The effectiveness of peer mentoring in promoting a positive transition to higher education for first-year undergraduate students: a mixed methods systematic review protocol

Background: The global transfer of nursing and midwifery education to higher education institutes has led to student nurses and midwives experiencing challenges previously faced by traditional third-level students, including isolation, loneliness, financial difficulties and academic pressure. These challenges can contribute to increased stress and anxiety levels which may be detrimental to the successful transition to higher education, thus leading to an increase in attrition rates. Peer mentoring as an intervention has been suggested to be effective in supporting students in the transition to third-level education through enhancing a sense of belongingness and improving student satisfaction, engagement and retention rates. This proposed systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of peer mentoring in enhancing levels of student engagement, sense of belonging and overall satisfaction of first-year undergraduate students following transition into higher education.
Methods: MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, ProQuest, Embase, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO and CENTRAL databases will be searched for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies on the implementation of peer assessment strategies in higher education institutes (HEIs) or universities for full-time, first-year adult students (>17 years). Included studies will be limited to the English language. The quality of included studies will be assessed using a validated Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The findings will be presented as a narrative synthesis or meta-analysis as appropriate following sequential explanatory synthesis.
Discussion: The review will provide clear, non-biased evidence-based guidance to all third-level educators on the effectiveness of peer-mentoring programmes for first-year undergraduates. The review is necessary to help establish which type of peer mentoring is most effective. The evidence from qualitative and quantitative studies drawn from the international literature will be utilised to illustrate the best way to implement and evaluate peer mentoring as an effective intervention and will be useful in guiding future research and practice in this area. These findings may be applied internationally across all disciplines.

Imagens das línguas e afectividade em contexto escolar

Enquadrado numa perspectiva sócio-construtivista em Didáctica de Línguas (DL), o presente trabalho propõe-se identificar e descrever as imagens face às línguas estrangeiras, em particular à língua Alemã, e sua aprendizagem, que se manifestam numa determinada comunidade escolar. Com base nas imagens identificadas, pretende-se compreender de que forma elas se relacionam com a dimensão afectiva presente no processo de ensinoaprendizagem, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à relação afectiva que o aprendente vai construindo com o alemão, objecto de estudo. Neste quadro, foram traçadas as seguintes questões de investigação para este trabalho: (1) Que imagens face às línguas escolares (inglês, francês, espanhol, português e, em particular, alemão), se manifestam numa determinada comunidade escolar (considerando os alunos, encarregados de educação, professores, administração da escola e funcionários)?; Como se (inter-) relacionam estas imagens nos diferentes públicos considerados?; (2) De que forma se manifestam as imagens face à língua alemã e sua aprendizagem na interacção em sala de aula de Alemão (LE)? Quais as marcas discursivas que as identificam e tecem?; De que forma estão estas imagens associadas às emoções e (3) Quais as emoções associadas às imagens do Alemão e sua aprendizagem em contexto de sala de aula? A investigação recente em DL sugere que as imagens que um determinado sujeito constrói face a uma dada língua permitem compreender as suas atitudes e comportamentos face à mesma, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à relação afectiva que vai construindo com a língua em causa e sua aprendizagem (cf. ARAÚJO E SÁ & SCHMIDT 2008, DE PIETRO & MÜLLER 1997, MÜLLER 1998, PERREFORT 2001). Estas imagens, enquanto constructos sociais, elaboram-se, revitalizam-se e cristalizam-se na e pela interacção verbal em sala de aula. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho discute os conceitos de imagem/representação face às línguas, relacionandoos com a dimensão afectiva (inegavelmente) presente nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem das LE e à luz de uma abordagem interaccional em DL. A investigação desenrolou-se em duas fases. Numa primeira, aplicou-se um inquérito por questionário a toda uma comunidade escolar (incluindo todos os públicos anteriormente referidos), numa escola secundária com terceiro ciclo em Albergaria-a-Velha, no distrito de Aveiro. Os dados recolhidos foram analisados segundo uma abordagem mista (quantitativa e qualitativa). Os resultados apontam para imagens fortemente escolarizadas, na medida em que os inquiridos parecem considerar as línguas estrangeiras sobretudo enquanto objectos de apropriação em contextos escolares. Identificaram-se imagens homogéneas e consistentes das línguas estrangeiras, evidenciando-se, no que à língua alemã diz respeito, a sua dificuldade. Os resultados relacionam-se com os obtidos noutras investigações realizadas em terreno nacional em DL, corroborando alguns e complementando outros (ARAÚJO E SÁ 2008, SIMÕES 2006, PINTO 2005, MELO 2006 e Projecto Imagens das Línguas na comunicação intercultural: contributos para o desenvolvimento da competência plurilingue). Numa segunda fase, acompanhou-se uma turma de alemão (LE) ao longo de um ano lectivo completo, tendo-se procedido à vídeo-gravação das aulas e, posteriormente, à identificação do que designámos por ‘episódios significativos’, para constituição do corpus de análise. A análise interaccional destes episódios permitiu a identificação de diferentes marcas discursivas (verbais, para-verbais e não-verbais) que indiciam, por um lado, a circulação e (re)construção de imagens face ao alemão e sua aprendizagem e, por outro, a presença de um conjunto de emoções associadas a estas imagens, nos discursos dos aprendentes e da professora. No que diz respeito à imagem da dificuldade do alemão e da sua aprendizagem, cristalizaram-se seis indicadores: (1) a compreensão oral e a pronúncia, (2) o léxico e as palavras compostas (3) os números, (4) a leitura, (5) o sistema de regras gramaticais e, finalmente, (6) a auto-imagem dos alunos enquanto aprendentes de alemão. Os resultados sugerem ainda a associação destas imagens a emoções tendencialmente ‘negativas’ (por exemplo a arrelia e o embaraço), isto é, que se traduzem numa atitude de distanciamento e de evitamento linguístico. Face às conclusões obtidas, propõe-se um conjunto de princípios enquadradores para uma educação em línguas ‘afectivamente consciente’ e capaz de promover imagens mais positivas das línguas e das suas aprendizagens, designadamante do alemão. Considerando-se a diminuição acentuada dos aprendentes de alemão (LE) em contexto escolar nacional nos últimos dez anos, aponta-se para a necessidade de melhor compreender a relação entre a falta de popularidade escolar desta língua e a imagem da sua dificuldade (de aprendizagem).

