co-crystallization experiments, the nature of various benzoic acid/cyclic imide combinations is established in this paper. Since an additional functional group can provide sites for new intermolecular interactions and, potentially, promote supramolecular growth into a co-crystal, benzoic acids decorated with one or more hydroxyl groups have been systematically screened for co-crystallization with one unsaturated and two saturated cyclic imides. The facile formation of an abundant number of hydroxybenzoic acid/cyclic carboximide co-crystals is reported, including polymorphic and variable stoichiometry co-crystals. In the cases where co-crystals did not form, the combinations are shown invariably to result in eutectics. The presence or absence and geometric disposition of hydroxyl functionality on benzoic acid is thus found to drive the formation of co- crystals or eutectics for the studied carboxylic acid/imide combinations.

Reduction in DNA topoisomerase I level affects growth, phenotype and nucleoid architecture of Mycobacterium smegmatis

The steady-state negative supercoiling of eubacterial genomes is maintained by the action of DNA topoisomerases. Topoisomerase distribution varies in different species of mycobacteria. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) contains a single type I (Topol) and a single type II (Gyrase) enzyme, Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) and other members harbour additional relaxases. Topol is essential for Mtb survival. However, the necessity of Topol or other relaxases in Msm has not been investigated. To recognize the importance of Topol for growth, physiology and gene expression of Msm, we have developed a conditional knock-down strain of Topol in Msm. The Topol-depleted strain exhibited extremely slow growth and drastic changes in phenotypic characteristics. The cessation of growth indicates the essential requirement of the enzyme for the organism in spite of having additional DNA relaxation enzymes in the cell. Notably, the imbalance in Topol level led to the altered expression of topology modulatory proteins, resulting in a diffused nucleoid architecture. Proteomic and transcript analysis of the mutant indicated reduced expression of the genes involved in central metabolic pathways and core DNA transaction processes. RNA polymerase (RNAP) distribution on the transcription units was affected in the Topol-depleted cells, suggesting global alteration in transcription. The study thus highlights the essential requirement of Topol in the maintenance of cellular phenotype, growth characteristics and gene expression in mycobacteria. A decrease in Topol level led to altered RNAP occupancy and impaired transcription elongation, causing severe downstream effects.

Query Click and Text Similarity Graph for Query Suggestions

Query suggestion is an important feature of the search engine with the explosive and diverse growth of web contents. Different kind of suggestions like query, image, movies, music and book etc. are used every day. Various types of data sources are used for the suggestions. If we model the data into various kinds of graphs then we can build a general method for any suggestions. In this paper, we have proposed a general method for query suggestion by combining two graphs: (1) query click graph which captures the relationship between queries frequently clicked on common URLs and (2) query text similarity graph which finds the similarity between two queries using Jaccard similarity. The proposed method provides literally as well as semantically relevant queries for users' need. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms heat diffusion method by providing more number of relevant queries. It can be used for recommendation tasks like query, image, and product suggestion.

Sound radiation from a perforated panel set in a baffle with a different perforation ratio

