New primers for the amplification and sequencing of nuclear loci in a taxonomically wide set of reptiles and amphibians

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Nanoscopic photoluminescence memory as a fingerprint of complexity in self-assembled alkyl/siloxane hybrids

A thermally activated photoluminescence memory effect, induced by a reversible order-disorder phase transition of the alkyl chains, is reported for highly organized bilayer alkyl/siloxane hybrids (see figure; left at room temperature, right at 120 degrees C). The emission energy is sensitive to the annihilation/formation of the hydrogen-bonded amide-amide array displaying a unique nanoscopic sensitivity (ca. 150 nm).

Photopatternable di-ureasil-zirconium oxocluster organic-inorganic hybrids as cost effective integrated optical substrates

Organic-inorganic hybrids containing methacrylic acid (McOH, CH(2)= C(CH(3))COOH)) modified zirconium tetrapropoxide, Zr(OPr(n))(4), classed as di-ureasil-zirconium oxo-cluster hybrids, have been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopies, Si and C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD and SAXS results have pointed out the presence of Si- and Zr-based nanobuilding blocks (NBBs) dispersed into the organic phase. Inter-NBBs correlation distances have been estimated for the pure di-ureasil and a model compound obtained. by hydrolysis/condensation of Zr(OPr(n))(4):McOH (molar ratio 1: 1): d(Si) approximate to 26 +/- 1 angstrom and d(Zr) approximate to 16 +/- 1 angstrom, respectively. In the case of the di-ureasil-zirconium oxo-cluster hybrids, these distances depend on the Zr relative molar percentage (rel. mol. Zr %) (d(Si) ranges from 18 to 25 angstrom and d(Zr) from 14 to 23 angstrom, as the rel. mol. Zr % increases from 5 to 75), suggesting that the Si- and Zr-based clusters are interconstrained. Complementary data from FT-IR, FT-Raman, (29)Si and (13)C NMR, and AFM support to a structural model where McOH-modified Zr-based NBBs (Zr-OMc) are present over the whole range of composition. At low Zr-OMc contents (rel. mol. Zr % <30) the clusters are well-dispersed within the di-ureasil host, whereas segregation occurs at the 0.1 mu m scale at high Zr-OMc concentration (rel. mol. Zr % = 50). No Zr-O-Si heterocondensation has been discerned. Monomode waveguides, diffractions gratings, and Fabry-Perot cavities have been written through the exposure of the hybrid monoliths to UV light. FT-Raman has shown that the chemical process that takes place under illumination is the polymerization of the methacrylate groups of the Zr-OMc NBBs. The guidance region in patterned channels is a Gaussian section located below the exposed surface with typical dimensions of 320 mu m wide and 88 mu m deep. The effective refractive index is 1.5162 (maximum index contrast on the order of 1 x 10(-4)) and the reflection coeficient of the Fabry-Perot cavity (formed by a grating patterned into a 0.278 cm channel) is 0.042 with a free spectral range value of 35.6 GHz.

Documenting the advantages and limitations of different classes of molecular markers in a well-established phylogeographic context: lessons from the Iberian endemic Golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata: Salamandridae)

Previous analyses of mitochondrial (mt)DNA and allozymes covering the range of the Iberian endemic golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, suggested a Pleistocene split of the historical species distribution into two population units (north and south of the Mondego river), postglacial expansion into the northernmost extant range, and secondary contact with neutral diffusion of genes close to the Mondego river. We extended analysis of molecular variation over the species range using seven microsatellite loci and the nuclear P-fibrinogen intron 7 (beta-fibint7). Both microsatellites and beta-fibint7 showed moderate to high levels of population structure, concordant with patterns detected with mtDNA and allozymes; and a general pattern of isolation-by-distance, contrasting the marked differentiation of two population groups suggested by mtDNA and allozymes. Bayesian multilocus analyses showed contrasting results as populations north and south of the Douro river were clearly differentiated based on microsatellites, whereas allozymes revealed differentiation north and south of the Mondego river. Additionally, decreased microsatellite variability in the north supported the hypothesis of postglacial colonization of this region. The well-documented evolutionary history of C. lusitanica, provides an excellent framework within which the advantages and limitations of different classes of markers can be evaluated in defining patterns of population substructure and inferring evolutionary processes across distinct spatio-temporal scales. The present study serves as a cautionary note for investigations that rely on a single type of molecular marker, especially when the organism under study exhibits a widespread distribution and complex natural history. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95, 371-387.

