The prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its association with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected men: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) among HIV-infected men and its association with components of antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: Cross-sectional data on sexual dysfunction were collected in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) between December 2009 and November 2010. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between ED and exposure to 24 different antiretroviral drugs from four drug classes. RESULTS: During the study period, 5,194 of 5,539 eligible men in the SHCS had a follow-up visit; 4,064 men answered a question on ED for the first time. Among these men, ED was experienced often by 459 (11%), sometimes by 543 (13%), rarely by 389 (10%), never by 2,526 (62%) and 147 (4%) did not know. ED was associated with older age, an earlier HIV diagnosis and depression. No association was found with any drug class; however, ED was associated with cumulative exposure to either zalcitabine (OR 1.29 per year of use; 95% CI 1.07, 1.55) or enfuvirtide (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.08, 1.52). CONCLUSIONS: Around 1 in 10 men in the SHCS reported often experiencing ED. We found no association between ED and any drug class, but those exposed to zalcitabine or enfurvitide (drugs no longer or rarely used) were more likely to report ED; this second association was probably not causal.

Cairde le Cheile CFI

Potatoes, cabbage, onions, carrots, turnips and a range of herbs are grown for use in the Cairde le Cheile Meals on Wheels service. The core workers in the garden are Rural Social Scheme participants. The gardens are open weekly on Monday and Tuesday and many people visit. Local Agenda 21 Initiative Type Meals on Wheels Location Mayo Target Groups Older people Funding Local Agenda 21 Partner Agencies HSE Mayo County Council The Community Foundation for Ireland

Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera - Reduviidae - Triatominae) IV: bionomic aspects on the vector capacity of nymphs

Triatoma rubrovaria has become the most frequently captured triatomine species since the control of T. infestans in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the vectorial competence of T. rubrovaria using nymphs raised in laboratory under environmental conditions of temperature and humidity and fed on mice. The average developmental period of T. rubrovaria was 180.1 days. The percentage of defecation shortly after feeding was still higher than previous studies in which samples of T. rubrovaria subjected to a slight starvation period before the blood meal were used. The obtained results support former indication that T. rubrovaria presents bionomic characteristics propitious to be a good vector of Trypanosoma cruzi to man. Therefore its domiciliary invasion process must be continuously monitored.

