Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults.

Computed tomography (CT) is used increasingly to measure liver volume in patients undergoing evaluation for transplantation or resection. This study is designed to determine a formula predicting total liver volume (TLV) based on body surface area (BSA) or body weight in Western adults. TLV was measured in 292 patients from four Western centers. Liver volumes were calculated from helical computed tomographic scans obtained for conditions unrelated to the hepatobiliary system. BSA was calculated based on height and weight. Each center used a different established method of three-dimensional volume reconstruction. Using regression analysis, measurements were compared, and formulas correlating BSA or body weight to TLV were established. A linear regression formula to estimate TLV based on BSA was obtained: TLV = -794.41 + 1,267.28 x BSA (square meters; r(2) = 0.46; P <.0001). A formula based on patient weight also was derived: TLV = 191.80 + 18.51 x weight (kilograms; r(2) = 0.49; P <.0001). The newly derived TLV formula based on BSA was compared with previously reported formulas. The application of a formula obtained from healthy Japanese individuals underestimated TLV. Two formulas derived from autopsy data for Western populations were similar to the newly derived BSA formula, with a slight overestimation of TLV. In conclusion, hepatic three-dimensional volume reconstruction based on helical CT predicts TLV based on BSA or body weight. The new formulas derived from this correlation should contribute to the estimation of TLV before liver transplantation or major hepatic resection.

A contribuição da comunicação institucional na construção e manutenção da imagem organizacional

A boa imagem de uma organização é aquela que define o posicionamento da organização na sociedade. Ter uma imagem positiva é algo que toda organização almeja ter, pois tendo uma imagem positiva na sociedade, significa que o público confia e entende a filosofia da organização. Mas para ter uma boa imagem na sociedade a organização deve trabalhar a comunicação institucional da mesma, projectando uma identidade capaz de construir uma imagem forte e positiva da organização. Para trabalhar a comunicação institucional deve ser seguido o processo de planeamento estratégico de comunicação. Mas a comunicação estratégica tem que corresponder ou ir de encontro a visão da organização. Mas antes de tudo isso a organização tem de reconhecer a necessidade de fazer a comunicação institucional e de ter uma boa imagem na sociedade. Saber qual a contribuição da comunicação institucional na construção e manutenção da imagem organizacional. Nesse trabalho é feito um levantamento teórico em volta da comunicação institucional, a identidade institucional, e a imagem institucional, seguido de um estudo de caso prático sobre a instituição FICASE para conhecer a imagem que o público tem dela, a auto imagem da mesma e a imagem que ela projecta para o público. Conhecendo a imagem projectada, e a auto imagem, podemos confrontá-las com aquilo que o público tem percebido das suas acções e assim analisar se a imagem é boa ou não para avaliar de que maneira a comunicação feita pela FICASE contribuiu para a construção dessa imagem, se ela foi realmente eficaz.

A contribuição da comunicação institucional na Construção e manutenção da imagem organizacional: Caso prático: FICASE

A boa imagem de uma organização é aquela que define o posicionamento da organização na sociedade. Ter uma imagem positiva é algo que toda organização almeja ter, pois tendo uma imagem positiva na sociedade, significa que o público confia e entende a filosofia da organização. Mas para ter uma boa imagem na sociedade a organização deve trabalhar a comunicação institucional da mesma, projectando uma identidade capaz de construir uma imagem forte e positiva da organização. Para trabalhar a comunicação institucional deve ser seguido o processo de planeamento estratégico de comunicação. Mas a comunicação estratégica tem que corresponder ou ir de encontro a visão da organização. Mas antes de tudo isso a organização tem de reconhecer a necessidade de fazer a comunicação institucional e de ter uma boa imagem na sociedade. Saber qual a contribuição da comunicação institucional na construção e manutenção da imagem organizacional. Nesse trabalho é feito um levantamento teórico em volta da comunicação institucional, a identidade institucional, e a imagem institucional, seguido de um estudo de caso prático sobre a instituição FICASE para conhecer a imagem que o público tem dela, a auto imagem da mesma e a imagem que ela projecta para o público. Conhecendo a imagem projectada, e a auto imagem, podemos confrontá-las com aquilo que o público tem percebido das suas acções e assim analisar se a imagem é boa ou não para avaliar de que maneira a comunicação feita pela FICASE contribuiu para a construção dessa imagem, se ela foi realmente eficaz.

