Mechanisms of apoptosis in retinitis pigmentosa.

Mutations in humans are associated with several forms of inherited retinal dystrophies, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa which lead to retinal cell death and irreversible loss of vision. Genes involved in affected patients mainly encode proteins related to vision physiology including visual cycle and light-dependent phototransduction cascade. As reported in spontaneous and genetically engineered mouse models, apoptosis is a common fate in retinal degeneration, although the triggered signals to retinal apoptosis remain largely unraveled. Several studies highlighted that many of the molecular pathways involved in ocular diseases rely on caspase-dependent or -independent apoptotic mitochondrial pathway involving the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 members are present in retinal tissues and are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of several retinal disorders. Since almost no efficient treatments are available so far, it remains a great challenge to decipher the molecular pathways involved in retinal dystrophies and to develop alternative therapies to prevent or inhibit eye defect. Toward this goal, mutation-independent strategies such as molecular therapy provides promising and exciting approaches to deliver anti-apoptotic molecules targeting the Bcl-2 pathway through the use of cell permeable transport peptides. Modulation of common apoptotic signaling pathways may be of outstanding potential to target multiple retinal dystrophies regardless of the primary genetic defect.

Etude des effets du monoxyde d'azote (NO) sur le métabolisme des acides gras libres à partir d'un modèle de souris invalidée pour le gène de la NO synthase endothéliale