Public Policy and Ageing in Northern Ireland: Identifying Levers for Change

Public Policy and Ageing in Northern Ireland: Identifying Levers for Change Judith Cross, Policy Officer with the Centre for Ageing Research Development in Ireland (CARDI)��������Introduction Identifying a broad range of key public policy initiatives as they relate to age can facilitate discussion and create new knowledge within and across government to maximise the opportunities afforded by an ageing population. This article looks at how examining the current public policy frameworks in Northern Ireland can present opportunities for those working in this field for the benefit of older people. Good policy formulation needs to be evidence-based, flexible, innovative and look beyond institutional boundaries. Bringing together architects and occupational therapists, for example, has the potential to create better and more effective ways relevant to health, housing, social services and government departments. Traditional assumptions of social policy towards older people have tended to be medically focused with an emphasis on care and dependency. This in turn has consequences for the design and delivery of services for older people. It is important that these assumptions are challenged as changes in thinking and attitudes can lead to a redefinition of ageing, resulting in policies and practices that benefit older people now and in the future. Older people, their voices and experiences, need to be central to these developments. The Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland The Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland (CARDI) (1) is a not for profit organisation developed by leaders from the ageing field across Ireland (North and South) including age sector focused researchers and academics, statutory and voluntary, and is co-chaired by Professor Robert Stout and Professor Davis Coakley. CARDI has been established to provide a mechanism for greater collaboration among age researchers, for wider dissemination of ageing research information and to advance a research agenda relevant to the needs of older people in Ireland, North and South. Operating at a strategic level and in an advisory capacity, CARDI�۪s work focuses on promoting research co-operation across sectors and disciplines and concentrates on influencing the strategic direction of research into older people and ageing in Ireland. It has been strategically positioned around the following four areas: Identifying and establishing ageing research priorities relevant to policy and practice in Ireland, North and South;Promoting greater collaboration and co-operation on ageing research in order to build an ageing research community in Ireland, North and South;Stimulating research in priority areas that can inform policy and practice relating to ageing and older people in Ireland, North and South;Communicating strategic research issues on ageing to raise the profile of ageing research in Ireland, North and South, and its role in informing policy and practice. Context of Ageing in Ireland Ireland �۪s population is ageing. One million people aged 60 and over now live on the island of Ireland. By 2031, it is expected that Northern Ireland�۪s percentage of older people will increase to 28% and the Republic of Ireland�۪s to 23%. The largest increase will be in the older old; the number aged 80+ is expected to triple by the same date. However while life expectancy has increased, it is not clear that life without disability and ill health has increased to the same extent. A growing number of older people may face the combined effects of a decline in physical and mental function, isolation and poverty. Policymakers, service providers and older people alike recognise the need to create a high quality of life for our ageing population. This challenge can be meet by addressing the problems relating to healthy ageing, reducing inequalities in later life and creating services that are shaped by, and appropriate for, older people. Devolution and Structures of Government in Northern Ireland The Agreement (2) reached in the Multi-Party Negotiations in Belfast 1998 established the Northern Ireland Assembly which has full legislative authority for all transferred matters. The majority of social and economic public policy such as; agriculture, arts, education, health, environment and planning is determined by the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont. There are 11 Government Departments covering the main areas of responsibility with 108 elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA�۪s). The powers of the Northern Ireland Assembly do not cover ��� reserved�۪ matters or ��� excepted�۪ matters . These are the responsibility of Westminster and include issues such as, tax, social security, policing, justice, defence, immigration and foreign affairs. Northern Ireland has 18 elected Members of Parliament (MP�۪s) to the House of Commons. Public Policy Context in Northern Ireland The economic, social and political consequence of an ageing population is a challenge for policy makers across government. Considering the complex and diverse causal factors that contribute to ageing in Northern Ireland, there are a number of areas of government policy at regional, national and international levels that are likely to impact in this area. International The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (3) and the Research Agenda on Ageing for the 21st Century (4) provide important mechanisms for furthering research into ageing. The United Kingdom has signed up to these. The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing commits member states to a systematic review of the Plan of Action through Regional Implementation Strategies. The United Kingdom�۪s Regional Implementation Strategy covers Northern Ireland. National At National level, pension and social security are high on the agenda. The Pensions Act (5) became law in 2007 and links pensions increases with earnings as opposed to prices from 2012. Additional credits for people raising children and caring for older people to boost their pensions were introduced. Some protections are included for those who lost occupational pensions as a result of underfunded schemes being wound up before April 2005. In relation to State Pensions and benefits, this Act will bring changes to state pensions in future. The Act now places the Pension Credit element which is up-rated in line with or above earnings, on a permanent, statutory footing. Regional At regional level there are a number of age related public policy initiatives that have the potential to impact positively on the lives of older people in Northern Ireland. Some are specific to ageing such as the Ageing in an Inclusive Society (6) and others by their nature are cross-cutting such as Lifetime Opportunities: Governments Anti-Poverty Strategy for Northern Ireland (7). The main public policy framework in Northern Ireland is the Programme for Government: Building a Better Future, 2008-2011(PfG) (8) . The PfG, is the overarching high level policy framework for Northern Ireland and provides useful principles for ageing research and public policy in Northern Ireland. The PfG vision is to build a peaceful, fair and