HIV positive men as fathers: Accounts of displacement, ir/responsibility and paternal emergence

It is now apparent that socio-cultural constructions of masculinity variously impact men’s experiences of their HIV positive status, yet how being a father can feature in this mix remains under-researched. This study employed in-depth semi-structured interviews and Foucauldian-informed discourse analysis to explore the accounts of six self-identifying heterosexual fathers (four black African migrants, two white European) who had been living with HIV from five to 24 years. While the HIV-related literature calls for the need to subvert ‘traditional’ expressions of masculinity as a means of promoting HIV prevention and HIV health, we argue that the lived experience for HIV positive men as fathers is more socially, discursively and thus more psychologically nuanced. We illustrate this by highlighting ways in which HIV positive men as fathers are not simply making sense of themselves as a HIV positive man for whom the modern (new) man and father positions are useful strategies for adapting to HIV and combating associated stigma. Discourses of modern and patriarchal fatherhoods, a gender-specific discourse of irresponsibility, and the neoliberal conflation of heath and self-responsibility are also at work in the sense making frames that HIV positive men, who are also fathers, can variously deploy. Our analysis shows how this discursive mix can underpin possibilities of often conflicted meaning and identity when living as a man and father with HIV in the UK, and specifically how discourses of fatherhood and HIV ‘positive’ health can complicate these men’s expressions and inhabitations of masculinity.