Electro-precipitation of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles in ethanol

The preparation of superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles by electro-precipitation in ethanol is proposed. Particle average size can be set from 4.4 to 9 nm with a standard deviation around 20%. Combination of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Mossbauer spectroscopy characterizations clearly identifies the particles as magnetite single-crystals (Fe(3)O(4)). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Implication of the RDRio Mycobacterium tuberculosis sublineage in multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Portugal

Multidrug and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis are a threat to tuberculosis control programs. Genotyping methods, such as spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing (Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units), are useful in monitoring potentially epidemic strains and estimating strain phylogenetic lineages and/or genotypic families. M. tuberculosis Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) family is a major worldwide contributor to tuberculosis (TB). LAM specific molecular markers, Ag85C(103) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and RDRio long-sequence polymorphism (LSP), were used to characterize spoligotype signatures from 859 patient isolates from Portugal. LAM strains were found responsible for 57.7% of all tuberculosis cases. Strains with the RDRio deletion (referred to as RDRio) were estimated to represent 1/3 of all the strains and over 60% of the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. The major spoligotype signature SIT20 belonging to the LAM1 RDRio sublineage, represented close to 1/5th of all the strains, over 20% of which were MDR. Analysis of published datasets according to stipulated 12 loci MIRU-VNTR RDRio signatures revealed that 96.3% (129/134) of MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) clusters were RDRio. This is the first report associating the LAM RDRio sublineage with MDR. These results are an important contribution to the monitoring of these strains with heightened transmission for future endeavors to arrest MDR-TB and XDR-TB. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

U-Pb geochronology of the southern Brasília belt (SE-Brazil): Sedimentary provenance, Neoproterozoic orogeny and assembly of West Gondwana

The Brasília belt borders the western margin of the São Francisco Craton and records the history of ocean opening and closing related to the formation of West Gondwana. This study reports new U-Pb data from the southern sector of the belt in order to provide temporal limits for the deposition and ages of provenance of sediments accumulated in passive margin successions around the south and southwestern margins of the São Francisco Craton, and date the orogenic events leading to the amalgamation of West Gondwana. Ages of detrital zircons (by ID-TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS) were obtained from metasedimentary units of the passive margin of the São Francisco Craton from the main tectonic domains of the belt: the internal allochthons (Araxá Group in the Áraxá and Passos Nappes), the external allochthons (Canastra Group, Serra da Boa Esperança Metasedimentary Sequence and Andrelândia Group) and the autochthonous or Cratonic Domain (Andrelândia Group). The patterns of provenance ages for these units are uniform and are characterised as follows: Archean- Paleoproterozoic ages (3.4-3.3, 3.1-2.7, and 2.5-2.4Ga); Paleoproterozoic ages attributed to the Transamazonian event (2.3-1.9Ga, with a peak at ca. 2.15Ga) and to the ca. 1.75Ga Espinhaço rifting of the São Francisco Craton; ages between 1.6 and 1.2Ga, with a peak at 1.3Ga, revealing an unexpected variety of Mesoproterozoic sources, still undetected in the São Francisco Craton; and ages between 0.9 and 1.0Ga related to the rifting event that led to the individualisation of the São Francisco paleo-continent and formation of its passive margins. An amphibolite intercalation in the Araxá Group yields a rutile age of ca. 0.9Ga and documents the occurrence of mafic magmatism coeval with sedimentation in the marginal basin. Detrital zircons from the autochthonous and parautochthonous Andrelândia Group, deposited on the southern margin of the São Francisco Craton, yielded a provenance pattern similar to that of the allochthonous units. This result implies that 1.6-1.2Ga source rocks must be present in the São Francisco Craton. They could be located either in the cratonic area, which is mostly covered by the Neoproterozoic epicontinental deposits of the Bambuí Group, or in the outer paleo-continental margin, buried under the allochthonous units of the Brasília belt. Crustal melting and generation of syntectonic crustal granites and migmatisation at ca. 630Ma mark the orogenic event that started with westward subduction of the São Francisco plate and ended with continental collision against the Paraná block (and Goiás terrane). Continuing collision led to the exhumation and cooling of the Araxá and Passos metamorphic nappes, as indicated by monazite ages of ca. 605Ma and mark the final stages of tectonometamorphic activity in the southern Brasília belt. Whilst continent-continent collision was proceeding on the western margin of the São Francisco Craton along the southern Brasília belt, eastward subduction in the East was generating the 634-599Ma Rio Negro magmatic arc which collided with the eastern São Francisco margin at 595-560Ma, much later than in the Brasília belt. Thus, the tectonic effects of the Ribeira belt reached the southernmost sector of the Brasília belt creating a zone of superposition. The thermal front of this event affected the proximal Andrelândia Group at ca. 588Ma, as indicated by monazite age. The participation of the Amazonian craton in the assembly of western Gondwana occurred at 545-500Ma in the Paraguay belt and ca. 500Ma in the Araguaia belt. This, together with the results presented in this work lead to the conclusion that the collision between the Paraná block and Goiás terrane with the São Francisco Craton along the Brasília belt preceded the accretion of the Amazonian craton by 50-100 million years. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