RESUME GENERAL Au cours de ces dernières années, le monoxyde d'azote (NO) produit par une famille d'enzymes, les NO synthases (NOS), est apparu comme un effecteur central dans la régulation du système cardiovasculaire et du métabolisme énergétique. Chez l'homme, un défaut de production du NO est associé à des maladies cardiovasculaires et métaboliques comme la résistance à l'insuline ou le diabète de type 2. Ces pathologies se retrouvent chez les souris invalidées pour la NO synthase endothéliale (eN0S-/-) qui présentent non seulement une hypertension mais également une résistance à l'insuline et une dyslipidémie (augmentation des triglycérides et des acides gras libres). Ces anomalies sont étroitement associées et impliquées dans le développement du diabète de type 2. Dans cette étude, nous avons essayé de déterminer à partir du modèle de souris eN0S-/-, l'influence de la eNOS et de son produit, le NO, sur la régulation du métabolisme lipidique intracellulaire. Ainsi, nous avons montré que cette enzyme et le NO régulent directement l'activité β-oxydative des mitochondries isolées du muscle squelettique, du muscle cardiaque et du tissu adipeux blanc. Par ailleurs, dans le muscle de ces souris, le contenu des mitochondries et l'expression des gènes impliqués dans leur biogénèse sont diminués, ce qui suggère que la eNOS et/ou le NO contrôlent également la synthèse de ces organelles. Les mitochondries, via la β-oxydation, sont impliquées dans la production d'énergie à partir des acides gras libres. Dans notre modèle animal, la diminution de la β-oxydation dans le muscle, s'accompagne d'une accumulation des triglycérides intramyocellulaires. Cette accumulation prédispose fortement au développement de la résistance à l'insuline. Les anomalies du métabolisme β-oxydatif favorisent donc probablement l'apparition de la dyslipidémie et le développement de la résistance à l'insuline observées chez les souris eN0S-/-. Cette hypothèse est soutenue par différentes études effectuées chez l'homme et l'animal qui suggèrent qu'une dysfonction mitochondriale peut être à l'origine de la résistance à l'insuline. Ces données récentes et les résultats de ce travail apportent un regard nouveau sur le rôle du NO dans le développement des maladies métaboliques que sont la résistance à l'insuline, le diabète de type 2 et l'obésité. Elles placent aux centres de ces mécanismes une organelle, la mitochondrie, située au carrefour des métabolismes glucidiques et lipidiques. SUMMARY Over the last years, nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by a family of enzymes, the NO synthases, has become a central regulator of the cardiovascular system and energy metabolism. In humans, defective NO production is found in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. These alterations are also found in knockout mice for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eN0S-/-), which are not only hypertensive but also display insulin resistance and dyslipidemia (with increased triglyceride and free fatty acid levels). These pathologic features are tightly linked and involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. In this study, using eN0S-/- mice, we determined the role played by this enzyme and its product, NO, on intracellular lipid metabolism. We show that eNOS and NO directly regulate β-oxidation in mitochondria isolated from skeletal and cardiac muscle as well as white adipose tissue. Furthermore, in the skeletal muscle of these mice, the mitochondrial content and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis are decreased, suggesting that eNOS and/or NO also regulate the synthesis of this intracellular organelle. Mitochondria, through β-oxidation, play a role in energy production from free fatty acids. In our animal model, decreased β-oxidation in skeletal muscle is associated with accumulation of intramyocellular lipids. This increased lipid content plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Defective β-oxidation, therefore, probably favours the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia as seen in these animals. This hypothesis is strengthened by studies in humans and animals indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance. These recent data and the results of this work provide evidence for a role of NO in the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance or type diabetes mellitus. They put as a central player, an organelle, the mitochondria, which lies at the crossway of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. RESUME DIDACTIQUE Le maintien des fonctions vitales et l'accomplissement d'une activité physique nécessitent, chez l'homme, un apport quotidien d'énergie. Cette énergie est présente, dans l'alimentation, principalement sous forme de graisses (lipides) ou de sucres. La production d'énergie s'effectue en majorité dans le muscle au niveau d'une organelle particulière, la mitochondrie. La régulation du métabolisme énergétique fait intervenir de nombreux facteurs de régulation dont l'un des plus connu est l'insuline. De nombreuses maladies comme le diabète de type 2, l'obésité ou le syndrome métabolique découlent de la dérégulation du métabolisme énergétique. Un mécanisme particulier, la résistance à l'insuline, qui se caractérise par un défaut d'action de l'insuline au niveau de ses tissus cibles (foie, muscle...) est souvent impliqué dans le développement de ces pathologies. L'étude de ces anomalies métaboliques nécessite l'utilisation de modèles, notamment animaux, qui ont la particularité de reproduire partiellement un état pathologique caractéristique de certaines maladies humaines. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris dont la particularité est de ne pas exprimer une enzyme, la monoxyde d'azote (NO) synthase endothéliale (eNOS), responsable de la synthèse d'un gaz, le NO. Ces souris présentent une hypertension artérielle, des anomalies du métabolisme des lipides et une résistance à l'insuline. Or, de récents travaux effectués chez l'homme montrent que des individus insulino-résistants ou diabétiques de type 2 ont une diminution de la production de NO. Lors de nos investigations, nous avons démontré que la quantité et la capacité des mitochondries à utiliser les lipides comme substrat énergétique est diminuée dans les muscles des souris eN0S-/-. Par ailleurs, ces deux anomalies sont associées dans ce tissu à une accumulation des lipides. De façon très intéressante, ce phénomène est décrit dans de nombreuses études effectuées chez l'homme et l'animal comme favorisant le développement de la résistance à l'insuline. Les résultats de ce travail suggèrent donc que la eNOS et/ou le NO joue un rôle important dans l'activité et la synthèse des mitochondries. Le NO pourrait donc constituer une cible thérapeutique dans le traitement des maladies métaboliques.

Patterns of positive selection in seven ant genomes.

The evolution of ants is marked by remarkable adaptations that allowed the development of very complex social systems. To identify how ant-specific adaptations are associated with patterns of molecular evolution, we searched for signs of positive selection on amino-acid changes in proteins. We identified 24 functional categories of genes which were enriched for positively selected genes in the ant lineage. We also reanalyzed genome-wide data sets in bees and flies with the same methodology to check whether positive selection was specific to ants or also present in other insects. Notably, genes implicated in immunity were enriched for positively selected genes in the three lineages, ruling out the hypothesis that the evolution of hygienic behaviors in social insects caused a major relaxation of selective pressure on immune genes. Our scan also indicated that genes implicated in neurogenesis and olfaction started to undergo increased positive selection before the evolution of sociality in Hymenoptera. Finally, the comparison between these three lineages allowed us to pinpoint molecular evolution patterns that were specific to the ant lineage. In particular, there was ant-specific recurrent positive selection on genes with mitochondrial functions, suggesting that mitochondrial activity was improved during the evolution of this lineage. This might have been an important step toward the evolution of extreme lifespan that is a hallmark of ants.

A coherent neurobiological framework for functional neuroimaging provided by a model integrating compartmentalized energy metabolism.

