Modulation of human corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation

Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) has come to prominence as a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of brain injury/disease, and as an experimental method with which to investigate Hebbian principles of neural plasticity in humans. Prototypically, a single electrical stimulus is directed to a peripheral nerve in advance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Repeated pairing of the stimuli (i.e., association) over an extended period may increase or decrease the excitability of corticospinal projections from M1, in manner that depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI). It has been suggested that these effects represent a form of associative long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) that bears resemblance to spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) as it has been elaborated in animal models. With a large body of empirical evidence having emerged since the cardinal features of PAS were first described, and in light of the variations from the original protocols that have been implemented, it is opportune to consider whether the phenomenology of PAS remains consistent with the characteristic features that were initially disclosed. This assessment necessarily has bearing upon interpretation of the effects of PAS in relation to the specific cellular pathways that are putatively engaged, including those that adhere to the rules of STDP. The balance of evidence suggests that the mechanisms that contribute to the LTP- and LTD-type responses to PAS differ depending on the precise nature of the induction protocol that is used. In addition to emphasizing the requirement for additional explanatory models, in the present analysis we highlight the key features of the PAS phenomenology that require interpretation.

Expression of the NF-kappaB targets BCL2 and BIRC5/Survivin characterizes small B-cell and aggressive B-cell lymphomas, respectively

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation has been proposed as a cardinal feature of tumourigenesis, although the precise mechanism, frequency, relevance, and extent of NF-kappaB activation in lymphomas remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, expression profiling and tissue microarray studies of 209 and 323 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) respectively, including the most frequent sub-types of NHL, were employed to generate a hypothesis concerning the most common NF-kappaB targets in NHL. These analyses showed that NF-kappaB activation is a common phenomenon in NHL, resulting in the expression of distinct sets of NF-kappaB target genes, depending on the cell context. BCL2 and BIRC5/Survivin were identified as key NF-kappaB targets and their expression distinguished small and aggressive B-cell lymphomas, respectively. Interestingly, in the vast majority of B-cell lymphomas, the expression of these markers was mutually exclusive. A set of genes was identified whose expression correlates either with BIRC5/Survivin or with BCL2. BIRC5/Survivin expression, in contrast to BCL2, was associated with a signature of cell proliferation (overexpression of cell cycle control, DNA repair, and polymerase genes), which may contribute to the aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis of these lymphomas. Strikingly, mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed highly elevated levels of BCL2 protein and mRNA, higher than that observed in reactive mantle zone cells or even in follicular lymphomas, where BCL2 expression is deregulated through the t(14;18) translocation. In parallel with this observation, BIRC5/Survivin expression was higher in Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma than in non-tumoural germinal centre cells. In vitro studies confirmed that NF-kappaB activation contributes to the expression of both markers. In cell lines representing aggressive lymphomas, NF-kappaB inhibition resulted in a decrease in BIRC5/Survivin expression. Meanwhile, in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)-derived lymphocytes, NF-kappaB inhibition resulted in a marked decrease in BCL2 expression.

Chick heart/hemangioblast progenitor 12 (chep 12: study of a novel gene expressed in the heart/hemangioblast percursors cells

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

O fuso e a trama: génese e identidade da ordem da Imaculada

Tese de mestrado, Estudos Românicos (Cultura Portuguesa), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2011

“跨境人口流动及其政策含义: 基于香港的分析” (Trans-border mobility and its policy implications: the case of Hong Kong)

This paper employs a ‘regional approach’ in the study of Hong Kong population that goes beyond the taken-for-granted analytical framework defined by fixed geographical and social boundaries. It identifies the pattern and tend of population movement between Hong Kong and mainland China, with emphasis on trans-border marriage and child-bearing, trans-border housing and retirement and trans-border employment. The author argues that a 'regional approach' will shed new light on existing trans-migration studies, and bring in a new way of thinking for the making of population policies.

A colecção de arte colonial do Patriarcado de Lisboa. Proposta de estudo e musealização

