Direct costs of glaucoma and severity of the disease:A multinational long term study of resource utilisation in Europe

Background: Resource utilisation and direct costs associated with glaucoma progression in Europe are unknown. As population progressively ages, the economic impact of the disease will increase. Methods: From a total of 1655 consecutive cases, the records of 194 patients were selected and stratified by disease severity. Record selection was based on diagnoses of primary open angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, ocular hypertension, or normal tension glaucoma; 5 years minimum follow up were required. Glaucoma severity was assessed using a six stage glaucoma staging system based on static threshold visual field parameters. Resource utilisation data were abstracted from the charts and unit costs were applied to estimate direct costs to the payer. Resource utilisation and estimated direct cost of treatment, per person year, were calculated. Results: A statistically significant increasing linear trend (p = 0.018) in direct cost as disease severity worsened was demonstrated. The direct cost of treatment increased by an estimated €86 for each incremental step ranging from €455 per person year for stage 0 to €969 per person year for stage 4 disease. Medication costs ranged from 42% to 56% of total direct cost for all stages of disease. Conclusions: These results demonstrate for the first time in Europe that resource utilisation and direct medical costs of glaucoma management increase with worsening disease severity. Based on these findings, managing glaucoma and effectively delaying disease progression would be expected to significantly reduce the economic burden of this disease. These data are relevant to general practitioners and healthcare administrators who have a direct influence on the distribution of resources.

Hylaranins: prototypes of a new class of amphibian antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of the oriental broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii

Amphibian skin secretions contain a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds, particularly antimicrobial peptides, which are considered to constitute a first line of defence against bacterial infection. Here we describe the identification of two prototype peptides representing a novel structural class of antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of the oriental broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii. Named hylaranin-L1 (GVLSAFKNALPGIMKIIVamide) and hylaranin-L2 (GVLSVIKNALPGIMRFIAamide), both peptides consist of 18 amino acid residues, are C-terminally amidated and are of unique primary structures. Their primary structures were initially deduced by MS/MS fragmentation sequencing from reverse-phase HPLC fractions of skin secretion that demonstrated antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, their precursor-encoding cDNAs were cloned from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library and their primary structures were confirmed unequivocally. Synthetic replicates of both peptides exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with mean inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 34 µM against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, 4.3 µM against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and 4–9 µM against the yeast, Candida albicans. Both peptides exhibited little haemolytic activity (<6 %) at the MICs for S. aureus and C. albicans. Amphibian skin secretions thus continue to provide novel antimicrobial peptide structures that may prove to be lead compounds in the design of new classes of anti-infection therapeutics.

Climate change response in Europe: What's the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries

Urban areas are pivotal to global adaptation and mitigation efforts. But how do cities actually perform in terms of climate change response? This study sheds light on the state of urban climate change adaptation and mitigation planning across Europe. Europe is an excellent test case given its advanced environmental policies and high urbanization. We performed a detailed analysis of 200 large and medium-sized cities across 11 European countries and analysed the cities' climate change adaptation and mitigation plans. We investigate the regional distribution of plans, adaptation and mitigation foci and the extent to which planned greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions contribute to national and international climate objectives. To our knowledge, it is the first study of its kind as it does not rely on self-assessment (questionnaires or social surveys). Our results show that 35 % of European cities studied have no dedicated mitigation plan and 72 % have no adaptation plan. No city has an adaptation plan without a mitigation plan. One quarter of the cities have both an adaptation and a mitigation plan and set quantitative GHG reduction targets, but those vary extensively in scope and ambition. Furthermore, we show that if the planned actions within cities are nationally representative the 11 countries investigated would achieve a 37 % reduction in GHG emissions by 2050, translating into a 27 % reduction in GHG emissions for the EU as a whole. However, the actions would often be insufficient to reach national targets and fall short of the 80 % reduction in GHG emissions recommended to avoid global mean temperature rising by 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

INTERPLAY OF CAF2 SUBSTRATE ROUGHENING AND FILM DEPOSITION RATE ON RADIATIVE SCATTERING OF SURFACE-PLASMON POLARITONS FROM AG FILMS

The radiative decay of surface plasmon polaritons has been investigated in an attempt to characterize the surface roughness of Ag films prepared under different conditions. The polaritons were excited by the method of attenuated total reflection of light. The films were deposited on the face of a 60-degrees BK-7 glass prism at a rate that was deliberately fixed in two different ranges (centred on 0.1 and 10 nm s-1) and in some cases a CaF2 underlayer was used to roughen the film surfaces. The intensity of the scattered light emitted from the opposite face of the films was measured as a function of direction for each using the same sensitivity scale and was correlated with the preparation of the film. It was found that on nominally smooth substrates fast-deposited thinner films give out more light and are deduced to have greater short wavelength (300-600 nm) roughness amplitude. There is also evidence for long wavelenth (7 mum) periodic roughness due to the prism substrate itself. On CaF2 roughened surfaces the light output from the films is further increased and the peak intensity is backward directed with respect to the exciting laser beam direction. Here roughness on a lateral scale of 350 nm is responsible. Also, elastic scattering of surface plasmon polaritons at grain boundaries reduces the light output from fast deposited, small grain, films on CaF2 roughened surfaces. Overall, a consistent picture of roughness induced radiative polariton decay emerges for all cases studied.

