Las marcas propias de productos alimenticios y su impacto en el momento de compra: caso de análisis en la cadena minorista éxito de la ciudad de Bogotá

Esta investigación se va a enfocar principalmente en el comportamiento del consumidor final con relación a la compra de una marca propia. Estas han tenido un gran crecimiento en el país lo cual ha creado una nueva tendencia de compra para los consumidores colombianos. Según un estudio de “El poder de las marcas privadas” se establece que Colombia se cataloga como uno de los 10 países con un crecimiento más rápido a nivel mundial. Aunque, el mercado de marcas privadas esté en crecimiento, existen diversos factores como los ingresos de los individuos, el riesgo percibido y la calidad percibida del producto que influyen drásticamente en la elección de estas marcas con respecto a las reconocidas. El problema que se va a desarrollar en la presente investigación es conocer detalladamente cuál es el impacto que tienen las marcas propias de acuerdo con los ingresos de los individuos la percepción de riesgo y calidad que tiene el consumidor final a la hora de tomar la decisión de comprar una marca propia a una marca reconocida de productos alimenticios en la cadena minorista Éxito en la ciudad de Bogotá – Colombia? Esta investigación busca, mediante la aplicación de la teoría y los conceptos básicos del comportamiento del consumidor encontrar explicaciones y soluciones para las cadenas minoristas que fabrican marcas propias, ofreciéndoles sugerencias para que sus estrategias de mercadeo en la venta de marcas propias sean exitosas y aceptadas por el consumidor final y el mercado.

Como a medição de propensão ao risco do candidato a fraqueado pode ser utilizado pela rede franqueadora para melhorar a eficiência de seu processo de seleção

É notório o crescimento das redes franqueadoras e da quantidade de franquias que vêm se estabelecendo no Brasil nos últimos anos. Este crescimento, dentre outros fatores, provêm do grande número de empreendedores que têm optado por este modelo de negócio como estratégia para aquisição, seja do primeiro negócio, seja para a expansão dos já existentes. Neste contexto, é preciso entender os principais fatores que levam estes indivíduos a optarem pelo franchising. Pesquisas sobre o tema empreendedorismo e as motivações que levam os indivíduos a empreender dão conta de que o fator risco do negócio e a percepção do indivíduo a respeito de tal risco é um dos mais relevantes no processo de tomada de decisão para a abertura do novo empreendimento. Neste contexto, este trabalho procurou avaliar como a propensão ao risco de empreendedores que optaram pela aquisição de franquias influenciou o processo de tomada de decisão destes indivíduos.

A percepção dos riscos na atividade pericial: um estudo de caso, considerando a cultura da organização com um breve olhar fenomenológico à gestão

A pesquisa objetivou analisar e compreender, considerando os aspectos culturais da organização, como os servidores do Instituto de Criminalística percebem os riscos em seus ambientes interno e externo. A integração das dimensões investigadas (cultura, risco, percepção e gestão) a última sob um breve olhar fenomenológico, possibilitou desvelar até que ponto os valores da organização policial interferem na percepção dos riscos, adicionando uma contribuição às escassas publicações sobre o tema. Em busca da cultura da organização policial, uma incursão histórica esquadrinhou a linhagem da polícia e da Criminalística. No caminho metodológico, deparou-se com raras publicações sobre o tema, demandando um desenho específico para o estudo de caso, considerando o seu contexto atual, em caráter exploratório sobre o foco investigado. Uma abordagem qualitativa, acompanhada de dados estatísticos obtidos na própria instituição, favoreceu a compreensão do problema, envolvendo valores e riscos. Foram desenhadas planilhas ajustadas à realidade da unidade e orientadas aos gestores das seções internas e externas, configurando um mapa de risco do Instituto, resultando em um documento, sem precedentes, tipológico dos riscos na atividade pericial. Levantamento bibliográfico, documental, entrevistas e questionários, garantiram integridade à pesquisa. Em termos práticos, as identificações dos riscos (incluindo o mapa) e os esclarecimentos sobre a cultura, favorecerão, aos administradores, a programação de ações de gestão, visando à redução de instabilidades e tensões que contribuem para a ocorrência de acidentes e perdas no âmbito da criminalística. Concluiu-se, que a percepção e a própria gestão dos riscos são sensíveis às influências de valores culturais, exigindo dos gestores e administrados, em ação participativa, a construção de um ambiente redutor de instabilidades e tensões com a relevância do humano cuja essencialidade representou a senda de partida, de chegada e para retomada, na gestão organizacional.