Functional neuroimaging has undergone spectacular developments in recent years. Paradoxically, its neurobiological bases have remained elusive, resulting in an intense debate around the cellular mechanisms taking place upon activation that could contribute to the signals measured. Taking advantage of a modeling approach, we propose here a coherent neurobiological framework that not only explains several in vitro and in vivo observations but also provides a physiological basis to interpret imaging signals. First, based on a model of compartmentalized energy metabolism, we show that complex kinetics of NADH changes observed in vitro can be accounted for by distinct metabolic responses in two cell populations reminiscent of neurons and astrocytes. Second, extended application of the model to an in vivo situation allowed us to reproduce the evolution of intraparenchymal oxygen levels upon activation as measured experimentally without substantially altering the initial parameter values. Finally, applying the same model to functional neuroimaging in humans, we were able to determine that the early negative component of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response recorded with functional MRI, known as the initial dip, critically depends on the oxidative response of neurons, whereas the late aspects of the signal correspond to a combination of responses from cell types with two distinct metabolic profiles that could be neurons and astrocytes. In summary, our results, obtained with such a modeling approach, support the concept that both neuronal and glial metabolic responses form essential components of neuroimaging signals.

Skeletal muscle mitochondria in the elderly: effects of physical fitness and exercise training.

Context: Sarcopenia is thought to be associated with mitochondrial (M) loss. It is unclear whether the decrease in M content is consequent to aging per se or to decreased physical activity. Objectives: To examine the influence of fitness on M content and function, and to assess whether exercise could improve M function in older adults. Design and subjects: Three distinct studies were conducted: 1) a cross-sectional observation comparing M content and fitness in a large heterogeneous cohort of older adults; 2) a case-control study comparing chronically endurance-trained older adults (A) and sedentary (S) subjects matched for age and gender; 3) a 4-month exercise intervention in S. Setting: University-based clinical research center Outcomes: M volume density (Mv) was assessed by electron microscopy from vastus lateralis biopsies, electron transport chain proteins (ETC) by western blotting, mRNAs for transcription factors involved in M biogenesis by qRT-PCR and in-vivo oxidative capacity (ATPmax) by (31)P-MR spectroscopy. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured by GXT. Results: VO2peak was strongly correlated with Mv in eighty 60-80 yo adults. Comparison of A vs. S revealed differences in Mv, ATPmax and some ETC complexes. Finally, exercise intervention confirmed that S are able to recover Mv, ATPmax and specific transcription factors. Conclusions: These data suggest that 1) aging per se is not the primary culprit leading to M dysfunction, 2) an aerobic exercise program, even at an older age, can ameliorate the loss in skeletal muscle M content and may prevent aging muscle comorbidities and 3) the improvement of M function is all about content.

Mitochondrial genome evolution in fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

BACKGROUND: Complete mitochondrial genome sequences have become important tools for the study of genome architecture, phylogeny, and molecular evolution. Despite the rapid increase in available mitogenomes, the taxonomic sampling often poorly reflects phylogenetic diversity and is often also biased to represent deeper (family-level) evolutionary relationships. RESULTS: We present the first fully sequenced ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) mitochondrial genomes. We sampled four mitogenomes from three species of fire ants, genus Solenopsis, which represent various evolutionary depths. Overall, ant mitogenomes appear to be typical of hymenopteran mitogenomes, displaying a general A+T-bias. The Solenopsis mitogenomes are slightly more compact than other hymentoperan mitogenomes (~15.5 kb), retaining all protein coding genes, ribosomal, and transfer RNAs. We also present evidence of recombination between the mitogenomes of the two conspecific Solenopsis mitogenomes. Finally, we discuss potential ways to improve the estimation of phylogenies using complete mitochondrial genome sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The ant mitogenome presents an important addition to the continued efforts in studying hymenopteran mitogenome architecture, evolution, and phylogenetics. We provide further evidence that the sampling across many taxonomic levels (including conspecifics and congeners) is useful and important to gain detailed insights into mitogenome evolution. We also discuss ways that may help improve the use of mitogenomes in phylogenetic analyses by accounting for non-stationary and non-homogeneous evolution among branches.