prosperous society in Northern Ireland, with respect for the rule of law. A number of Public Service Agreements (PSA) aligned to the PfG confirm key actions that will be taken to support the priorities that the Government aim to achieve over the next three years. For example objective 2 of PSA 7: Making Peoples�۪ Lives Better: Drive a programme across Government to reduce poverty and address inequality and disadvantage, refers to taking forward strategic action to promote social inclusion for older people; and to deliver a strong independent voice for older people. The Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (OFMDFM) have recently appointed an Interim Older People�۪s Advocate, Dame Joan Harbison to provide a focus for older peoples issues across Government. Ageing in an Inclusive Society is the cross-departmental strategy for older people in Northern Ireland and was launched in March 2005. It sets out the approach to be taken across Government to promote and support the inclusion of older people. The vision coupled with six strategic objectives form the basis of the action plans accompanying the strategy. The vision is: ���To ensure that age related policies and practices create an enabling environment, which offers everyone the opportunity to make informed choices so that they may pursue healthy, active and positive ageing.�۝ (Ageing in an Inclusive Society, Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, 2005) Action planning and maintaining momentum across government in relation to this strategy has proved to be slower than anticipated. It is proposed to refresh this Strategy in line with Opportunity Age ��� meeting the challenges of ageing in the 21st Century (9). There are a number of policy levers elsewhere which can also be used to promote the positive aspects of an ageing society. The Investing for Health (10) and A Healthier Future:A 20 Year Vision for Health and Well-being in Northern Ireland (11), seek to ensure that the overall vision for health and wellbeing is achievable and provides a useful framework for ageing policy and research in the health area. These health initiatives have the potential to positively impact on the quality of life of older people and provide a useful framework for improving current policy and practice. In addition to public policy initiatives, the anti-discrimination frameworks in terms of employment in Northern Ireland cover age as well as a range of other grounds. Goods facilitates and services are currently excluded from the Employment Equality (age) Regulations (NI) 2006 (12). Supplementing the anti-discrimination measures, Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (13), unique to Northern Ireland, places a statutory obligation on public authorities in fulfilling their functions to promote equality of opportunity across nine grounds, one of which is age(14). This positive duty has the potential to make a real difference to the lives of older people in Northern Ireland. Those affected by policy decisions must be consulted and their interests taken into account. This provides an opportunity for older people and their representatives to participate in public policy-making, right from the start of the process. Policy and Research Interface ���Ageing research is vital as decisions in relation to policy and practice and resource allocation will be made on the best available information�۝. (CARDI�۪s Strategic Plan 2008-2011) As outlined earlier, CARDI has been established to bridge the gap to ensure that research reaches those involved in making policy decisions. CARDI is stimulating the ageing research agenda in Ireland through a specific research fund that has a policy and practice focus. My work is presently focusing on helping to build a greater awareness of the key policy levers and providing opportunities for those within research and policy to develop closer links. The development of this shared understanding by establishing these links between researchers and policy makers is seen as the best predictor for research utilization. It is important to acknowledge and recognise that researchers and policy makers operate in different institutional, political and cultural contexts. Research however needs to ���resonate�۪ with the contextual factors in which policy makers operate. Conclusions Those working within the public policy field recognise all too often that the development of government policies and initiatives in respect of age does not guarantee that they will result in changes in actual provision of services, despite Government recommendations and commitments. The identification of public policy initiatives as they relate to age has the potential to highlight persistent and entrenched difficulties that social policy has previously failed to address. Furthermore, the identification of these difficulties can maximise the opportunities for progressing these across government. A focus on developing effective and meaningful targets to ensure measurable outcomes in public policy for older people can assist in this. Access to sound, credible and up-to-date evidence will be vital in this respect. As well as a commitment to working across departmental boundaries to effect change. Further details: If you would like to discuss this paper or for further information about CARDI please contact: Judith Cross, Policy Officer, Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland CARDI). t: +44 (0) 28 9069 0066; m: +353 (0) 867 904 171; e: judith@cardi.ie ; or visit our website at: www.cardi.ie References 1) Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland (2008) Strategic Plan 2008-2011. Belfast. CARDI 2) The Agreement: Agreement Reached in the Multi-Party Negotiations. Belfast 1998 3) Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. http://www.un.org/ageing/ 4) UN Programme on Ageing (2007) Research Agenda on Ageing for the 21st Century: 2007 Update. New York. New York. UN Programme on Ageing and the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 5) The Pensions Act 2007 Chapter 22 6) Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (2005). Ageing in an Inclusive Society. Belfast. OFMDFM Central Anti-Poverty Unit. 7) Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (2005). Lifetime Opportunities: Government�۪s Anti-Poverty and Social Inclusion Strategy for Northern Ireland. Belfast. OFMDFM Central Anti-Poverty Unit. 8) Northern Ireland Executive (2008) Building a Better Future: Programme for Government 2008-2011. Belfast. OFMDFM Economic Policy Unit. 9) Department for Work and Pensions, (2005) Opportunity Age: Meeting the Challenges of Ageing in the 21 st Century. London. DWP. 10) Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (DHSS&PS) (2002) Investing for Health. Belfast. DHSS&PS. 11) Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (DHSS&PS) (2005) A Healthier Future:A 20 Year Vision for Health and Well-being in Northern Ireland Belfast. DHSS&PS. �� 12) The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006 SR2006 No.261 13) The Northern Ireland Act 1998, Part VII, S75 14) The nine grounds covered under S75 of the Northern Ireland Act are: gender, religion, race, sexual orientation, those with dependents, disability, political opinion, marital status and age.

