Die Feldspatgehalte quartärzeitlicher Sande Niedersachsens

The feldspar contents of 373 samples from quaternary sands of Lower Saxony (West Germany) were determined. The samples were taken in all parts of Lower Saxony and represent a selec- tion of quaternary Sediments of different age and genetic origin. 7 different methods of investigation were tested to determine the content of feldspar both qualitative and quantitative. Polarizing mioroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, Chemical analysis and staining fit these aims best. The most important results of these investigations are: - The quarternary Lower Saxonian sands have an average content of 4.4 weight-% potassium feldspars and 0.8 weight-% plagio- clase. - All tested samples have a similar qualitative feldspar compo- sition. There are monocline, tricline and - more rare - per- thitic potassium feldspars with a rather high (greater 80 %) KAlSi3O8 content. From the plagioclase feldspars only albite, oligoclase and little andesine were indicated. - The potassium feldspar content is higher in each sample than the plagioclase content. - The feldspar content depends on age and genetic origin of each sand. Generally spoken the feldspar content lessens with increasing age. Glaciofluviatile and basin sands usually have a higher feldspar content than fluvial or aeolian sands of the same age. - The feldspar content is highly influenced by grain size com- position. A minimum of feldspar content lies between 0.4 and 1 .0 mm grain size. Fine sands usually have a higher feldspar content than coarse sands. The reason for this phenomenon is weathering. - There are no regional differences in the amount of feldspar content. - The feldspar content is not high enough for commercial mining.

Neue Erkenntnisse zum geologischen Bau des “Kleinen Berges” zwischen Bad Laer und Bad Rothenfelde (südwestliches Niedersachsen) aufgrund der Ergebnisse der Tiefbohrung ‘Bad Laer Z 1’

The 2108,0 m deep exploration well "Bad Laer Z 1" (1993) has been carried down in order to investigate the deeper ground lying beneath the "Kleiner Berg" anticline, concerning the existence of reservoir beds which was postulated according to preceeding seismic investigations. This aim of the borehole was not attained, because no formations have been drilled suitable for the construction of an artificial gas reservoir. On the other hand the bore hole revealed a great amount of new regional geologic, stratigraphic, mining, coalification and coal bed gas data. Therefore, from a scientific point of view the exploration well must be considered successful. After the drilling of a stratigraphic succession, mainly consisting of cretaceous "Pläner" limestones (from Albian to Turonian), surprisingly in a depth of only 439 m productive Upper Carboniferous rocks formed by the Lembeck beds of uppermost Westfalian C have been found. In addition to this discovery, nearly the whole Westfalian C and B reaching down to the coal bed "Katharina" at the Westfalian A boundary were drilled through revealing over 66 partly minable coal beds. Investigations of the coalification pattern showed a more or less continuous increase of the rank gradient with depth reaching from the step of gas flame coal down to 700 m over that of gas coal down to 1600 m to that of fat coal down to the bottom of the borehole. An additional surprising result of the exploration well was the observation, that immediately below the base of the Cretaceous the coal beds revealed a high gas content without the presence of a desorption zone. This result must also be considered as success of the drilling with respect to the strong interest in a potential utilization of coal bed methane nowadays.

Riffe und fazielle Entwicklung der florigemma-Bank (Korallenoolith, Oxfordium) im Süntel und östlichen Wesergebirge (NW-Deutschland