Consequences of modified lipid and glucose metabolism on peripheral nervous system structure and function

284 million people worldwide suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2010, which will, in approximately half of them, lead to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Although DPN is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. To get more insight into the molecular mechanism underlying DPN in T2DM, I used a rodent model of T2DM, the db/db mice.¦ln vivo electrophysiological recordings of diabetic animals indicated that in addition to reduced nerve conduction velocity db/db mice also present increased nerve excitability. Further ex vivo evaluation of the electrophysiological properties of db/db nerves clearly established a presence of the peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) phenotype in diabetic animals. Using pharmacological inhibitors we demonstrated that PNH is mostly mediated by the decreased activity of Kv1 channels. ln agreement with these data 1 observed that the diabetic condition led to a reduced presence of the Kv1.2 subunits in juxtaparanodal regions of db/db peripheral nerves whereas its mANA and protein expression levels were not affected. Lmportantly, I confirmed a loss of juxtaparanodal Kv1.2 subunits in nerve biopsies from type 2 diabetic patients. Together these observations indicate that the type 2 diabetic condition leads to potassium-channel mediated changes of nerve excitability thus identifying them as potential drug targets to treat sorne of the DPN related symptoms.¦Schwann cells ensheath and isolate peripheral axons by the production of myelin, which consists of lipids and proteins in a ratio of 2:1. Peripheral myelin protein 2 (= P2, Pmp2 or FABP8) was originally described as one of the most abundant myelin proteins in the peripheral nervous system. P2, which is a member of the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, is a 14.8 kDa cytosolic protein expressed on the cytoplasmic side of compact myelin membranes. As indicated by their name, the principal role of FABPs is thought to be the binding and transport of fatty acids.¦To study its role in myelinating glial cells I have recently generated a complete P2 knockout mouse model (P2-/-). I confirmed the loss of P2 in the sciatic nerve of P2-/- mice at the mRNA and protein level. Electrophysiological analysis of the adult (P56) mutant mice revealed a mild but significant reduction in the motor nerve conduction velocity. lnterestingly, this functional change was not accompanied by any detectable alterations in general myelin structure. However, I have observed significant alterations in the mRNA expression level of other FABPs, predominantly FABP9, in the PNS of P2-/- mice as compared to age-matched P2+/+ mice indicating a role of P2 in the glial myelin lipid metabolism.¦Le diabète de type 2 touche 284 million de personnes dans le monde en 2010 et son évolution conduit dans la moitié des cas à une neuropathie périphérique diabétique. Bien que la neuropathie périphérique soit la complication la plus courante du diabète pouvant conduire jusqu'à l'amputation, sa physiopathologie est aujourd'hui encore mal comprise. Dans le but d'améliorer les connaissances moléculaires expliquant les mécanismes de la neuropathie liée au diabète de type 2, j'ai utilisé un modèle murin du diabète de type 2, les souris db/db.¦ln vivo, les enregistrements éléctrophysiologiques des animaux diabétiques montrent qu'en plus d'une diminution de la vitesse de conduction nerveuse, les souris db/db présentent également une augmentation de l'excitabilité nerveuse. Des mesures menées Ex­ vivo ont montré l'existence d'un phénotype d'hyperexcitabilité sur les nerfs périphériques isolés d'animaux diabétiques. Grâce à l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs pharmacologiques, nous avons pu démontrer que l'hyperexcitabilité démontrée était due à une réduction d'activité des canaux Kv1. En accord avec ces données, j'ai observé qu'une situation de diabète conduisait à une diminution des canaux Kv1.2 aux régions juxta-paranodales des nerfs périphériques db/db, alors que l'expression du transcrit et de la protéine restait stable. J'ai également confirmé l'absence de canaux Kv1.2 aux juxta-paranoeuds de biopsies de nerfs de patients diabétiques. L'ensemble de ces observations montrent que les nerfs périphériques chez les patients atteints de diabète de type 2 est due à une diminution des canaux potassiques rapides juxtaparanodaux les identifiant ainsi comme des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles.¦Les cellules de Schwann enveloppent et isolent les axones périphériques d'une membrane spécialisée, la myéline, composée de deux fois plus de lipides que de protéines. La protéine P2 (Pmp2 "peripheral myelin protein 2" ou FABP8 "fatty acid binding protein") est l'une des protéines les plus abondantes au système nerveux périphérique. P2 appartient à la famille de protéines FABP liant et transportant les acides gras et est une protéine cytosolique de 14,8 kDa exprimée du côté cytoplasmique de la myéline compacte.¦Afin d'étudier le rôle de P2 dans les cellules de Schwann myélinisantes, j'ai généré une souris knockout (P2-/-). Après avoir validé l'absence de transcrit et de protéine P2 dans les nerfs sciatiques P2-/-, des mesures électrophysiologiques ont montré une réduction modérée mais significative de la vitesse de conduction du nerf moteur périphérique. Il est important de noter que ces changements fonctionnels n'ont pas pu être associés à quelconque changement dans la structure de la myéline. Cependant, j'ai observé dans les nerfs périphériques P2-/-, une altération significative du niveau d'expression d'ARNm d'autres FABPs et en particulier FABP9. Ce dernier résultat démontre l'importance du rôle de la protéine P2 dans le métabolisme lipidique de la myéline.