A incorporação de preceitos ambientais no sistema de gestão de resíduos sólidos do município de João Câmara - RN Brasil

The reality points to the global environmental sustainability as the only viable option for addressing the crisis at hand. The move towards sustainability calls for the generation / evaluation systems in their direction, through the incorporation of environmental requirements and in line with the National Policy on Solid Waste. Therefore, the proposed research supports the importance of social and environmental vision, complementing the technical view, the system for management of solid waste from East London, which is a municipality that has a system whose inadequacies are configured in environmental risk and health. Therefore, by observing, applying the model of sustainability indicators and content analysis of interviews, this research proposes to investigate the principles of sustainability and social participation are presented and what is the perception of risk about the inadequacies in the system. The results confirmed the hypotheses of the study and draw a picture of worrying data, such as very unfavorable indicators of sustainability, lack of channels of participation, uncommitted investments with the management system, devaluation of the collector of waste and differing perceptions about the risk by making actors act in isolation. This worrying situation is eased by the appearance of a series of elements are configured as opportunities for the integration of environmental principles in the system. And despite the inability of managers to participate in the research system, yet it behaves as an opportunity to implement public policies in the area of solid waste such as: the preparation of the municipal waste, the institutionalization of selective collection and organization of cooperative with the support of companies present in the city and educational institutions as the Federal Institute. The research is an opportunity for the implementation of policies in the area of solid waste and will collaborate with the building instruments for the quality of life of residents, for the socioeconomic conditions of collectors and the move towards a sustainable society

Motivation and frustration in cardiology trial participation: The patient perspective

OBJECTIVE: The participation of humans in clinical cardiology trials remains essential, but little is known regarding participant perceptions of such studies. We examined the factors that motivated participation in such studies, as well as those that led to participant frustration.METHODS: Patients who had participated in hypertension and coronary arterial disease (phases II, III, and IV) clinical trials were invited to answer a questionnaire. They were divided into two groups: Group I, which included participants in placebo-controlled clinical trials after randomization, and Group II, which included participants in clinical trials in which the tested treatment was compared to another drug after randomization and in which a placebo was used in the washout period.RESULTS: Eighty patients (47 patients in Group I and 33 patients in Group II) with different socio-demographic characteristics were interviewed. Approximately 60% of the patients were motivated to participate in the trial with the expectation of personal benefit. Nine participants (11.2%) expressed the desire to withdraw, which was due to their perception of risk during the testing in the clinical trial (Group I) and to the necessity of repeated returns to the institution (Group II). However, the patients did not withdraw due to fear of termination of hospital treatment.CONCLUSIONS: Although this study had a small patient sample, the possibility of receiving a benefit from the new tested treatment was consistently reported as a motivation to participate in the trials.

Um estudo das condições de vida e de trabalho e sua relação com a saúde entre trabalhadores rurais do município de Sertãozinho/SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comportamentos de risco para acidentes em playgrounds: identificação e opiniões de profissionais de educação infantil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Práticas sanitárias e percepção de risco de produtores de bovinos de corte no Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Desordens osteomusculares em alunos de odontologia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Motivation and frustration in cardiology trial participation: the patient perspective

OBJECTIVE: The participation of humans in clinical cardiology trials remains essential, but little is known regarding participant perceptions of such studies. We examined the factors that motivated participation in such studies, as well as those that led to participant frustration. METHODS: Patients who had participated in hypertension and coronary arterial disease (phases II, III, and IV) clinical trials were invited to answer a questionnaire. They were divided into two groups: Group I, which included participants in placebo-controlled clinical trials after randomization, and Group II, which included participants in clinical trials in which the tested treatment was compared to another drug after randomization and in which a placebo was used in the washout period. RESULTS: Eighty patients (47 patients in Group I and 33 patients in Group II) with different socio-demographic characteristics were interviewed. Approximately 60% of the patients were motivated to participate in the trial with the expectation of personal benefit. Nine participants (11.2%) expressed the desire to withdraw, which was due to their perception of risk during the testing in the clinical trial (Group I) and to the necessity of repeated returns to the institution (Group II). However, the patients did not withdraw due to fear of termination of hospital treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study had a small patient sample, the possibility of receiving a benefit from the new tested treatment was consistently reported as a motivation to participate in the trials.