During the Sedimentation of the platform carbonate deposits of the Korallenoolith Formation (middle Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian) small buildups ofcorals formed in the Lower Saxony Basin. These bioconstructions are restricted to particular horizons (Untere Korallenbank,ßorigenuna-Bank Member etc.) and represent patch reefs and biostromes. In this study, the development of facies, fossil assemblages, spatial distribution of fossils, and reefs of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member (upper Middle Oxfordian) in the Süntel Mts and the eastern Wesergebirge Mts is described; the formation of reefs is discussed in detail. Twelve facies types are described and interpreted. They vary between high-energy deposits as well winnowed oolites and quiet-water lagoonal mudstones. Owing to the significance of biota, micro- and macrofossils are systematically described. The reefs are preserved in growth position, are characterized by numerous corresponding features and belong to a certain reef type. According to their size, shape and framework, they represent patch reefs, coral knobs (sensu James, 1983), coral thrombolite reefs (sensu Leinfelder et al., 1994) or “Klein- and Mitteldickichte” (sensu Laternser, 2001). Their growth fabric corresponds to the superstratal (dense) pillarstone (sensu Insalaco, 1998). As the top of the ßorigenuna-Bank displays an erosional unconformity (so-called Hauptdiskontinuität), the top of the reefs are erosionally capped. Their maximum height amounts to at least the maximum thickness of the ßorigenuna-Bank which does not exceed 4 metres. The diversity of coral fauna of the reefs is relatively low; a total of 13 species is recorded. The coral community is over- whelmingly dominated by the thin-branched ramose Thamnasteria dendroidea (Lamouroux) that forms aggregations of colonies (77?. dendroidea thickets). Leafy to platy Fungiastrea arachnoides (Parkinson) and Thamnasteria concinna (Goldfuss) occur subordinately, other species are only of minor importance. In a few cases, the reef-core consisting of Th. dendroidea thickets is laterally encrusted by platy F. arachnoides and Th. concinna colonies, and microbial carbonates. This zonation reflects probably a succession of different reef builders as a result of changing environmental conditions (allogenic succession). Moreover, some reefs are overlain by a biostrome made of large Solenopora jurassica nodules passing laterally in a nerinean bed. Mikrobial carbonates promoted reef growth and favoured the preservation of reef organismn in their growth position or in situ. They exhibit a platy, dendroid, or reticulate growth form or occur as downward-facing hemispheroids. According to their microstructure, they consist of a peloidal, clotted, or unstructured fabric (predominately layered and poorly structured thrombolite as well as clotted leiolite) (sensu Schmid, 1996). Abundant endo- and epibiontic organisms (bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids, crabs etc) are linked to the reefs. With regard to their guild structure, the reefs represent occurrences at which only a few coral species serve as builder. Moreover, microbial carbonates contribute to both building and binding of the reefs. Additional binder as well as baffler are present, but not abundant. According to the species diversity, the dweller guild comprises by far the highest number of invertebrate taxa. The destroyer guild chiefly encompasses bivalves. The composition of the reef community was influenced by the habitat structure of the Th. dendroidea thickets. Owing to the increase in encrusting organisms and other inhabitants of the thickets, the locational factors changed, since light intensity and hydrodynamic energy level and combined parameters as oxygen supply declined in the crowded habitat. Therefore a characteristic succession of organisms is developed that depends on and responds to changing environmental conditions („community replacement sequence“). The succession allows the differentiation of different stages. It started after the cessation of the polyps with boring organisms and photoautotrophic micro-encrusters (calcareous algae, Lithocodium aggregatum). Following the death of these pioneer organisms, encrusting and adherent organisms (serpulids, „Terebella“ species, bryozoans, foraminifers, thecideidinids, sklerospongid and pharetronid sponges, terebratulids), small mobile organisms (limpets), and microbial induced carbonates developed. The final stage in the community replacement sequence gave rise to small cryptic habitats and organisms that belong to these caves (cryptobionts, coelobites). The habitat conditions especially favoured small non-rigid demosponges (“soft sponges”) that tolerate reduced water circulation. Reef rubble is negligible, so that the reefs are bordered by fossiliferous micritic limestone passing laterally in micritic limestone. Approximately 10% of the study area (outcropping florigemma-Bank) corresponds to reefal deposits whereas the remaining 90% encompass lagoonal inter-reefal deposits. The reef development is a good example for the interaction between reef growth, facies development and sea-level changes. It was initiated by a sea-level rise (transgression) and corresponding decrease in the hydrodynamic energy level. Colonization and reef growth took place on a coarse-grained Substrate composed of oncoids, larger foraminifers and bioclasts. Reef growth took place in a calm marine lagoonal setting. Increasing abundance of spherical coral morphs towards the Northeast (section Kessiehausen, northwestem Süntel Mts) reflects higher turbidity and a facies transition to coral occurrences of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member in the adjacent Deister Mts. The reef growth was neither influenced by stonns nor by input of siliciclastic deposits, and took place in short time - probably in only a thousand years under most probably mesotrophic conditions. The mass appearance of solenoporids and nerineids in the upper part of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member point to enhanced nutrient level as a result of regression. In addition, this scenario of fluctuations in nutrient availability seems to be responsible for the cessation of reef corals. The sea level fall reached its climax in the subaerial exposure and palaeokarst development of the florigemma-Bank. The reef building corals are typical pioneer species. The blade-like, flattened F. amchnoides colonies are characterized by their light porous calcium carbonate skeleton, which is a distinct advantage in soft bottom environment. Thus, they settled on soft bottom exposing the large parts of its surface to the incoming light. On the other hand, in response to their light requirements they were also able to settle shaded canopy structures or reef caves. Th. dendroidea is an opportunistic coral species in very shallow, well illuminated marine environment. Their thin and densely spaced branches led to a very high surface/volume ratio of the colonies that were capable to exploit incoming light due to their small thamasterioid calices characterized by “highly integrated polyps”. In addition, sideward coalescence of branches during colony growth led to a wave-resistant framework and favoured the authochthonous preservation of the reefs. Asexual reproduction by fragmented colonies promoted reef development as Th. dendroidea thickets laterally extend over the sea floor or new reefs have developed from broken fragments of parent colonies. Similar build ups with Th. dendroidea as a dominant or frequent reef building coral species are known from the Paris Basin and elsewhere from the Lower Saxony Basin (Kleiner Deister Mts). These buildups developed in well-illuminated shallow water and encompass coral reefs or coral thrombolite reefs. Intra- and inter-reef deposits vary between well-winnowed reef debris limestone and mudstones representing considerably calmer conditions. Solenoporid, nerineids and diceratides belong to the characteristic fossils of these occurrences. However, diceratides are missing in theflorigemma-Bank Member. Th. dendroidea differs in its colonization of low- to high-energy environment from recent ramose scleractinian corals (e.g., Acropora and Porites sp.). The latter are restricted to agitated water habitats creating coral thickets and carpets. According to the morphologic plasticity of Th. dendroidea, thick-branched colonies developed in a milieu of high water energy, whereas fragile, wide- and thin-branched colonies prevail in low-energy settings. Due to its relatively rapid growth, Th. dendroidea was able to keep pace with increased Sedimentation rates. 68 benthonic foraminiferan species/taxa have been recognized in thin sections. Agglutinated foraminifers (textulariids) predominate when compared with rotaliids and milioliids. Numerous species are restricted to a certain facies type or occur in higher population densities, in particular Everticyclammina sp., a larger agglutinated foraminifer that occurs in rock building amounts. Among the 25 reef dwelling foraminiferal species, a few were so far only known from Late Jurassic sponge reefs. Another striking feature is the frequency of adherent foraminiferal species. Fauna and flora, in particular dasycladaleans and agglutinated foraminifers, document palaeobiogeographic relationships to the Tethys and point to (sub)tropical conditions. Moreover, in Germany this foraminiferan assemblage is yet uncompared. In Southern Germany similar tethyan type assemblages are not present in strata as young as Middle Tithonian.

