868 resultados para energy efficiency
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Emerging web applications like cloud computing, Big Data and social networks have created the need for powerful centres hosting hundreds of thousands of servers. Currently, the data centres are based on general purpose processors that provide high flexibility buts lack the energy efficiency of customized accelerators. VINEYARD aims to develop an integrated platform for energy-efficient data centres based on new servers with novel, coarse-grain and fine-grain, programmable hardware accelerators. It will, also, build a high-level programming framework for allowing end-users to seamlessly utilize these accelerators in heterogeneous computing systems by employing typical data-centre programming frameworks (e.g. MapReduce, Storm, Spark, etc.). This programming framework will, further, allow the hardware accelerators to be swapped in and out of the heterogeneous infrastructure so as to offer high flexibility and energy efficiency. VINEYARD will foster the expansion of the soft-IP core industry, currently limited in the embedded systems, to the data-centre market. VINEYARD plans to demonstrate the advantages of its approach in three real use-cases (a) a bio-informatics application for high-accuracy brain modeling, (b) two critical financial applications, and (c) a big-data analysis application.
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In dynamic spectrum access networks, cognitive radio terminals monitor their spectral environment in order to detect and opportunistically access unoccupied frequency channels. The overall performance of such networks depends on the spectrum occupancy or availability patterns. Accurate knowledge on the channel availability enables optimum performance of such networks in terms of spectrum and energy efficiency. This work proposes a novel probabilistic channel availability model that can describe the channel availability in different polarizations for mobile cognitive radio terminals that are likely to change their orientation during their operation. A Gaussian approximation is used to model the empirical occupancy data that was obtained through a measurement campaign in the cellular frequency bands within a realistic operational scenario.
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Cognitive radio has been proposed as a means of improving the spectrum utilisation and increasing spectrum efficiency of wireless systems. This can be achieved by allowing cognitive radio terminals to monitor their spectral environment and opportunistically access the unoccupied frequency channels. Due to the opportunistic nature of cognitive radio, the overall performance of such networks depends on the spectrum occupancy or availability patterns. Appropriate knowledge on channel availability can optimise the sensing performance in terms of spectrum and energy efficiency. This work proposes a statistical framework for the channel availability in the polarization domain. A Gaussian Normal approximation is used to model real-world occupancy data obtained through a measurement campaign in the cellular frequency bands within a realistic scenario.
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Biogas from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is a renewable resource with high energy content, which is formed mainly of CH4 (40-75 vol.%) and CO2 (15-60 vol.%) Other components such as water (H2O, 5-10 vol.%) and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes can also be present. A CH4-rich stream can be produced by removing the CO2 and other impurities so that the upgraded bio-methane can be injected into the natural gas grid or used as a vehicle fuel. The main objective of this paper is to develop a new modeling methodology to assess the technical and economic performance of biogas upgrading processes using ionic liquids which physically absorb CO2. Three different ionic liquids, namely the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, are considered for CO2 capture in a pressure-swing regenerative absorption process. The simulation software Aspen Plus and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer is used to account for mass and energy balances as well as equipment cost. In all cases, the biogas upgrading plant consists of a multistage compressor for biogas compression, a packed absorption column for CO2 absorption, a flash evaporator for solvent regeneration, a centrifugal pump for solvent recirculation, a pre-absorber solvent cooler and a gas turbine for electricity recovery. The evaluated processes are compared in terms of energy efficiency, capital investment and bio-methane production costs. The overall plant efficiency ranges from 71-86 % whereas the bio-methane production cost ranges from £6.26-7.76 per GJ (LHV). A sensitivity analysis is also performed to determine how several technical and economic parameters affect the bio-methane production costs. The results of this study show that the simulation methodology developed can predict plant efficiencies and production costs of large scale CO2 capture processes using ionic liquids without having to rely on gas solubility experimental data.
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NanoStreams explores the design, implementation,and system software stack of micro-servers aimed at processingdata in-situ and in real time. These micro-servers can serve theemerging Edge computing ecosystem, namely the provisioningof advanced computational, storage, and networking capabilitynear data sources to achieve both low latency event processingand high throughput analytical processing, before consideringoff-loading some of this processing to high-capacity datacentres.NanoStreams explores a scale-out micro-server architecture thatcan achieve equivalent QoS to that of conventional rack-mountedservers for high-capacity datacentres, but with dramaticallyreduced form factors and power consumption. To this end,NanoStreams introduces novel solutions in programmable & con-figurable hardware accelerators, as well as the system softwarestack used to access, share, and program those accelerators.Our NanoStreams micro-server prototype has demonstrated 5.5×higher energy-efficiency than a standard Xeon Server. Simulationsof the microserver’s memory system extended to leveragehybrid DDR/NVM main memory indicated 5× higher energyefficiencythan a conventional DDR-based system.