Mitochondrial DNA variation along an altitudinal gradient in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula.

The distribution of mitochondrial control region-sequence polymorphism was investigated in 15 populations of Crocidura russula along an altitudinal gradient in western Switzerland. High-altitude populations are smaller, sparser and appear to undergo frequent bottlenecks. Accordingly, they showed a loss of rare haplotypes, but unexpectedly, were less differentiated than lowland populations. Furthermore, the major haplotypes segregated significantly with altitude. The results were inconsistent with a simple model of drift and dispersal. They suggested instead a role for historical patterns of colonization, or, alternatively, present-day selective forces acting on one of the mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic pathways.

Hepatitis C virus-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions are prevented and rescued by cyclophilin inhibition

Alisporivir (Debio-025) is an analogue of cyclosporine A andrepresents the prototype of a new class of non-immunosuppressivecyclophilin inhibitors. In vitro and in vivo studies have shownthat alisporivir inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication andongoing clinical trials are exploring its therapeutic potential inpatients with chronic hepatitis C. Recent data suggest that theantiviral effect is mediated by inhibition of cyclophilin A whichis an essential host factor in the HCV life cycle. However, alisporiviralso inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition by bindingto cyclophilin D. As HCV is known to affect mitochondrialfunction, we explored the effect of alisporivir on HCV proteinmediatedmitochondrial dysfunction. By the use of inducible celllines, which allow to investigate the effects of HCV polyproteinexpression independent from viral RNA replication and whichrecapitulate the major alterations of mitochondrial bioenergeticsobserved in infectious cell systems, we show that alisporivir preventsHCV protein-mediated cytochrome c redistribution,decrease of cell respiration, collapse of mitochondrial membranepotential, overproduction of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrialcalcium overload. Strikingly, some of the HCV-mediatedmitochondrial dysfunctions could even be rescued byalisporivir. These observations provide new insights into thepathogenesis of HCV-related liver disease and reveal an additionalmechanism of action of alisporivir that is likely beneficialin the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.

The antiviral adaptor proteins Cardif and Trif are processed and inactivated by caspases

The outcome of a viral infection depends on the interplay between the host's capacity to trigger potent antiviral responses and viral mechanisms that counteract them. Although Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, which recognizes virally derived double-stranded (ds) RNA, transmits downstream antiviral signaling through the TIR adaptor Trif (TICAM-1), viral RNA-sensing RIG-like helicases (RLHs) use the mitochondrial-bound CARD protein Cardif (IPS-1/MAVS/VISA). The importance of these two antiviral signaling pathways is reflected by the fact that both adaptors are inhibited through specific cleavage triggered by the hepatitis C virus serine protease NS3-4A. Here, we show that inactivation can also occur through cellular caspases activated by various pro-apoptotic signals. Upon caspase-dependent cleavage both adaptors loose their capacity to activate the transcription factors interferon regulatory factors (IRF) and NF-kappaB. Importantly, poliovirus infection triggers a caspase-dependent cleavage of Cardif, suggesting that some viruses may activate caspases not only as a mean to facilitate shedding and replication, but also to impair antiviral responses

New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism.

Birth weight within the normal range is associated with a variety of adult-onset diseases, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly understood. Previous genome-wide association studies of birth weight identified a variant in the ADCY5 gene associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes and a second variant, near CCNL1, with no obvious link to adult traits. In an expanded genome-wide association meta-analysis and follow-up study of birth weight (of up to 69,308 individuals of European descent from 43 studies), we have now extended the number of loci associated at genome-wide significance to 7, accounting for a similar proportion of variance as maternal smoking. Five of the loci are known to be associated with other phenotypes: ADCY5 and CDKAL1 with type 2 diabetes, ADRB1 with adult blood pressure and HMGA2 and LCORL with adult height. Our findings highlight genetic links between fetal growth and postnatal growth and metabolism.