Presa di decisione in situazioni rischiose: effetto della rabbia

The current studies assessed the role of trait anger and anger expression styles on risk decision-making in adulthood, adolescence and childhood. In the first experiment 158 adults completed the STAXI-2 and an inventory consisting of a battery of hypothetical everyday decision-making scenarios. Participants were also asked to evaluate the perception of risk for each chosen option and some contextual characteristics, that are familiarity and salience for each scenario. The study provides evidence for a relationship between individual differences in the tendency to feel and express anger and risky decisions and for mediation effects of familiarity and salience appraisals. Moreover, results indicated that trait anger was predictive of risk perception and they provide evidence for a positive relationship between risk decision-making and risk perception. In the second study, we examined the relationship between specific components of anger (i.e., cognitive, affective and behavioural) and risk decision-making in adolescents. 101 subjects completed specific tasks, measuring risk decision-making, assessed using hypothetical choice scenarios, and anger, evaluated through the STAXI-CA and the MSAI-R. Results showed that adolescents higher on hostility, anger experience and destructive expression, make more risky decisions in everyday life situations. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that destructive expression of anger and hostility were predictive of adolescents’ risky decisions. In the third experiment, 104 children completed three tasks: the STAXI-CA, the MSAI-R and a task measuring risk decision-making in everyday situations. Subjects were also asked to evaluate the degree of danger, benefit, fun and fear perceived for each risky choice. Analyses indicated that: (a) risk decision-making was predicted by both trait anger and outward expression of anger; (b) destructive expression o anger was predictive of children’s risky decisions; (c) appraisal of danger fully mediated the relation between trait anger and risk; (d) perceptions of benefit, scare and fun partially mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; and (e) appraisal of danger partially mediated the relationship between outward expression of anger and risk decision-making. The results provide evidence for a relationship between dispositional anger and risk decision-making during childhood, suggesting a possible explanation of the mechanisms below. In particular, risk decision-making can be viewed as the output of cognitive and emotive processes, linked to dispositional anger that leads children to be amused, optimistic and fearless in potentially risky situations. These findings substantiate the importance of incorporating cognitive and emotive factors in theories that seek to explain the relationship between personality traits and risk decision making across a broad range of age.

Online social networks: why we disclose

On online social networks such as Facebook, massive self-disclosure by users has attracted the attention of industry players and policymakers worldwide. Despite the impressive scope of this phenomenon, very little is understood about what motivates users to disclose personal information. Integrating focus group results into a theoretical privacy calculus framework, we develop and empirically test a Structural Equation Model of self-disclosure with 259 subjects. We find that users are primarily motivated to disclose information because of the convenience of maintaining and developing relationships and platform enjoyment. Countervailing these benefits, privacy risks represent a critical barrier to information disclosure. However, users’ perception of risk can be mitigated by their trust in the network provider and availability of control options. Based on these findings, we offer recommendations for network providers.

Sudden Infant Death disparities: A systematic review on health education and policy recommendations for decreasing Sudden Infant Death in the African-American community

Objective: To perform a systematic review of the literature on SIDS and SUID deaths concentrated in the African-American community, describe health education and policy recommendations and recommend a new approach that may aid in decreasing the disparity of infant mortality in the African-American community. ^ Methods: The PubMed database was systematically searched to identify relevant articles for final review and analysis. Using the CASP 2006 system to critique literature, twelve articles were found that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. ^ Results: Evidence in the literature confirmed there was a current disparity among African Americans' infant mortality rates in comparison to other US ethnic groups. The underlying reasons for these disparities included the following maternal and infant characteristics: mothers younger than eighteen, having more than one live infant, having a high school education or less, never been married, and have infants born preterm or with low birth weight. Maternal smoking, substance abuse, and breastfeeding did not have a significant impact on infant sleep environments among African Americans. ^ Conclusion: Tailored health education programs at the community level, better access to pre-pregnancy and prenatal care, and increased maternal perception of risk that is relevant to the infants sleeping environment are all possible solutions that may decrease African American infant mortality rates.^

Ergociudad: concepción modélica de la calidad de vida urbana desde la perspectiva de la ergonomía y el diseño urbano