A finite flexible perforated panel set in a differently perforated rigid baffle is considered. The radiation efficiency from such a panel is derived using a 2-D wavenumber domain formulation. This generalization is later used to represent a more practical case of a perforated panel fixed in an unperforated baffle. The perforations are in the form of an array of uniformly distributed circular holes. A complex impedance model for the holes available in the literature is used. An averaged fluid particle velocity is derived using the continuity equation and the surface pressure is derived using an appropriate momentum equation. The discontinuity in the perforate impedance (due to different hole dimensions or perforation ratio) at the panel-baffle interface is carefully taken into account. It is found that there exists a `coupling' of different wavenumbers of the spatially mean fluid particle velocity field. The change in the resonance frequencies and the modeshapes of the panel due to the perforations is taken into account using the Receptance method. Analytical expressions for the radiated power and radiation efficiency are derived in an integral form and numerical results are presented. Several comparisons are made to understand the radiation efficiency curves. Since both the resistive and reactive components of the hole impedance are taken into account, the model is directly applicable to micro-perforated panels also. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comportamiento reproductivo, dinamica de produccion y calidad de la leche de genotipos lecheros bajo condiciones intensivas, en el tropico seco de Rivas, Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo, la dinámica de producción y calidad de la leche de genotipos lecheros en la Finca El Corpus del Meneo, manejado intensivamente, se utilizó información del periodo 1997 - 2004. Se analizaron 181 datos de edad de incorporación (EDADINC), 157 datos de edad a primer parto (EPP), 543 datos de número de servicios por concepción (NSC) y 341 datos de intervalo entre partos (IEP), 233 datos de dos pesajes de leche (diciembre 2004 y enero 2005) y sus respectivos análisis de calidad en porcentajes de grasa (%FAT), proteína (%PROT), lactosa (%LACT) y materia seca (%DRYM). Los modelos lineales aditivos incluyeron efectos de grupo racial (GRUPO), año de nacimiento (ANACV), año de incorporación (AINCV), época de incorporación (El), año de parto (APART), número de parto (NUMPA), época de parto (EP), periodo de lactancia (PERL) y sexo de la cría (SEXC) e interacciones importantes. Para EDINCV, se encontró diferencias relevantes entre GRUPOS (P<0.068), ANACV (P<0.0001), AINCV (P<0.0001) y EN (P<0.0001). Para EPP, diferencias importantes entre AINCV (P<0.0001), APART (P<0.0028) y la interacción APARTxEP (P<0.0361). Para NSC, diferencias estadísticas entre APART (P<0.0138) y NUMPA (P<0.0074). Para IEP, las diferencias importantes entre APART (P<0.0076), NUMPA (P<0.0004) y la interacción GRUPOxSEXC (P<0.0882). Se obtuvieron medias de mínimos cuadrados para EDADINC, EPP, NSC IEP de 25.75±0.72 meses, 35.71±0.88 meses, 1.34±0.11 unidades y !2.82±0.35 meses, respectivamente. Se encontró diferencias importantes entre GRUPOS (1'<0.0001 a P<0.026), NUMPA (P<0.0003 a P<0.0024), PERL (P<0.0000) y la interacción NUMPA*PERL (P<0.0000 a 0.0082), en las variables de producción y calidad, no así entre NUMPA para %DRYM. Se estimaron valores de 8.79±0.29 Kg., 4.14±0.09, 3.48±0.04, 4.31±0.02 y 12.56±0.11 para PLD, %FAT, %PROT, %LACT y %DRYM, respectivamente. GRUPOS no resulto significativo, pero se observo una tendencia marcada del GRUPO 5 (Pardo suizo) hacia una menor EDADINC, el GRUPO l (Holstein y cruces) mostró menores EPP, y los menores valores de NSC (mayor eficiencia técnica) e IEP para el GRUPO 3 (Jersey y cruces). El GRUPO con Holstein mostró mayores producciones de leche pero con menor calidad, mientras que los GRUPOS 2 y 4 (Jersey y cruces, Pardo suizo y cruces) mostraron menores producciones pero con mayor calidad general. La producción de leche por vaca promedio semanal (PLVD) a través de los años se comportó de acuerdo con algunos eventos climatológicos que determinan la disponibilidad y calidad del alimento. Se determinaron tres picos de producción (9.5, 10.0 y 9.7 kg.) y tres puntos críticos similares (9.0- 9.1 kg.). Los genotipos lecheros estudiados muestran que bajo condiciones de trópico seco y manejo intensivo es posible lograr parámetros de reproducción, producción y calidad de leche aceptable y mayores que los parámetros nacionales.

Investigating the hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanostructures through seed layer control

Controlling the growth of ZnO nanostructures for photovoltaic applications will ensure greater device efficiency and parameter control. This paper reports on methods to engineer the morphology and tailor the nanostructure growth direction through the hydrothermal synthesis method. Effective control is achieved through the use of a sputtered zinc layer together with modifications of the growth solution. These nanostructures have been developed with a view to incorporation into excitonic solar cells, and methods to improve surface stability using a fully aqueous synthesis method will be discussed. © by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München.

Dynamic mode I perturbation solution for a moving crack unsteadily

Rice et al. (Jounal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 42, 813-843) analyze the propagation of a planar crack with a nominally straight front in a model elastic solid with a single displacement component. Using the form of Willis er al. (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 43, 319-341), of dynamic mode I weight functions for a moving crack, we address that problem solved by Rice ei al. in the 3D context of elastodynamic theory. Oscillatory crack tip motion results from constructive-destructive interference of stress intensity waves. Those waves, including system of the dilatational, shear and Rayleigh waves, interact on each other and with moving edge of crack, can lead to continuing fluctuations of the crack front and propagation velocity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Patogenecidad y virulencia de doce aislados de beauveria bassiana (Balls) vuill, sobre plutella xylostella (L) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

El presente estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de control microbial de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua. Para evaluar el control de 12 aislados de Beauveria bassiana, en larvas de Plutella xylostella (Balls) En el periodo comprendido, desde el mes de Enero al mes de Agosto de 1994. Los aislados evaluados fueron: 117/87, 118, 51/90, 110, 341536, CB-32, 341533, 67, 116/87, CB-55, 38/87 y 447. Los aislados evaluados fueron facilitados en tubos de ensayos por el laboratorio de hongos entomopatógenos del Proyecto MIP-CATIE/INTA (NORAD­ ASDI). Se preparó una solución de 108 conidias/ml de cada aislado. Para el establecimiento de la cría, se recolecto insectos adultos, pupas y larvas, en el municipio de la Concepción departamento de Masaya, que luego fueron trasladados al laboratorio de crías de insectos. Las larvas, para su inoculación fueron sumergidas en platos petri conteniendo la solución 108 conidias/ml, las larvas testigo fueron sumergidas en platos petri conteniendo agua estéril. Cada larva fue puesta, junto con su alimento en vasos individuales de una onza. Los datos se tomaron cada dos días a partir del día de la inoculación, para la evaluación del porcentaje de mortalidad y el Tiempo Letal Medio(TL50) de B. bassiana en larvas de P. xylostella. El asilado de Hypothenemus hampei con código 341 536 causó una mortalidad de (94.73%), en tanto el aislado CB-32 causó una mortalidad de 46.64%. Los valores de TL50 variaron de 0.91-5.29, Siendo el aistado 118 el que obtuvo el menor tiempo (0.91 días después de la inoculación), para el aistado CB-32 no se obtuvo el TL50 esperado, ya que no alcanzo el 50% de mortalidad.