The SOS screen in Arabidopsis: a search for functions involved in DNA metabolism.

The SOS screen, as originally described by Perkins et al. (1999) [7], was setup with the aim of identifying Arabidopsis functions that might potentially be involved in the DNA metabolism. Such functions, when expressed in bacteria, are prone to disturb replication and thus trigger the SOS response. Consistently, expression of AtRAD51 and AtDMC1 induced the SOS response in bacteria, even affecting E. coli viability. 100 SOS-inducing cDNAs were isolated from a cDNA library constructed from an Arabidopsis cell suspension that was found to highly express meiotic genes. A large proportion of these SOS(+) candidates are clearly related to the DNA metabolism, others could be involved in the RNA metabolism, while the remaining cDNAs encode either totally unknown proteins or proteins that were considered as irrelevant. Seven SOS(+) candidate genes are induced following gamma irradiation. The in planta function of several of the SOS-inducing clones was investigated using T-DNA insertional mutants or RNA interference. Only one SOS(+) candidate, among those examined, exhibited a defined phenotype: silenced plants for DUT1 were sensitive to 5-fluoro-uracil (5FU), as is the case of the leaky dut-1 mutant in E. coli that are affected in dUTPase activity. dUTPase is essential to prevent uracil incorporation in the course of DNA replication.

Viral inhibitor of apoptosis vFLIP/K13 protects endothelial cells against superoxide-induced cell death.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). HHV-8 encodes an antiapoptotic viral Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (vFLIP/K13). The antiapoptotic activity of vFLIP/K13 has been attributed to an inhibition of caspase 8 activation and more recently to its capability to induce the expression of antiapoptotic proteins via activation of NF-kappaB. Our study provides the first proteome-wide analysis of the effect of vFLIP/K13 on cellular-protein expression. Using comparative proteome analysis, we identified manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant and an important antiapoptotic enzyme, as the protein most strongly upregulated by vFLIP/K13 in endothelial cells. MnSOD expression was also upregulated in endothelial cells upon infection with HHV-8. Microarray analysis confirmed that MnSOD is also upregulated at the RNA level, though the differential expression at the RNA level was much lower (5.6-fold) than at the protein level (25.1-fold). The induction of MnSOD expression was dependent on vFLIP/K13-mediated activation of NF-kappaB, occurred in a cell-intrinsic manner, and was correlated with decreased intracellular superoxide accumulation and increased resistance of endothelial cells to superoxide-induced death. The upregulation of MnSOD expression by vFLIP/K13 may support the survival of HHV-8-infected cells in the inflammatory microenvironment in KS.

Hyperpolarized 13C lactate as a substrate for in vivo metabolic studies in skeletal muscle

Resting skeletal muscle has a preference for the oxidation of lipids compared to carbohydrates and a shift towards carbohydrate oxidation is observed with increasing exercise. Lactate is not only an end product in skeletal muscle but also an important metabolic intermediate for mitochondrial oxidation. Recent advances in hyperpolarized MRS allow the measurement of substrate metabolism in vivo in real time. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of hyperpolarized 13C lactate as a substrate for metabolic studies in skeletal muscle in vivo. Carbohydrate metabolism in healthy rat skeletal muscle at rest was studied in different nutritional states using hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate, a substrate that can be injected at physiological concentrations and leaves other oxidative processes undisturbed. 13C label incorporation from lactate into bicarbonate in fed animals was observed within seconds but was absent after an overnight fast, representing inhibition of the metabolic flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). A significant decrease in 13C labeling of alanine was observed comparing the fed and fasted group, and was attributed to a change in cellular alanine concentration and not a decrease in enzymatic flux through alanine transaminase. We conclude that hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate can be used to study carbohydrate oxidation in resting skeletal muscle at physiological levels. The herein proposed method allows probing simultaneously both PDH activity and variations in alanine tissue concentration, which are associated with metabolic dysfunctions. A simple alteration of the nutritional state demonstrated that the observed pyruvate, alanine, and bicarbonate signals are indeed sensitive markers to probe metabolic changes in vivo.