Wpływ czynników środowiskowych na układ odpornościowy i wczesno-sezonową aktywność chrząszczy z rodzaju Nicrophorus (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Wydział Biologii: Instytut Biologii Środowiska

AVALIAÇÃO COMPARATIVA DO ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE MUDAS DE BARU ( Dipteryx alata )

Para o sucesso de um processo de revegetação, além de melhorar as condições edáficas da área, deve-se dispor de mudas de boa qualidade, o que pode ser avaliado pelo estado nutricional. Neste trabalho, avaliaramse os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn de mudas de Dipteryx alata produzidas a pleno sol ou em cultivo protegido (30% de sombreamento), utilizando como substrato solo degradado, condicionado ou não com resíduo orgânico (32 t ha-1 macrófitas) e com diferentes doses de fósforo (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg dm-3 P2O5), comparativamente à mudas e parte aérea de plantas adultas, coletadas em campo. A cada coleta de folhas em campo, o solo foi coletado e analisado para P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB e CTC. A mesma análise foi realizada nas unidades experimentais, ao final do experimento. Os resultados mostram que o Dipteryx alata é pouco exigente em P, que os teores foliares, nas mudas de campo, são superiores às plantas adultas em N, P, K e S e inferiores para Ca e que o estádio de desenvolvimento da planta não influenciou os teores foliares de Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O resíduo orgânico não foi suficiente para fornecer o N necessário às mudas produzidas. O cultivo a pleno sol propiciou maiores teores foliares de N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe e Mn. Teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, B, Fe e Zn foram superiores na presença de resíduo orgânico.

Umgang mit Musik

Die Beiträge zur Bonner AMPF:Tagung, die in diesem Band dokumentiert sind, machen das Kernproblem musikpädagogischen Denkens und Handelns deutlich: Der menschliche Umgang mit Musik und demgemäß der pädagogische verweigert sich einer idealen, interindividuellen und zeitlosen Bestimmung. Die technische Verfügbarkeit von Musik erlaubt eine Vielfunktionalität, und niemand bestreitet den hohen Stellenwert, den Musik in unserem Leben einnimmt. Gleich ob als Stimulus intellektueller Bemühung, ästhetischer Kontemplation oder ausgleichender Entspannung, ob als manipulierender Soundtrack oder als prestigespendendes Sozialetikett: Der Umgang mit Musik reicht von elitärer Ästhetisierung bis zu zweckgebundener Funktionalisierung; dem einen ist Musik stets Sinnzusammenhang, dem anderen Reizquelle und Gebrauchsgegenstand. Die Bonner Tagung sollte über das Stadium von Programmatik und Spekulation hinaus auf der Basis empirischer Erfahrung und kritischer Reflexion Positionen klären und Orientierungen geben, die wesentlich zur Versachlichung der Diskussion beitragen können. (DIPF/Orig.)