Oligo switches: photoresponsive oligonucleotide conjugates by solid-supported click chemistry

Photoresponsive oligonucleotides (ONs) incorporating isoxazole-linked azobenzene (AB) moieties were prepared by resin-supported nitrile oxide-alkyne cycloaddition (NOAC) chemistry. The thermal and photochromic properties of the modified ONs were significantly influenced by the extent of pi-conjugation between the isoxazole and the AB modules.

Proyecto de Factibilidad para la creación de una empresa dedicada a la elaboración de papel a base del pinzote de banano, ubicado en el sector Rumicucho, parroquia San Antonio de Pichincha, Canctón Quito. Provincia de Pichincha.

El presente trabajo investigativo contiene cinco capítulos los cuales están ordenados en una forma secuencial y lógica para el entendimiento de los lectores. El Capítulo I, es el Estudio de Mercado, en el cual como método de investigación se utilizo la encuesta, para conocer la cantidad de personas que requieren adquirí el producto, sus necesidades, además de indagar en las ofertas existentes, las tendencias que tienen estos, para de esta manera saber en qué mercado queremos incursionar y cuál sería la oferta que podemos presentar. El Capítulo II, es el Estudio de Tamaño y Localización, se analizo factores de producción, maquinaria los que permiten conocer cuál es el tamaño óptimo de la planta, el tamaño de la maquinaria para de esta manera analizar la distribución espacial de la planta. La localización a pesar de conocerla, se analizó para saber las características con las que cuenta este lugar tanto como las falencias del mismo. El Capítulo III, es el Estudio de Ingeniería del Proyecto, este nos permitió conocer los recursos humanos, de infraestructura, materia prima, de equipos y maquinaria, que se necesitarán para la implementación de la planta, el costo que estos implican, para considerar la selección adecuada de los mismos. El Capítulo VI, Estudio Financiero, es el que permite establecer la factibilidad del proyecto de manera cuantitativa a través de la inversión que se realizará, los, costos, los ingresos, que permiten conocer la utilidad que genera el proyecto, además de analizar con métodos financieros la viabilidad de la empresa a base de sus resultados. El Capítulo V, Análisis Legal y Organizacional, establece las bases jurídicas tanto internas y externas que debe cumplir la empresa, desde su constitución y durante todo el horizonte del proyecto. En lo referente a la organización se estable la misión, visión, organigramas y la importancia del personal en la empresa.

Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de una estación de servicio para la Compañía de transporte urbano DISUTRAN S.A. en el sur de Quito

En el capítulo I se encuentra el Estudio de Mercado, que a su vez describe temas como: objetivos del estudio de mercado identificación de los servicios y productos, identificación del consumidor, ingresos del consumidor, determinación dela muestra, procesamiento y análisis de las encuestas, determinación de la demanda, determinación de la oferta, proyección de la demanda y estrategias de Michael E. Porter. El capítulo II Estudio Técnico del Proyecto describe la localización macro y micro del proyecto, su ingeniería, base legal, organización de la empresa que incluye la organización estructural, clasificación de puestos de trabajo por niveles de gestión, organización funcional y organización por procesos. En el capítulo III se describe el Estudio financiero, el mismo que contiene las inversiones, el análisis financiero y la evaluación financiera. El capítulo IV se refiere a los Indicadores Financieros: razones de liquidez, de operación, de endeudamiento y de rentabilidad. Finalmente en el capítulo V se anotan las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se establecieron en base al trabajo de campo realizado, así como también se anota la bibliografía utilizada en el desarrollo de la investigación junto con los anexos respectivos.

Diminuição do pico de cheia na rede de drenagem de águas pluviais através do sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Latinidade e cidadania: apontamentos sobre modelos sociais animais na poesia, da antiguidade ao iluminismo

No livro IV das Geórgicas, afamado poema didáctico de Virgílio, é descrita a vida das abelhas, apontadas como modelo de organização social e destacando-se a sua dedicação ao bem comum. O tópico tornou-se num dos paradigmas literários da Antiguidade, tendo sido repetidamente retomado, por exemplo nas obras de poetas didácticos modernos, quer europeus, quer do Novo Mundo. Referimo-nos especificamente ao poema Praedium rusticum (Toulose, 1730), do escritor inaciano francês Jacques Vanière, que aborda a sociedade das abelhas (Apes) no livro XIV, e a Rusticatio mexicana (Modena, 1781; Bolonha, 1782), do jesuíta guatemalteco Rafael Landívar, cujo livro VI descreve a sociedade dos castores (Fibri), procurando emular a obra Vanière. Na sociedade colectiva de Vanière não existe riqueza privada e cada abelha se dedica à tarefa que prefere. Em vez da ganância e do ódio prevalecem a generosidade e o amor. Na res publica dos castores, por seu lado, tal como a apresenta Landívar, existe divisão das tarefas a desempenhar e um forte sentido de comunidade. Os castores são felizes no seu trabalho, altamente inteligentes, nobres, amantes da paz e igualmente libertos de sentimentos como o ódio, a vingança e outras preocupações mais profundas. Esta comunicação pretende avaliar o modo como são apresentadas nestes textos concepções políticas e sociais que, embora procurem adaptar e integrar os ideais do Iluminismo, seguem na esteira do modelo literário virgiliano.

PPS-Anbieter herausfordern

Wer die Einführung eines PPS- oder Logistik-Systems plant, sollte mit einer exakten Beschreibung der Soll-Abläufe die Anbieter auffordern, konkret Stellung zu beziehen, was ihr System kann und nicht kann. Der Artikel beschreibt, wie ein solches Anforderungsprofil aussehen soll, wie man es aufbaut und wie man bei der Einführung eines PPS-Systems vorgeht.