Second Wave Positive Psychology: Exploring the Positive–Negative Dialectics of Wellbeing

Positive psychology has tended to be defined in terms of a concern with ‘positive’ psychological qualities and states. However, critics of the field have highlighted various problems inherent in classifying phenomena as either ‘positive’ or ‘negative.’ For instance, ostensibly positive qualities (e.g., optimism) can sometimes be detrimental to wellbeing, whereas apparently negative processes (like anxiety) may at times be conducive to it. As such, over recent years, a more nuanced ‘second wave’ of positive psychology has been germinating, which explores the philosophical and conceptual complexities of the very idea of the ‘positive.’ The current paper introduces this emergent second wave by examining the ways in which the field is developing a more subtle understanding of the ‘dialectical’ nature of flourishing (i.e., involving a complex and dynamic interplay of positive and negative experiences). The paper does so by problematizing the notions of positive and negative through seven case studies, including five salient dichotomies (such as optimism versus pessimism) and two complex processes (posttraumatic growth and love). These case studies serve to highlight the type of critical, dialectical thinking that characterises this second wave, thereby outlining the contours of the evolving field.

Towards a positive cross-cultural lexicography: Enriching our emotional landscape through 216 ‘untranslatable’ words pertaining to well-being

Although much attention has been paid to culture-specific psychopathologies, there have been no comparable attempts to chart positive mental states that may be particular to certain cultures. This paper outlines the beginnings of a positive cross-cultural lexicography of ‘untranslatable’ words pertaining to wellbeing, culled from across the world’s languages. A quasi-systematic search uncovered 216 such terms. Using grounded theory, these words were organised into three categories: feelings (comprising positive and complex feelings); relationships (comprising intimacy and pro-sociality); and character (comprising personal resources and spirituality). The paper has two main aims. First, it aims to provide a window onto cultural differences in constructions of wellbeing, thereby enriching our understanding of wellbeing. Second, a more ambitious aim is that this lexicon may help expand the emotional vocabulary of English speakers (and indeed speakers of all languages), and consequently enrich their experiences of wellbeing. The paper concludes by setting out a research agenda to pursue these aims further.

Mindful Living in Older Age: a Pilot Study of a Brief, Community-Based, Positive Aging Intervention

Although mindfulness-based interventions have been successfully used with older adults, there have been few interventions that, (a) are created specifically for older adults, (b) are delivered in the community, and (c) aim to promote ‘successful aging’ (rather than just treating dysfunction/disorder). To this end, the current study piloted a brief ‘positive aging’ intervention, comprising two 150 minute sessions, with six female older adults living in the community. Data were gathered through focus groups that were interwoven throughout the intervention. Using thematic analysis, four main themes were identified: (a) aging as a mixed blessing; (b) understanding mindfulness; (c) the challenges of mindfulness; and (d) the benefits of mindfulness. Overall, the intervention was successful in introducing participants to mindfulness and potentially forming the basis of a longer term practice. However, the study also highlighted important points on the challenges of practising mindfulness, in relation to which the paper makes recommendations pertaining to the teaching of mindfulness with older adults.

Predicting intention to work with social robots

The growing number of robotic solutions geared to interact socially with humans, social robots, urge the study of the factors that will facilitate or hinder future human robot collaboration. Hence the research question: what are the factors that predict intention to work with a social robot in the near future. To answer this question the following socio-cognitive models were studied, the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior and the model of goal directed behavior. These models purport that all the other variables will only have an indirect effect on behavior. That is, through the variables of the model. Based on the research on robotics and social perception/ cognition, social robot appearance, belief in human nature uniqueness, perceived warmth, perceived competence, anthropomorphism, negative attitude towards robots with human traits and negative attitudes towards interactions with robots were studied for their effects on attitude towards working with a social robot, perceived behavioral control, positive anticipated emotions and negative anticipated emotions. Study 1 identified the social representation of robot. Studies 2 to 5 investigated the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the negative attitude towards robots scale. Study 6 investigated the psychometric properties of the belief in human nature uniqueness scale. Study 7 tested the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Study 8 tested the model of goal directed behavior. Studies 7 and 8 also tested the role of the external variables. Study 9 tested and compared the predictive power of the three socio-cognitive models. Finally conclusion are drawn from the research results, and future research suggestions are offered.