Construcció d'un SIG per la gestió de rutes en camins no cartografiats

Aquest projecte té la finalitat de crear un sistema d'informació geogràfica (SIG), que permeti gestionar les rutes que realitzen els veterinaris d'un laboratori d'analítiques quan visiten els seus clients en les granges. També té que planificar recorreguts a diversos destins utilitzant la informació emmagatzemada.

Impact of previous virological treatment failures and adherence on the outcome of antiretroviral therapy in 2007.

BACKGROUND: Combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) has been very successful, especially among selected patients in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to describe outcomes of cART on the population level in a large national cohort. METHODS: Characteristics of participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study on stable cART at two semiannual visits in 2007 were analyzed with respect to era of treatment initiation, number of previous virologically failed regimens and self reported adherence. Starting ART in the mono/dual era before HIV-1 RNA assays became available was counted as one failed regimen. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for virological failure between the two consecutive visits. RESULTS: Of 4541 patients 31.2% and 68.8% had initiated therapy in the mono/dual and cART era, respectively, and been on treatment for a median of 11.7 vs. 5.7 years. At visit 1 in 2007, the mean number of previous failed regimens was 3.2 vs. 0.5 and the viral load was undetectable (<50 copies/ml) in 84.6% vs. 89.1% of the participants, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios of a detectable viral load at visit 2 for participants from the mono/dual era with a history of 2 and 3, 4, >4 previous failures compared to 1 were 0.9 (95% CI 0.4-1.7), 0.8 (0.4-1.6), 1.6 (0.8-3.2), 3.3 (1.7-6.6) respectively, and 2.3 (1.1-4.8) for >2 missed cART doses during the last month, compared to perfect adherence. From the cART era, odds ratios with a history of 1, 2 and >2 previous failures compared to none were 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.5), 2.8 (1.7-4.5) and 7.8 (4.5-13.5), respectively, and 2.8 (1.6-4.8) for >2 missed cART doses during the last month, compared to perfect adherence. CONCLUSIONS: A higher number of previous virologically failed regimens, and imperfect adherence to therapy were independent predictors of imminent virological failure.

Food Co-ops Toolkit

More and more communities are setting up food co-ops so they can get good food atan affordable price and have more control over where their food comes from. Co-operation is all about two or more people joining forces and working together to achieve something they probably couldn't do on their own. In the case of food co-ops a group of people join forces in order to be able to buy foodsthey may otherwise find it hard to get hold of at aprice they can afford.By volunteering their time and pooling their buying power they cangetproducedirect from local farmers or wholesalers. This toolkit was produced as part of the Big Lottery fundedMaking Local Food Work programmeto help morecommunitiesset up their own food co-ops and buying groups.The Food Co-ops project has now ended but the toolkit and other resources will all remain on-line.To find moreabout food co-opsyou can visit our main website www.foodcoops.org

Prevenda

Aquest projecte es base en una aplicació de prevenda per terminals amb Sistema Operatiu Windows CE 4.3 i plataforma Pocket PC 2003. L'aplicació permetrà al terminal conectar-se amb un ordenador central (PC) per tal de descarregar la informació dels clients, artícles, rutes, etc. Una vegada s'hagi rebut la informació, el comercial podrà anar visitant els diferents clients seguint una ruta i introduint les comandes. En qualsevol moment del dia el comercial podrà enviar les comandes a la central mitjançant una conecció remota o bé mitjançant una comunicació directa.

Environmental and biological controls on the geochemistry (δ18O, δ13C, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) of living ostracods from Lake Geneva