Investigating the role of fan club membership on perceptions of team brand equity in football

Researchers have suggested that brand equity is vital for professional sport teams by focusing on the examination of sport fans in general. The current study aims to examine the differences in team brand equity perceptions between fan club members and nonmembers, and the predictive role of brand equity dimensions on behavioral intentions. Data were collected from fans of a professional football league (n = 2287) with an adapted version of the spectator-based brand equity scale. The results gathered through a confirmatory factor analysis provide evidence of fair psychometric properties of the measurement scale. A multi-group CFA analysis showed factorial stability of the model in both groups, while the latent mean comparisons revealed significant differences in the dimensions of brand mark, social interaction, commitment, team history, organizational attributes, team success, head coach, management, stadium, and internalization. In addition, a multi-group SEM analysis revealed that the relationships between brand equity dimensions and behavioral intentions are not significantly different among the groups. Social interaction, team success and internalization were the significant positive predictors of behavioral intentions among the overall sample. These findings highlight the importance of studying different types of consumers and suggest managerial implications, such as the need for clubs to establish reciprocal relationships with fans in order to increase their levels of internalization and contribute to increased behavioral intentions.

Metodologias de avaliação do desempenho : aplicação do balanced scorecard nas modalidades de combate do Estádio Universitário de Lisboa

No contexto actual, de exigência de serviços de qualidade por parte da sociedade, os sistemas de avaliação do desempenho são essenciais para as organizações trilharem o caminho do sucesso. Assim sendo, a metodologia Balanced Scorecard, é a ideal para dar resposta a um combinado de problemas comuns a várias organizações, sendo um deles a gestão exclusivamente assente em indicadores financeiros. A metodologia empregue neste trabalho é uma investigação descritiva, representativa de um estudo de caso. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados para a recolha de dados, foram as entrevistas não estruturadas, inquéritos de satisfação a utentes e colaboradores da escola e a análise documental. A principal conclusão deste estudo é que a metodologia Balanced Scorecard pode melhorar em vários aspectos, as perspectivas de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento, processo, financeira e clientes, possibilitando uma forma mais clara e precisa do caminho que deve ser percorrido pelo gestor, de forma a atingir todos os seus objectivos, nunca se desviando da sua missão.

Qualidade dos serviços, satisfação e intenção de recompra : estudo dos adeptos que vão ao estádio pelas casas do Benfica

Este estudo pretende aferir a relação entre a qualidade de serviço, a satisfação e a intenção de recompra. Foram recolhidos 377 questionários de associados das casas do Benfica, que se deslocaram ao estádio para assistir ao jogo Benfica vs Marítimo, realizado em 23 de Maio de 2015. Posteriormente, os dados foram tratados no programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 for Windows). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva seguida de uma análise de consistência interna, por último realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear, para analisar as relações entre as dimensões. Verificou-se que os fatores da qualidade de serviço ajudam a explicar a satisfação com as casas do Benfica, a satisfação com o jogo e a intenção de recompra, nomeadamente o peso da qualidade do acesso e o atendimento das casas do Benfica. Também os fatores inerentes à satisfação ajudam a entender a intenção de recompra, sendo a satisfação com o jogo o fator com maior impacto na intenção de recompra. Verifica-se a importância das interações na satisfação e na intenção de recompra, bem como a importância dos resultados desportivos na satisfação dos inquiridos.

Os efeitos do programa musical nos estádios moderados e graves de demência

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar qual o efeito de um programa musical de 12 semanas, na sintomatologia neuropsiquiátrica e depressiva, e nas expressões emocionais em doentes com Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Participaram 13 sujeitos com diagnóstico de DA em fase moderada-grave da doença: 8 dos participantes integraram o programa musical e, os restantes 5, o grupo de controlo. Para identificar os estádios de demência foi utilizada a Escala de Deterioração Global e para a avaliação dos sintomas foram aplicadas, antes e depois do tratamento, o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico, a Escala de Cornell para a Depressão na Demência e a Escala de Observação Emocional. Sem resultados significativos, a participação no programa musical melhorou as pontuações das provas utilizadas, revelando efeitos positivos nos sintomas psicológicos e comportamentais em estádios moderados-graves da Doença de Alzheimer, embora o grupo de controlo também beneficiasse da atividade a que foi sujeito. / ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects that a musical program held for 12 weeks had in neuropsychiatric and depressive symptoms and emotional expressions in participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There were 13 participants with Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in a moderate to severe stadium of the disease, 8 of them were integrated in a musical program and 5 of them constituted the control group. ln order to identify the dementia stadiums, the Global Deterioration Scale was used. ln order to evaluate the symptoms, before and after, the Neuropsychiatric lnventory, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and Observed Emotion Rating Scale were used. Without significant results, the participation in the musical program improved the scores in the performed tasks, becoming a program with positive effects regarding behaviour and psychological symptoms in moderate to severe stadiums of Alzheimer's disease, although the control group also profited from doing the task that they were exposed to.