RBPI21 interacts with negative membranes endothermically promoting the formation of rigid multilamellar structures

rBPI21 belongs to the antimicrobial peptide and protein (AMP) family. It has high affinity for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acting mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. This work intends to elucidate the mechanism of action of rBPI21 at the membrane level. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we observed that rBPI21 interaction occurs only with negatively charged membranes (mimicking bacterial membranes) and is entropically driven. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that membrane interaction with rBPI21 is followed by an increase of rigidity on negatively charged membrane, which is corroborated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Additionally, SAXS data reveal that rBPI21 promotes the multilamellarization of negatively charged membranes. The results support the proposed model for rBPI21 action: first it may interact with LPS at the bacterial surface. This entropic interaction could cause the release of ions that maintain the packed structure of LPS, ensuring peptide penetration. Then, rBPI21 may interact with the negatively charged leaflets of the outer and inner membranes, promoting the interaction between the two bacterial membranes, ultimately leading to cell death. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Transferencia de tecnología en el desarrollo industrial del Brasil: aspectos generales del problema

Incluye Bibliografía

Transfer of technology in the industrial development of Brazil: general aspects of the problem

Includes bibliography

Variação espaço-temporal do zooplâncton em diferentes ambientes do médio Rio Xingu-PA

Estudos relacionados à variação espacial e sazonal das comunidades zooplanctônicas de um trecho do médio Rio Xingu, no Estado do Pará, foram realizados em dois ambientes de lagos e de canal. As coletas foram realizadas com periodicidade mensal durante um ciclo anual, estimando-se os parâmetros:diversidade, densidade, biomassa, produção secundária e os grupos funcionais de cada localidade (lago, remanso e corredeira). Um total de 166 espécies pertencentes principalmente a três grupos taxonômicos foi registrado para todos os ambientes: Rotifera 141 espécies; Cladocera com 20 espécies; e Copepoda com cinco espécies. A maior densidade numérica foi de Rotifera no período de seca, com diminuição na cheia. As estimativas do número esperado de espécies baseado nas curvas de rarefação mostrou que a diversidade zooplanctônica no lago Pimental, ambientes de remanso e corredeiras, não atingiram a assíntota para a riqueza total de espécies coletadas. Para o Lago da Ilha Grande, a riqueza foi menor em relação aos outros ambientes estudados, e atingiu a assíntota no décimo segundo mês de coleta. A densidade total média (org.m-3) do zooplâncton, para os ambientes de canal do rio, nos pontos de Boa Esperança e Arroz Cru, apresentou uma variação sazonal com os maiores valores para o período da seca, sendo que os rotíferos constituíram o grupo taxonômico melhor representado em termos de densidade. A biomassa total seca apresentou uma variação de 0,063 a 2,2 g.m-2. O lago da Ilha Grande foi o ambiente que apresentou maior dispersão na biomassa com valores de 0,39 a 1,2 g.m-2 no período da cheia e 0,66 g.m-2 para período da seca. Sete grupos foram encontrados em 35% de similaridade entre os ambientes estudados na variação sazonal. O grupo formado por organismos do Lago de Pimental no período de cheia foi o mais dissimilar. De acordo com a análise de similaridade das porcentagens (SIMPER), houve uma similaridade interna média, no período da cheia, dos ambientes de corredeira com aproximadamente 58%; remanso com similaridade média de 48% e de Lago, apresentando uma baixa similaridade interna de 23%. A dissimilaridade foi maior entre os ambientes de corredeira e lago, ambos no período de cheia (70%). A Análise de similaridade bifatorial indicou que não há diferenças significativas entre os ambientes estudados (ANOSIM r = 0,263; P = 0,2). Os lagos foram os que apresentaram comunidades vi zooplanctônicas estatisticamente diferenciadas dos demais ambientes no médio Rio Xingu. Para os ambientes estudados, as principais espécies encontradas apresentaram diferentes hábitos alimentares, sendo estas detritívoras, filtradoras e onívoras. Os resultados obtidos para os ambientes aquáticos do médio Rio Xingu mostraram um padrão de maior diversificação dos Rotifera e dos Cladocera, confirmando os estudos para outros ambientes amazônicos, onde ao que parece, ocorre esta tendência independentemente do tipo de águas dentro da classificação de Sioli. Os distintos ambientes apresentaram uma redução na densidade do zooplâncton, que acompanharam o aumento do volume das águas do rio, e que pode estar associada com o forte efeito diluidor das águas pelo aumento do nível do rio, e por sua vez, um efeito perturbador na estabilidade dos ambientes de lago.