Paralysis of ventilated newborn babies does not influence resistance of the total respiratory system.

Paralysis with pancuronium bromide is used in newborn infants to facilitate ventilatory support during respiratory failure. Changes in lung mechanics have been attributed to paralysis. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not paralysis per se has an influence on the passive respiratory mechanics, resistance (Rrs) and compliance (Crs) of the respiratory system in newborn infants. In 30 infants with acute respiratory failure, Rrs was measured during paralysis with pancuronium bromide and after stopping pancuronium bromide (group A). Rrs was also measured in an additional 10 ventilated infants in a reversed fashion (group B): Rrs was measured first in nonparalysed infants and then they were paralysed, mainly for diagnostic procedures, and the Rrs measurement repeated. As Rrs is highly dependent on lung volume, several parameters, that depend directly on lung volume were recorded: inspiratory oxygen fraction (FI,O2), arterial oxygen tension/alveolar oxygen tension (a/A) ratio and volume above functional residual capacity (FRC). In group A, the Rrs was not different during (0.236+/-0.09 cmH2O x s x mL(-1)) and after (0.237+/-0.07 cmH2O x s x mL(-1)) paralysis. Also, in group B, Rrs did not change (0.207+/-0.046 versus 0.221+/-0.046 cm x s x mL(-1) without versus with pancuronium bromide). FI,O2, a/A ratio and volume above FRC remained constant during paralysis. These data demonstrate that paralysis does not influence the resistance of the total respiratory system in ventilated term and preterm infants when measured at comparable lung volumes.

Total exposure and exposure rate effects for alcohol and smoking and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies.

Although cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption increase risk for head and neck cancers, there have been few attempts to model risks quantitatively and to formally evaluate cancer site-specific risks. The authors pooled data from 15 case-control studies and modeled the excess odds ratio (EOR) to assess risk by total exposure (pack-years and drink-years) and its modification by exposure rate (cigarettes/day and drinks/day). The smoking analysis included 1,761 laryngeal, 2,453 pharyngeal, and 1,990 oral cavity cancers, and the alcohol analysis included 2,551 laryngeal, 3,693 pharyngeal, and 3,116 oval cavity cancers, with over 8,000 controls. Above 15 cigarettes/day, the EOR/pack-year decreased with increasing cigarettes/day, suggesting that greater cigarettes/day for a shorter duration was less deleterious than fewer cigarettes/day for a longer duration. Estimates of EOR/pack-year were homogeneous across sites, while the effects of cigarettes/day varied, indicating that the greater laryngeal cancer risk derived from differential cigarettes/day effects and not pack-years. EOR/drink-year estimates increased through 10 drinks/day, suggesting that greater drinks/day for a shorter duration was more deleterious than fewer drinks/day for a longer duration. Above 10 drinks/day, data were limited. EOR/drink-year estimates varied by site, while drinks/day effects were homogeneous, indicating that the greater pharyngeal/oral cavity cancer risk with alcohol consumption derived from the differential effects of drink-years and not drinks/day.