Mapeamento acústico como ferramenta para predição de ruído urbano na área de influência do estádio Arena das Dunas, Natal/ RN

The Noise Pollution causes degradation in the quality of the environment and presents itself as one of the most common environmental problems in the big cities. An Urban environment present scenario and their complex acoustic study need to consider the contribution of various noise sources. Accordingly to computational models through mapping and prediction of acoustic scene become important, because they enable the realization of calculations, analyzes and reports, allowing the interpretation of satisfactory results. The study neighborhood is the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, a central area of the city of Natal, which will undergo major changes in urban space due to urban mobility projects planned for the area around the stadium and the consequent changes of urban form and traffic. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the noise impact caused by road and morphological changes around the stadium Arena das Dunas in the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, through on-site measurements and mapping using the computational model SoundPLAN year 2012 and the scenario evolution acoustic for the year 2017. For this analysis was the construction of the first acoustic mapping based on current diagnostic acoustic neighborhood, physical mapping, classified vehicle count and measurement of sound pressure level, and to build the prediction of noise were observed for the area study the modifications provided for traffic, urban form and mobility work. In this study, it is concluded that the sound pressure levels of the year in 2012 and 2017 extrapolate current legislation. For the prediction of noise were numerous changes in the acoustic scene, in which the works of urban mobility provided will improve traffic flow, thus reduce the sound pressure level where interventions are expected

Magma 1965

In this issue...Engineers' Creed, Alumni Stadium, Library, Graduates, Sports, Prom, Hootenany, M Day, Clubs, Boosters, Students

Las dos caras de la organización del mundial FIFA Brasil 2014: Entre la proyección internacional y las denuncias sociales

El orgullo brasileño estalló en el año 2007, cuando Brasil fue elegido sede del mundial FIFA 2014. Esto se debe a que Brasil en ese momento gozaba de un creciente prestigio internacional por cuenta de su condición de Potencia Emergente, miembro de los BRICS, aspirante a un puesto permanente en el Consejo de Seguridad y contar con la selección de fútbol más exitosa de la historia. No obstante, en su afán por incrementar su visibilidad y proyección internacional acudió al ejercicio del Poder Blando, a través de la Diplomacia Cultural, concretamente se decidió por la Organización de Mega Eventos deportivos, al tiempo que debía enfrentar varios problemas en el ámbito interno (desigualdad, corrupción, pobreza). Así, esta estrategia de aplicación del Poder Blando resultó de cierta manera contraproducente, debido a que la política exterior y su éxito no suele estar disociada de la realidad interna.

Wind loading predictions using computational fluid dynamics

Using Computational Wind Engineering, CWE, for solving wind-related problems is still a challenging task today, mainly due to the high computational cost required to obtain trustworthy simulations. In particular, the Large Eddy Simulation, LES, has been widely used for evaluating wind loads on buildings. The present thesis assesses the capability of LES as a design tool for wind loading predictions through three cases. The first case is using LES for simulating the wind field around a ground-mounted rectangular prism in Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) flow. The numerical results are validated with experimental results for seven wind attack angles, giving a global understanding of the model performance. The case with the worst model behaviour is investigated, including the spatial distribution of the pressure coefficients and their discrepancies with respect to experimental results. The effects of some numerical parameters are investigated for this case to understand their effectiveness in modifying the obtained numerical results. The second case is using LES for investigating the wind effects on a real high-rise building, aiming at validating the performance of LES as a design tool in practical applications. The numerical results are validated with the experimental results in terms of the distribution of the pressure statistics and the global forces. The mesh sensitivity and the computational cost are discussed. The third case is using LES for studying the wind effects on the new large-span roof over the Bologna stadium. The dynamic responses are analyzed and design envelopes for the structure are obtained. Although it is a numerical simulation before the traditional wind tunnel tests, i.e. the validation of the numerical results are not performed, the preliminary evaluations can effectively inform later investigations and provide the final design processes with deeper confidence regarding the absence of potentially unexpected behaviours.