Esta tese procura reflectir sobre as possibilidades de constituição de uma colecção de arte colonial portuguesa (objectos artísticos híbridos resultantes da experiência ultramarina portuguesa) (Young 1995; Bhabha 2004) no contexto dos museus nacionais de arte. Recorrendo ao património da Igreja Católica em Portugal (especificamente, ao do Patriarcado de Lisboa), circunscreveu-se a análise das peças ao período Moderno. Considerando que não existem em Portugal colecções de âmbito museológico com a classificação de colonial, procurei no vasto património móvel da diocese de Lisboa (algum dele in situ e a uso) a aplicação dos parâmetros que constituiriam tal sistema (Baudrillard 1978; Foucault 1977 e 1988). A organização deste trabalho baseou-se em dois vectores fundamentais: um conceptual e metodológico que procura nos estudos teóricos e nos instrumentos da museologia as ferramentas para, primeiro, a constituição da colecção e, depois, a fundamentação documental e analítica da mesma (Impey e MacGregor 1989; Pearce 1994; Elsner e Cardinal 1997). E um segundo vector, que procura na historiografia do termo mais recuado e gregário, o “indo-português”, a fundamentação para a problematização em torno da questão mais vasta da introdução de artefactos de origem colonial na classificação de arte de acordo com os parâmetros europeus. Neste sentido, procura-se perceber como foram os artefactos coloniais recebidos – já que desde o início lhe foram conferidos valores de etnicidade –, interpretados – como “portugueses” – e (re)classificados como arte no âmbito da realização das exposições internacionais e da criação dos museus nacionais de arte. Por último, através da aplicação da ferramenta de inventário utilizada pela Rede Nacional de Museus, o Matriz3.0, a uma amostra de estudo (sete fichas de inventário correspondentes a sete casos de estudo), desenvolve-se a abordagem à ideia do inventário enquanto instrumento (isto é, a documentação de peças de arte colonial portuguesa através de um sistema criado para a arte europeia), que se propõe servir de base à narrativa da ideia de que a ferramenta inventário é o primeiro passo do(s) discurso(s) elaborado(s) sobre o objecto (dos quais fazem parte as biografias da vida cultural dos objectos) (Appadurai 2011). Problematizando este tema através de cinco v campos da ficha de inventário – “As Categorias e o Número de Inventário”; “A difícil atribuição de Autorias e a múltipla Produção”; “A Datação por aproximação”; “A Informação Técnica” e “O campo infinito da Documentação Associada” –, do acrescento de um parâmetro especificamente desenvolvido no âmbito da arte colonial – “As funções dos objectos” – e colocando em evidência a importância da análise destas peças a partir dos aspectos inerentes à sua materialidade (Miller 2005), propõe-se como resposta ao enunciado colocado no início deste resumo e possibilidades expositivas, que não é tanto o sistema de classificação que está implícito à institucionalização do objecto (ou seja, a forma como o social categoriza as coisas) que condiciona o seu entendimento, mas mais os discursos que são produzidos sobre ele (isto é, a forma como o social representa as coisas) (Vergo 2000; Macdonald 2006; Semedo e Lopes 2006).

Progressivity in the Portuguese personal income tax system

This Work Project analyzes the evolution of the Portuguese personal income tax system’s progressivity over the period of 2005 through 2013. It presents the first computation of cardinal progressivity measures using administrative tax data for Portugal. We compute several progressivity indices and find that progressivity has had very modest variations from 2005 to 2012, whilst from 2012 to 2013 there has been a relatively stronger decrease, excluding the impact of the income tax surcharge of the years 2012 and 2013. When this latter is included, progressivity of 2012 and 2013 decreases considerably. Analyzing the effective average tax rates of the top income percentiles in the income scale, we find that these rates have increased over the period 2010–2013, suggesting that an analysis of effective tax rates is insufficient to assess progressivity in the whole tax scheme.

On the applicability of mathematics : philosophical and historical perspectives

The present thesis is a contribution to the debate on the applicability of mathematics; it examines the interplay between mathematics and the world, using historical case studies. The first part of the thesis consists of four small case studies. In chapter 1, I criticize "ante rem structuralism", proposed by Stewart Shapiro, by showing that his so-called "finite cardinal structures" are in conflict with mathematical practice. In chapter 2, I discuss Leonhard Euler's solution to the Königsberg bridges problem. I propose interpreting Euler's solution both as an explanation within mathematics and as a scientific explanation. I put the insights from the historical case to work against recent philosophical accounts of the Königsberg case. In chapter 3, I analyze the predator-prey model, proposed by Lotka and Volterra. I extract some interesting philosophical lessons from Volterra's original account of the model, such as: Volterra's remarks on mathematical methodology; the relation between mathematics and idealization in the construction of the model; some relevant details in the derivation of the Third Law, and; notions of intervention that are motivated by one of Volterra's main mathematical tools, phase spaces. In chapter 4, I discuss scientific and mathematical attempts to explain the structure of the bee's honeycomb. In the first part, I discuss a candidate explanation, based on the mathematical Honeycomb Conjecture, presented in Lyon and Colyvan (2008). I argue that this explanation is not scientifically adequate. In the second part, I discuss other mathematical, physical and biological studies that could contribute to an explanation of the bee's honeycomb. The upshot is that most of the relevant mathematics is not yet sufficiently understood, and there is also an ongoing debate as to the biological details of the construction of the bee's honeycomb. The second part of the thesis is a bigger case study from physics: the genesis of GR. Chapter 5 is a short introduction to the history, physics and mathematics that is relevant to the genesis of general relativity (GR). Chapter 6 discusses the historical question as to what Marcel Grossmann contributed to the genesis of GR. I will examine the so-called "Entwurf" paper, an important joint publication by Einstein and Grossmann, containing the first tensorial formulation of GR. By comparing Grossmann's part with the mathematical theories he used, we can gain a better understanding of what is involved in the first steps of assimilating a mathematical theory to a physical question. In chapter 7, I introduce, and discuss, a recent account of the applicability of mathematics to the world, the Inferential Conception (IC), proposed by Bueno and Colyvan (2011). I give a short exposition of the IC, offer some critical remarks on the account, discuss potential philosophical objections, and I propose some extensions of the IC. In chapter 8, I put the Inferential Conception (IC) to work in the historical case study: the genesis of GR. I analyze three historical episodes, using the conceptual apparatus provided by the IC. In episode one, I investigate how the starting point of the application process, the "assumed structure", is chosen. Then I analyze two small application cycles that led to revisions of the initial assumed structure. In episode two, I examine how the application of "new" mathematics - the application of the Absolute Differential Calculus (ADC) to gravitational theory - meshes with the IC. In episode three, I take a closer look at two of Einstein's failed attempts to find a suitable differential operator for the field equations, and apply the conceptual tools provided by the IC so as to better understand why he erroneously rejected both the Ricci tensor and the November tensor in the Zurich Notebook.

Recueil de pièces relatives à la correspondance.

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