Surgical approach for total hip arthroplasty: direct lateral or posterior?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risks of prosthesis dislocation, postoperative Trendelenburg gait, and sciatic nerve palsy after a posterior approach compared to a direct lateral approach for adult patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) for primary osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Medline, Embase, CINHAL, and Cochrane databases were searched until August 2003. All published trials comparing posterior and direct lateral surgical approaches to THA in adults with a diagnosis of primary hip osteoarthritis were collected. Retrieved articles were assessed independently for their methodological quality. RESULTS: Four prospective cohort studies involving 241 participants met the inclusion criteria. Regarding dislocation rate, no significant difference between posterior and direct lateral surgical approach was found (relative risk 0.35). The presence of postoperative Trendelenburg gait was not significantly different between surgical approaches. The risk of nerve palsy or injury was significantly higher with the direct lateral approach (relative risk 0.16). However, there were no significant differences when comparing this risk nerve by nerve, in particular for the sciatic nerve. Of the other outcomes considered, only the average range of internal rotation in extension of the hip was significantly higher (weighted mean difference 16 degrees ) in the posterior approach group (mean 35 degrees, SD 13 degrees ) compared to the direct lateral approach (mean 19 degrees, SD 13 degrees ). CONCLUSION: The quality and quantity of information extracted from the trials performed to date are insufficient to make a firm conclusion on the optimum choice of surgical approach for adult patients undergoing primary THA for OA.

Population by Age Group and % of Total Population, 2007

Estimates/projections for age 60+ for the state and for its counties and incorporated places. DEA also provides population estimates on poverty, race and ethnicity, and urban and rural for age 60+. This statistical information is obtained from numerous resources, including the State Data Center of Iowa, US Census Bureau, the Administration on Aging, and Iowa State University Census Services. "The Census Bureau uses the latest available estimates as starting points for population projections. Sometimes the user may see both an estimate and a projection available for the same reference date, which may not agree because they were produced at different times. In such cases, estimates are the preferred data." (Source: State Data Center)

Population by Age Group and Perecnt of Total Popluation by County, 2006

The Department of Elder Affairs maintains and provides population and demographic estimates/projections for age 60+ for the state and for its counties and incorporated places. DEA also provides population estimates on poverty, race and ethnicity, and urban and rural for age 60+. This statistical information is obtained from numerous resources, including the State Data Center of Iowa, US Census Bureau, the Administration on Aging, and Iowa State University Census Services. "The Census Bureau uses the latest available estimates as starting points for population projections. Sometimes the user may see both an estimate and a projection available for the same reference date, which may not agree because they were produced at different times. In such cases, estimates are the preferred data." (Source: State Data Center)

Comunicação interna como factor de motivação.Estudo de casoTACV

Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar a relação existente entre a comunicação interna e a motivação dos colaboradores dos TACV Cabo Verde Airlines. A comunicação interna é uma ferramenta fundamental para a elevação da motivação de colaboradores de qualquer organização. O sistema organizacional se viabiliza graças ao sistema de comunicação nele existente, pois permitirá sua continua realimentação e sua sobrevivência. Assim esse sistema é fundamental para o processamento das funções administrativas internas. (KUNSCH, 2003). Esta pesquisa cujo tema é Comunicação Interna como Factor de Motivação, tem como objectivo principal, descobrir a influência da comunicação interna na motivação dos colaboradores dos TACV. Propôs-se ainda descobrir o grau de motivação dos colaboradores bem como analisar a importância da comunicação para a elevação da motivação dos mesmos. De forma a esclarecer a hipótese de que a comunicação interna pode ou não influenciar a motivação, será feito o estudo com base na teoria dos Dois Factores de Frederick Herzeberg. Foi nessa óptica que se despertou o interesse por esse tema no sentido de dar algum contributo para a organização em estudo. Para a aquisição de informações, foi aplicado questionários do tipo misto, fechado, aplicados aos 42 colaboradores com a idade compreendia entre os 21 e os 55, tendo em conta a amostra estratificada de 10% sobre o total dos colaboradores de cinco departamentos escolhidos. Os departamentos escolhidos para o estudo foram: Comercial, Financeiro, Handling, Manutenção e Operações. No questionário destacou-se primeiramente com a identificação e caracterização dos colaboradores mediante sexo, idade, profissão e nível de escolaridade, seguido de, questões relacionadas com a comunicação, relacionamentos, valorização, imagem da empresa e finalmente, questões motivacionais. As informações recolhidas foram primeiramente introduzidas no Excel e depois no programa SPSS como forma de serem melhores analisadas e obter resultados satisfatórios capazes de responder as inquietações surgidas anteriormente, se de facto a comunicação veiculada nos TACV, influencia a motivação dos colaboradores. Após as análises saiu a conclusão de que realmente a comunicação veiculada nos TACV é satisfatória e influencia a motivação dos colaboradores.