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Cities dominated by impervious artificial surfaces can experience myriad negative environmental impacts. Restoration of green infrastructure has been identified as a mechanism for increasing urban resilience, enabling cities to transition towards sustainable futures in the face of climate-driven change. Building rooftops represent a viable space for integrating new green infrastructure into high density urban areas. Urban rooftops also provide prime locations for photovoltaic (PV) systems. There is increasing recognition that these two technologies can be combined to deliver reciprocal benefits in terms of energy efficiency and biodiversity targets. Scarcity of scientific evaluation of the interaction between PVs and green roofs means that the potential benefits are currently poorly understood. This study documents evidence from a biodiversity monitoring study of a substantial biosolar roof installed in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Vegetation and invertebrate communities were sampled and habitat structure measured in relation to habitat niches on the roof, including PV panels. Ninety-two plant species were recorded on the roof and variation in vegetation structure associated with proximity to PV panels was identified. Almost 50% of target invertebrate species collected were designated of conservation importance. Arthropod distribution varied in relation to habitat niches on the roof. The overall aim of the MPC green roof design was to create a mosaic of habitats to enhance biodiversity, and the results of the study suggest that PV panels can contribute to niche diversity on a green roof. Further detailed study is required to fully characterise the effects of PV panel density on biodiversity.
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No conjunto dos equipamentos sociais, entendidos como centros de serviço aos cidadãos, é importante destacar as piscinas, que são infra-estruturas que representam uma importante mais-valia para os munícipes, na medida em que proporcionam um acréscimo na qualidade de vida daqueles que as procuram, quer para puro lazer como para prática de desporto ou mesmo para fins terapêuticos. No entanto, a este tipo de instalações está geralmente associado um elevado custo de exploração e manutenção, devido, em grande parte, a consideráveis consumos de energia e de água. São de destacar alguns fatores decisivos que estão na origem deste problema: Falta de preocupações de eficiência e de conservação de energia na conceção dos edifícios e dos sistemas de apoio energéticos; Elevadas necessidades de calor para aquecer grandes volumes de ar e/ou água durante todo o ano; Elevada taxa de ocupação dos recintos; Falta de preocupação e hábitos de poupança de energia e de água pelos utilizadores. Do ponto de vista estritamente económico, as piscinas municipais não são lucrativas, podendo dizer-se mesmo que representam um centro de custo permanente para as autarquias. Na melhor das hipóteses, as receitas de utilização poderão cobrir parte das despesas de exploração. Geralmente, a maior fatia da despesa está associada à fatura energética, sendo por isso vital a sua redução com vista a assegurar o funcionamento pleno e contínuo daquele tipo de infra-estruturas. Sendo um equipamento social e de recreio de uma população, torna-se necessário combater estes elevados custos não pelo acréscimo de valor pago por utilizador mas sim reduzindo os custos através da utilização racional do mesmo. Sendo o Mestrado que agora finalizo orientado para a problemática dos Edifícios, parece-me ser de grande interesse a utilização de um grande edifício como estes para finalizar o mesmo. Assim sendo este Estagio pressupõe a elaboração de uma análise técnica às Piscinas Municipais de Quarteira, bem como a sua Simulação Dinâmica no âmbito da Certificação Energética dos Edifícios. Esta análise será efetuada aos sistemas existentes no Complexo bem como tipo de utilização do mesmo. No Relatório será também exposta a metodologia utilizada bem como a análise económica e financeira às medidas de eficiência energética propostas para melhoria na utilização do edifício.
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A importância da eficiência energética em edifícios de uso coletivo através do aperfeiçoamento das práticas de conservação e da implementação de novas tecnologias, enfatiza o papel que a mudança de comportamentos associados ao uso e à conservação de energia detém na melhoria desta eficiência. Mas como contribuir para a alteração de comportamentos sem antes conhecer os sentidos e significados sociais atribuídos à energia? Considerando que este conhecimento é fulcral para a alteração de comportamentos, recorre-se aos resultados de um inquérito por questionário sobre o uso de energia desenvolvido com alunos e professores de uma escola secundária de Lisboa recentemente intervencionada, para caracterizar as representações sociais da energia destes dois grupos (cf. projeto Net Zero Energy School - Reaching the Community – FCT/MIT Portugal). A primeira pergunta do questionário solicitava aos inquiridos que indicassem as primeiras três palavras que lhes vinham à ideia quando pensavam em energia. A maioria dos alunos associou a palavra “energia” às energias renováveis e à luz, e os professores à ambiente e sustentabilidade energética, às questões de natureza económica e de consumo. Explora-se aqui os aspetos centrais e periféricos das representações da energia na explicitação dos sentidos e significados atribuídos a energia e discutem-se as questões fundamentais a considerar no âmbito da mudança de comportamentos de uso e conservação de energia numa dada comunidade escolar.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015
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Trabalho Final de mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica com especialização em Energia, Climatização e Refrigeração
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Edificações
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Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Automação e Electrónica Industrial
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Dissertação de Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Especialização em Edificações