ABSTRACT : Ostracods are benthic microcrustaceans enclosed in low-Mg calcite bivalves. Stable isotope compositions, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca ratios of ostracod fossil valves have proven useful to reconstruct past environmental conditions. Yet, several discrepancies persist and the influence of many factors remains unclear. It is the aim of this study to improve the use of ostracod valve geochemistry as palaeoenvironmental proxies by examining the extent of isotope fractionation and trace element partitioning during valve calcification. To achieve this, the environmental parameters (pH, temperature) and chemical composition of water (C-and O-isotope composition and calcium, magnesium, and strontium content) were measured at sites where living ostracods were sampled. The sampling was on a monthly basis over the course of one year at five different water depths (2, 5, 13, 33, and 70 m) in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. The one-year sampling enabled collection of environmental data for bottom and interstitial pore water. In littoral to sublittoral zones, C-isotope composition of DIC and the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water are found to vary concomitantly with water temperature. This is due to the precipitation of calcite, which is induced by higher photosynthetic activity as temperature and/or solar radiation intensify in summer. In deeper zones, environmental parameters remain largely constant throughout the year. Variations of pH, DIC concentrations and C-isotope compositions in interstitial water result from aerobic as well as anaerobic respiration, calcite dissolution and methanogenesis. Bathymetric distribution, life cycles, and habitats were derived for 15 ostracod species and are predominantly related to water temperature and sediment texture. O-isotope compositions of ostracod valves in Lake Geneva reflect that of water and temperature. However, offsets of up to 3 permil are observed in comparison with proposed inorganic calcite precipitation equilibrium composition. Deprotonation of HCO3- and/or salt effect at crystallisation sites may explain the disequilibrium observed for O-isotopic compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves are not as well constrained and appear to be controlled by a complex interaction between habitat preferences and seasonal as well as spatial variations of the DIC isotope composition. For infaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect mainly the variation of DIC isotope composition in interstitial pore waters. For epifaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect the seasonal variation of DIC isotope compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves is at equilibrium with DIC except for a small number of species (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii and possibly C. ophtalmica, and I. beauchampi). Trace element uptake differs considerably from species to species. For most epifaunal forms, trace element content follows the seasonal cycle, recording temperature increases and/or variations of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water. In contrast, infaunal forms are predominantly related to sediment pore water chemistry. RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS : Les ostracodes sont de petits crustacés benthiques qui possèdent une coquille faite de calcite à faible teneur en magnésium. La composition isotopique et les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca d'ostracodes fossiles ont été utilisés maintes fois avec succès pour effectuer des reconstructions paléoenvironnementales. Néanmoins, certains désaccords persistent sur l'interprétation de ces données. De plus, l'influence de certains facteurs pouvant biaiser le signal reste encore inconnue. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de rendre plus performant l'emploi de la composition géochimique des ostracodes comme indicateur paléoenvironnemental. Pour réaliser cela, cinq sites situés dans le Léman à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 m de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer les échantillonnages. Chaque site a été visité une fois par mois durant une année. Les différents paramètres environnementaux (pH, température) ainsi que la composition géochimique de l'eau (composition isotopique de l'oxygène et du carbone ainsi que teneur en calcium, magnésium et strontium) ont été déterminés pour chaque campagne. Des ostracodes vivants ont été récoltés au cinq sites en même temps que les échantillons d'eau. Ce travail de terrain a permis de caractériser la géochimie de l'eau se trouvant juste au-dessus des sédiments ainsi que celle de l'eau se trouvant dans les interstices du sédiment. Dans les zones littorales à sublittorales, la composition isotopique du carbone inorganique dissout (CID) ainsi que les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau varient linéairement avec la température. Ceci peut être expliqué par la précipitation de calcite qui est contrôlée par l'activité photosynthétique, variant elle même linéairement avec la température. Dans les zones plus profondes, les paramètres environnementaux restent relativement constants tout au long de l'année. Les variations du pH, de la concentration et de la composition isotopique du CID dans les sédiments résultent de la libération de carbone engendrée par la dégradation de la matière organique avec présence d'oxygène ou via réduction de nitrates et de sulfates, par la dissolution de carbonates, ainsi que par la méthanogenèse. La distribution bathymétrique, le cycle de vie ainsi que l'habitat de 15 espèces ont été déterminés. Ceux-ci sont principalement reliés à la température de l'eau et à la texture des sédiments. La composition isotopique de l'oxygène des valves d'ostracodes reflète celle de l'eau et la température qui régnait lors de la calcification. Néanmoins, des écarts pouvant aller jusqu'à 3 0/00 par rapport à l'équilibre théorique ont été obtenus. La déprotonation de HCO3 ou un 'effet de sel' pourrait être à l'origine du déséquilibre observé. La composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes n'est pas aussi bien cernée. Celle-ci semble être principalement contrôlée par une interaction complexe entre l'habitat des ostracodes et les variations saisonnières et spatiales de la composition isotopique du CID. Pour les espèces endofaunes, la composition isotopique du carbone reflète principalement la variation de la composition isotopique du CID à l'intérieur des sédiments. Pour les formes épifaunes, c'est la variation saisonnière de la composition du CID qui contrôle celle de la coquille des ostracodes. En général, la composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes est en équilibre avec celle de CID, hormis pour quelques rares espèces (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii et peut-être C. ophtalmica et I. beauchampi). L'incorporation des éléments traces diffère passablement d'une espèce à l'autre. Pour la plupart des espèces épifaunes, la teneur en éléments traces des coquilles reflète les variations saisonnières. Ces espèces semblent enregistrer les variations soit de la température soit des rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau. La teneur en élément traces des formes infaunales, au contraire, est principalement reliée à la chimie de l'eau interstitielle. RÉSUMÉ GRAND-PUBLIC : La connaissance de l'évolution du climat dans le futur est primordiale pour notre société, car elle permet de développer différentes stratégies pour faire face aux problèmes engendrés pas le changement climatique : stratégies environnementale, humanitaire, ou encore économique. Cette problématique est actuellement, à juste titre, sujet d'une vive préoccupation. La géologie peut-elle contribuer à l'effort communautaire entrepris? Naturellement, ce sont les climatologues qui sont sur le devant de la scène. Il n'empêche que ces derniers, pour pouvoir prédire l'avenir, doivent s'appuyer sur le passé. La géologie est alors d'un grand intérêt car c'est effectivement la seule science qui permette d'estimer les variations climatiques à grande échelle sur de longues périodes. Ainsi, voulant moi-même contribuer aux recherches menées dans ce domaine, je me suis tourné à la fin de mes études vers la paléoclimatologie, science qui a pour but de reconstruire le climat des temps anciens. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que l'évolution climatique de la région où nous habitons n'avait pas encore fait le sujet d'études approfondies. Il est pourtant important de connaître la variation locale des changements climatiques pour obtenir des modèles climatiques fiables. En conséquence, un vaste projet a vu le jour : reconstruire, à l'aide des sédiments du lac Léman, les variations paléoclimatiques et paléo-environnementales depuis le retrait du Glacier de Rhône, il y a environ 15'000 ans, jusqu'à nos jours. Pour ce genre de travail, la géochimie, qui est une forme de chimie, utilisée en science de la terre regroupant la chimie classique et la chimie isotopique, est une alliée particulièrement efficace. Elle permet en effet, via différentes mesures faites sur des archives géologiques (par exemple des fossiles ou des sédiments) d'obtenir des informations, souvent quantitatives, sur les conditions (le climat, la flore ou encore la bio productivité, etc...) qui régnaient il y a fort longtemps. Les coquilles d'ostracodes, qui sont de petits animaux vivant au fond des lacs, sont une des archives les plus prometteuses. Ces animaux sont des petits crustacés s'entourant d'une coquille calcaire qu'ils sécrètent eux-mêmes. A la mort de l'animal, la coquille est intégrée dans les sédiments et reste intacte à travers les âges. Des études ont montré qu'en analysant la géochimie de ces coquilles fossiles, il est possible de reconstruire les conditions environnementales qui régnaient à l'époque de vie de ces fossiles. Cette démarche nécessite qu'une condition bien précise soit remplie: la composition géochimique de la coquille doit enregistrer de manière fidèle la chimie de l'eau et/ou la température de l'eau présentes au moment de la sécrétion de la coquille. Le but spécifique de notre recherche a précisément été d'étudier la façon dont la chimie de l'eau ainsi que sa température sont enregistrées dans la coquillé des ostracodes. Une fois les relations entre ces divers paramètres dans l'étant actuel du système établies, il sera alors possible de les utiliser pour interpréter des données issues de coquilles fossiles. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la température de l'eau de manière continue et récolté mensuellement des échantillons d'eau et des ostracodes vivants pendant une année. Cinq sites situés à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 mètres de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer ces échantillonnages dans le Léman. Le travail de terrain nous a amené à étudier la biologie de 15 espèces. Nous avons pu établir la profondeur à laquelle vivent ces animaux, leur période de développement ainsi que leur habitat respectifs. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux cerner la relation qu'il existe entre la chimie de l'eau, sa température et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes. Nous avons ainsi pu confirmer que les coquilles d'ostracodes enregistrent de manière fidèle la composition chimique et isotopique de l'eau. De même, nous avons pu établir de manière plus précise l'effet de la température sur la géochimie des coquilles. Néanmoins, les relations trouvées entre ces trois éléments sont plus complexes pour certaines espèces, cette complexité étant souvent liée à un caractère spécifique de leur écologie. Nous avons mis en lumière certains effets qui biaisent les résultats et défini précisément les conditions dans lesquelles on peut s'attendre à avoir des difficultés dans leur interprétation. Maintenant que nous avons établi les relations entre le climat actuel et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes actuels, nous pouvons, sur la base de ce modèle, reconstruire le climat depuis le retrait du Glacier du Rhône jusqu'à nos jours à l'aide d'ostracodes fossiles. Mais cela est une autre histoire et fera, je l'espère, le sujet de nos futures recherches.