Revue des arthroplasties totales de la hanche et du genou infectées--à propos de 28 cas [Review of infected total arthroplasties of the hip and knee--apropos of 28 cases]

This study is a long-term analysis of a group of patients with infected arthroplasties of the hip or the knee. We identified 28 patients with an infected arthroplasty (22 hips, 6 knees) documented by bacterial culture or on direct examination. At the time of diagnosis and on follow-up (a mean of 46 months after treatment) we evaluated the clinical picture, the radiological appearances of the articulation and the biological parameters. 19/28 patients showed a typical clinical picture, whereas in 9 others the picture was more doubtful. The treatments were 14 two-stage replacements of the arthroplasties, 7 simple resections, 5 conservative treatments and 2 one-stage replacements. On follow-up, 25 patients were considered as cured of their infection and 3 as failures. From a functional viewpoint, 9 patients showed no limitation, whereas 19 were limited in the daily activity. Half of the patients had no pain. Radiology showed that 20/26 evaluated patients had no signs of recurrence. Paraclinical examinations are important in the diagnosis of persistent low grade infections, particularly the demonstration of bacteria by pre-surgical sampling (fine needle aspiration, culture from draining sinuses). In spite of the cure of infection, the functional and painful sequellae are often considerable. As a result of our experience, we recommend a two-stage surgical procedure. Only when the general condition of the patient is poor, or when the infection is not under control, would we envisage an alternative procedure (arthrodesis, girdelstone, conservative).

A total order in [0,1] defined through a 'next' operator

A `next' operator, s, is built on the set R1=(0,1]-{ 1-1/e} defining a partial order that, with the help of the axiom of choice, can be extended to a total order in R1. Besides, the orbits {sn(a)}nare all dense in R1 and are constituted by elements of the samearithmetical character: if a is an algebraic irrational of degreek all the elements in a's orbit are algebraic of degree k; if a istranscendental, all are transcendental. Moreover, the asymptoticdistribution function of the sequence formed by the elements in anyof the half-orbits is a continuous, strictly increasing, singularfunction very similar to the well-known Minkowski's ?(×) function.

Using composite estimators to improve both domain and total area estimation

In this article we propose using small area estimators to improve the estimatesof both the small and large area parameters. When the objective is to estimateparameters at both levels accurately, optimality is achieved by a mixed sampledesign of fixed and proportional allocations. In the mixed sample design, oncea sample size has been determined, one fraction of it is distributedproportionally among the different small areas while the rest is evenlydistributed among them. We use Monte Carlo simulations to assess theperformance of the direct estimator and two composite covariant-freesmall area estimators, for different sample sizes and different sampledistributions. Performance is measured in terms of Mean Squared Errors(MSE) of both small and large area parameters. It is found that the adoptionof small area composite estimators open the possibility of 1) reducingsample size when precision is given, or 2) improving precision for a givensample size.

Composición y consumo de alimento dela merluza peruana merluccius gayi peruanus (Guitchenot) con especial énfasis en la ración diaria total

Analiza la composición del contenido estomacal de 693 ejemplares de una especie de pez merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus (Guitchenot) que se distribuye desde los 03°15 'S hasta 10°04 'S. Se determina el Índice de Importancia Relativa (IIR) para cada una de sus presas, mostrando que las más importantes para esta especie pertenecen al taxón Crustácea seguido por Teleostei, en términos de número.

La pesca de la anchoveta estadística de pesca y esfuerzo en los meses de julio diciembre de 1962 y resumen de los resultados de la pesca total durante el año 1962

Estudio que contiene datos mensuales de junio 1962 hasta fines del año y presenta un resumen de la pesca para todo el año.