A poética interartes na tessitura de “O Ouvido” de José Saramago

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Fecundidade e fertilidade do camarão-da-Amazônia, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) em dois ambientes estuarinos do estado do Pará

O Macrobrachium amazonicum é o camarão de água doce com ampla exploração pesqueira na região amazônica, em virtude da abundância e boa aceitação no mercado consumidor. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a fecundidade e fertilidade de M. amazonicum em dois ambientes estuarinos no Estado do Pará. De forma que foram realizadas coletas mensais no período de setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009, nos município de Vigia e Belém na Ilha de Mosqueiro, as fêmeas foram até o Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática e Aqüicultura Tropical - LECAT no campus da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, em Belém. Para a determinação da fecundidade foram colecionadas mensalmente em média 30 fêmeas ovígeras de cada ponto de coleta, os ovos aderidos aos pleópodes foram retirados, utilizando hipoclorito de sódio como 2% de cloro ativo e estocado em álcool 70%. A fecundidade individual foi determinada a partir da contagem total dos ovos. Para a determinação do volume dos ovos foram selecionados de cada local de coleta, aleatoriamente, 50% do número total de fêmeas ovígeras destinadas a fecundidade, seguindo dois grupos: ovos pigmentados e não-pigmentados. Para determinar a fertilidade, as fêmeas ovígeras de M. amazonicum foram estocadas individualmente em aquários de vidro de 2L. Após a eclosão, as larvas foram sifonadas e contadas. Para todas as fêmeas foi aferido o peso de cada exemplar e avaliada sua biometria com o auxílio de um paquímetro de precisão. As fêmeas de M. amazonicum oriundas do Município de Vigia tiveram comprimento absoluto entre 4,8 e 9,3 cm e peso entre 2,21 e 11,81g, com fecundidade absoluta entre 38 e 5.749 ovos (2.296 ± 1.288 ovos). Para as fêmeas de Belém, provenientes da ilha de Mosqueiro, o comprimento variou entre 3,71 e 8,14 cm, o peso entre 1,27 e 11,2g, com fecundidade absoluta variando de 123 e 7.571, com média de 1.448 ± 990 ovos. O volume de ovos para as fêmeas obtidas no Município de Vigia, referente aos ovos não-pigmentados, apresentou volume médio de 141,37mm³, enquanto que para ovos pigmentados o volume foi de 116,13mm³. As fêmeas provenientes da Ilha de Mosqueiro, com ovos não-pigmentados apresentaram volume médio de 118,97mm³ e ovos pigmentados o volume médio calculado foi de 144,61mm³. A análise da fertilidade para as fêmeas do município de Vigia apresentou comprimento entre 5,41 e 9,72 cm e peso entre 2,51 e 9,60g, a fertilidade absoluta foi 14 e 4.430 larvas, com média de 1.152 ± 822 larvas por fêmea. As da ilha de Mosqueiro apresentaram comprimento entre 3,53 e 7,67 cm e peso entre 1,12 e 8,77 g com fertilidade absoluta entre 7 e 4.121 e média de 755 ± 871 larvas por fêmea. Os valores referentes a fertilidade e fecundidade para os município de Vigia e Belém - Ilha de Mosqueiro indicam que há proporcionalidade entre as variáveis de comprimento e peso. Apesar de apresentar fecundidade e fertilidade menor que os valores reprodutivos apresentados para outras espécies de interesse comercial, os valores aqui mostrados evidenciam que nestes dois locais a espécie podem fornecer matrizes potenciais para aquicultura.