Este documento corresponde a la Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Arquitectura y Urbanismo en el marco del Programa de Doctorado conjunto de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y la Universidad de Chile. La investigación realizada es de carácter exploratorio-descriptivo con el propósito de establecer y relacionar conceptualmente las teorías y principios de la ergonomía y del diseño urbano, para proponer desde un enfoque sistémico criterios de confort en el diseño de la ciudad, que contribuyan a la calidad de vida y la vida urbana, dando a luz lineamientos para la “Ergociudad”; concepto que surge de la unión de las palabras Ergonomía y Ciudad. Al estudiar a diversos autores se concluye en la carencia de referentes de confort y de políticas basados en la relación empírica del ser humano en la ciudad que posibiliten la configuración del medio ambiente urbano a partir de ella. La ciudad se piensa y se construye desde su estructura y no desde una mirada sistémica e integrada de los factores dimensionales, ambientales y psicosociales condicionantes del confort en sus distintas escalas. La mirada respecto del desarrollo de la ciudad es físico constructiva y, por tanto, deja de lado el problema de los estresores o de la percepción de los factores de riesgo en el entorno construido. El tema central de esta tesis es proponer una estructura modélica de calidad de vida urbana denominada Ergociudad en base a los fundamentos teóricos de la Ergonomía y el Diseño Urbano y establecer el “Índice Ergourbano”, como representación de los factores ergonómicos presentes en la ciudad. En este marco, el enfoque de la ergonomía y sus prestaciones han sido trabajados en orden a facilitar mecanismos para disponer de sus procedimientos y de su modelo de análisis relacional a otras escalas. El concepto de “Ergociudad” y su propuesta de exploración desde las personas, postula una mirada sobre los problemas que enfrenta el ser humano en la ciudad considerando la dimensión de lo humano, desde perspectivas psicológicas y sociológicas para establecer y configurar la percepción de estrés y bienestar; la dimensión de lo urbano, representada por los objetos que componen el entorno (en sus distintas escalas); y, la dimensión de lo perceptual, que definiría el concepto de confort en la forma de comprender el mundo sensorial. Los resultados de la investigación confirman la hipótesis de trabajo en términos de demostrar que la percepción de disconfort en la ciudad reflejado en un índice de evaluación perceptual espacial denominado índice Ergourbano obtenido de las mediciones en situ de los factores ergonómicos del entorno. Los resultados finales de la tesis han permitido identificar variables afines en los aspectos espaciales y perceptuales. Ello mediante la exploración de las situaciones urbanas y sus conexiones para establecer el grado de adecuación del espacio urbano a las prácticas, usos y modos de las personas en la ciudad. Una vez aplicado y validado el método desarrollado se ha llegado a obtener información suficiente para aumentar el nivel de conocimiento sobre el espacio urbano con un enfoque relacional que permite entenderlo desde la experiencia de las personas que lo habitan, insistiendo en su aporte metodológico y proyectual considerando la inexistente aplicación de información que vincule la ergonomía a esta escala urbana. ABSTRACT This document corresponds to the thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor of Architecture and Urbanism in the framework of the combined doctorate program of the Technical University of Madrid and the University of Chile. The research carried out is of a descriptive–explanatory nature with the objective of establishing and conceptually relating the theories and principals of ergonomics (or human factors) and urban design. This is done in order to propose, from a systematic focus, comfort criteria in the design of cities that contribute to quality of life and urban life, giving birth to chacteristics for “Ergocity”; concepts that arise from the union of the words ergonomic and city. After studying diverse authors, one concludes the lack of references toward comfort and policies based on the empirical relation of humans in the city that allow for the configuration of the urban environment based on comfort. The city is thought out and built from its structure and not from a systematic and integrated viewpoint of the dimensional, environmental and psychosocial factors, determining factors of comfort in its distinct scales. The view regarding the development of the city is physical constructive and, therefore, leaves aside the problem of the stress factors or the perception of risk factors in the constructed environment. The central theme of this thesis is to propose a quality model of urban life entitled Ergo-city, based on the fundamental theories of the ergonomics and urban design, and to establish an “Ergourban index” as representation of the ergonomic factors present in the city. In this framework, the focus of ergonomics and its services have been used in order to facilitate mechanisms to arrange their procedures and their model of relational analysis on other scales. The concept of “Ergocity”and its offer of exploration from a people perspective, proposes a look at the problems that humans face in the city considering the nonhuman dimension, from psychological and sociological perspectives to establish and configure la perception of stress and well-being: the urban dimension, represented by the objects that the surroundings are made up of (on their distinct scales), and the perceptual dimension, which will define the concept of comfort by means of understanding the sensorial world. The results of the research confirm the working hypothesis in terms of demonstrating the perception of discomfort in the city reflected in an index of perceptual/spatial evaluation named ergo-urban obtained from in situ measurements of the ergonomic factors of the surroundings. The final results of the thesis have permitted the identification the identification of variables related to the spatial and perceptual aspects. All of this through the exploration of the urban situations and their connections in order to establish the level of adaptation of the urban space to the practices, uses and modes of the people in the city. Once applied and validated, the method of development has led to the collection of sufficient information to increase the level of knowledge of the urban space with a relational focus that allows us to understand it from the experience of the people who inhabit said space, persisting with its methodological and projective contribution considering the inexistent application of information that links the ergonomics on an urban scale.