We get 10 of our 60 minutes playing football

This poster highlights the importance of children being physically active for at least 60 minutes every day. Parents, carers and children are encouraged to visit the website www.getalifegetactive.com to download the activity log book to track how much activity they are doing daily.

See me, hear me, know me' guidelines

Guidelines to support the needs of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people in nursing, residential, and day care settings and those who live at home and receive domiciliary care.To see the press release linked to this publication click here.

TB Factsheet

What is TB (tuberculosis)? TB is a serious but curable infectious disease. It usually affects the lungs but it can affect other parts of the body. What are the symptoms? Any of the following symptoms may occur: ��. Cough ��. Phlegm ��. High temperature ��. Sweating at night ��. Weight loss ��. Fatigue / general tiredness ��. Swollen glands If you are concerned that you might have TB, or develop any of these symptoms, please visit your family doctor for advice. How do you catch TB? It is usually spread through the air from someone with the infectious type of TB.

Caring for someone who has self-harmed or had suicidal thoughts

This guide provides important information on how to take care of yourself and your family member following a suicide attempt/suicidal thoughts or self-harm and highlights resources to help you move forward.The guide is divided into three parts:1. What happens during a visit to the Emergency Department (new name for A&E), GP or GP out-of-hours (OOH) department.2. What you need to know following your family member��'s discharge.3. Moving forward after your family member returns home.

Fracture vertébrate évaluée par ostéodensitométrie. Un nouveau facteur de risque pour la fracture [Vertebral fracture assessed by DXA: a new risk factor for fracture]

At the age of 50, a woman has a lifetime risk of more than 40% to present a vertebral fracture. More than 60% of vertebral fractures remain undiagnosed. As a consequence it is of major importance to develop screening strategies to detect these fractures. Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) by DXA allows one to detect vertebral fracture from T4 to L4 using DXA devices, while performing also during the same visit the bone mineral density measurement. Such an approach should improve the evaluation of fracture risk and therapeutic indication. Compared to the standard X-ray assessment, VFA highly enables to detect moderate or severe vertebral fractures below T6.

Phlebotomine fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and species abundance in an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study was undertaken to identify the phlebotomine fauna and species abundance in domiciliary and peridomiciliary (hen-house and guava-tree) environments, on a lake shore, a cultivated area of coffee and banana, and a forested area of Conceição da Aparecida municipality, southeastern the state of Minas Gerais, to provide information for the control and epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis in this area. The captures were carried out monthly between May 2001 and November 2002, with automatic light and Shannon traps. A total of 1444 sand flies were captured, 951 (76.5%) with automatic light traps and 493 (23.5%) with the Shannon trap. Thirteen species were captured, the most frequent being Nyssomyia whitmani (62.7%), Migonemyia migonei (21.4%), Pintomyia fischeri (6.9%), and Evandromyia lenti (3.6%). Species abundance was determined using the automatic light traps installed in the six environments. The most abundant species according to the standardized index of species abundance were Ny. whitmani (1.0) and Mg. migonei (0.82). In view of the dominance of these two species, known vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in other Brazilian areas, their participation in the transmission of the disease in this county is suggested. The diversity and evenness indexes in the domicile were the lowest due to the high frequency (83%) of Ny. whitmani. The capture of Lutzomyia longipalpis, rarely recorded in the south-eastern and southern regions of Minas Gerais, is also noteworthy.