A memória do testemunho e a influência das emoções na recolha e preservação da prova

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (Desenvolvimento Humano e Social), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Adaptação na transição do pré-escolar para o 1º ano de escolaridade : delineamento e avaliação da eficácia de um programa de intervenção

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia da Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015

New Ways of Being a Man: “Positive” Hegemonic Masculinity in Meditation-based Communities of Practice

Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity is often reduced to a singular construct, consisting of “toxic” traits viewed as detrimental to well-being. However, the concept allows for variation in hegemony, including the possibility of forms more conducive to well-being. Through in-depth interviews with thirty male meditators in the United Kingdom, we explored the social dimensions of meditation practice to examine its potential implications for well-being. Most participants became involved with “communities of practice” centered on meditation that promoted new local hegemonies, and these included ideals experienced as conducive to well-being, like abstinence. However, social processes associated with hegemony, like hierarchy and marginalization, were not overturned. Moreover, participants faced challenges enacting new practices in relation to the broader system of hegemonic masculinity—outside these communities—reporting censure. Our findings are cautionary for professionals seeking to encourage well-being behaviors: that is, there is potential for adaptation in men, yet complex social processes influence this change.

Interaction Rituals and Jumbled Emotions Among “Relative Strangers”: Simulated Patient Work on a Trainee Complementary Therapy Practitioner Program

Learning games such as role-play (which we refer to as “simulated interaction rituals”) are commonly used as social tools to develop trainee health practitioners. However, the effect of such rituals on individual and group participant emotions has not been carefully studied. Using a heuristic approach, we explore the experiences of complementary therapy practitioner trainees (and their trainers) participating in a personal development course. Ten trainees and two tutors were interviewed, observational notes taken, and a secondary qualitative analysis undertaken. Participants and tutors described a medley of disparate emotional and moral responses to group rituals, conceptualized in this article as “jumbled emotions.” Such emotions required disentangling, and both trainees and staff perceived participating in unfamiliar rituals “with relative strangers” as challenging. Front of stage effects are frequently processed “backstage,” as rituals threaten social embarrassment and confusion. Concerns around emotional triggers, authenticity, and outcomes of rituals arise at the time, yet trainees can find ways to work through these issues in time.

Reflections on conducting research on the ‘war on terror’: religious identity, subjectivity and emotions

In recent years there has been an increase in literature which has explored the insider/outsider position through ethnic identities. However, there remains a neglect of religious identities, even though it could be argued that religious identities have become increasingly important through being prominent in international issues such as the ‘war on terror’ and the Middle East conflict. Through drawing on the concept of subjectivity, I reflect on research I conducted on the impact of the ‘war on terror’ on British Muslims. I explore the space between the insider/outsider position demonstrating how my various subjectivities – the ‘non-Islamic appearance I’, the ‘Muslim I’, the ‘personal I’, the ‘exploring I’, the ‘Kashmiri I’ or the ‘Pakistani I’, the ‘status I’ and the ‘outsider I’ – assisted in establishing trust, openness and commonality. I conclude by demonstrating how the ‘emotional I’ allowed me to manage my own emotions and participants emotions.

Cadherin-5: a biomarker for metastatic breast cancer with optimum efficacy in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers with vascular invasion

Background: A glycoproteomic study has previously shown cadherin-5 (CDH5) to be a serological marker of metastatic breast cancer when both protein levels and glycosylation status were assessed. In this study we aimed to further validate the utility of CDH5 as a biomarker for breast cancer progression. Methods: A nested case–control study of serum samples from breast cancer patients, of which n=52 had developed a distant metastatic recurrence within 5 years post-diagnosis and n=60 had remained recurrence-free. ELISAs were used to quantify patient serum CDH5 levels and assess glycosylation by Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) binding. Clinicopathological, treatment and lifestyle factors associated with metastasis and elevated biomarker levels were identified. Results: Elevated CDH5 levels (P=0.028) and ratios of CDH5:HPA binding (P=0.007) distinguished patients with metastatic disease from those that remained metastasis-free. Multivariate analysis showed that the association between CDH5:HPA ratio and the formation of distant metastases was driven by patients with oestrogen receptor (ER+) positive cancer with vascular invasion (VI+). Conclusions: CDH5 levels and the CDH5 glycosylation represent biomarker tests that distinguish patients with metastatic breast cancer from those that remain metastasis-free. The test reached optimal sensitivity and specificity in ER-positive cancers with vascular invasion.