Estudio y diseño de un régimen fiscal que optimice la inversión en exploración y producción de hidrocarburos

Los regímenes fiscales que se aplican a los contratos de exploración y desarrollo de petróleo y gas, entre los propietarios del recurso natural (generalmente el país soberano representado por su gobierno) y las compañías operadoras internacionales (COI) que aportan capital, experiencia y tecnología, no han sabido responder a la reciente escalada de los precios del crudo y han dado lugar a que los países productores no estén recibiendo la parte de renta correspondiente al incremento de precios. Esto ha provocado una ola de renegociaciones llegándose incluso a la imposición unilateral de nuevos términos por parte de algunos gobiernos entre los que destacan el caso de Venezuela y Argentina, por ser los más radicales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio y diseño de un régimen fiscal que, en las actuales condiciones del mercado, consiga que los gobiernos optimicen sus ingresos incentivando la inversión. Para ello se simulan los efectos de siete tipos diferentes de fiscalidades aplicadas a dos yacimientos de características muy distintas y se valoran los resultados. El modelo utilizado para la simulación es el modelo de escenarios, ampliamente utilizado tanto por la comunidad académica como por la industria para comparar el comportamiento de diferentes regímenes fiscales. Para decidir cuál de las fiscalidades estudiadas es la mejor se emplea un método optimización multicriterio. Los criterios que se han aplicado para valorar los resultados recogen la opinión de expertos de la industria sobre qué factores se consideran deseables en un contrato a la hora invertir. El resultado permite delinear las características de un marco fiscal ideal del tipo acuerdo de producción compartida, sin royalties, con un límite alto de recuperación de crudo coste que permita recobrar todos los costes operativos y una parte de los de capital en cualquier escenario de precios, un reparto de los beneficios en función de un indicador de rentabilidad como es la TIR, con un mecanismo de recuperación de costes adicional (uplift) que incentive la inversión y con disposiciones que premien la exploración y más la de alto riesgo como la amortización acelerada de los gastos de capital o una ampliación de la cláusula de ringfence. Un contrato con estas características permitirá al gobierno optimizar los ingresos obtenidos de sus reservas de petróleo y gas maximizando la producción al atraer inversión para la exploración y mejorar la recuperación alargando la vida del yacimiento. Además al reducir el riesgo percibido por el inversor que recupera sus costes, menor será la rentabilidad exigida al capital invertido y por tanto mayor la parte de esos ingresos que irá a parar al gobierno del país productor. ABSTRACT Fiscal systems used in petroleum arrangements between the owners of the resource (usually a sovereign country represented by its government) and the international operating company (IOC) that provides capital, knowhow and technology, have failed to allocate profits from the recent escalation of oil prices and have resulted in producing countries not receiving the right share of that increase. This has caused a wave of renegotiations and even in some cases, like Venezuela and Argentina, government unilaterally imposed new terms. This paper aims to outline desirable features of a petroleum fiscal system, under current market conditions, for governments to maximize their revenues while encouraging investment. Firstly the impact of seven different types of fiscal regimes is studied with a simulation for two separate oil fields using the scenario approach. The scenario approach has been frequently employed by academic and business researchers to compare the performance of diverse fiscal regimes. In order to decide which of the fiscal regimes’ performance is best we used a multi-objective optimization decision making approach to assess the results. The criteria applied gather the preferences of a panel of industry experts about the desirable features of a contract when making investment decisions. The results show the characteristics of an ideal fiscal framework that closely resembles a production sharing contract, with no royalty payment and a high cost recovery limit that allows the IOC to recover all operating expenses and a share of its capital costs under any price scenario, a profit oil sharing mechanism based on a profitability indicator such as the ROR, with an uplift that allows to recover an additional percentage of capital costs and provisions that promote exploration investment, specially high-risk exploration, such as accelerated depreciation for capital costs and a wide definition of the ringfence clause. A contract with these features will allow governments to optimize overall revenues from its petroleum resources maximizing production by promoting investment on exploration and extending oil fields life. Also by reducing the investor’s perception of risk it will reduce the minimum return to capital required by the IOC and therefore it will increase the government share of those revenues.