Design and acoustic characterization of a new listening room

Il presente lavoro tratta la progettazione e caratterizzazione di una nuova "listening room" ad acustica controllata partendo dai requisiti dettati dalle norme tecniche ITU-R BS 1116-1 e EBU/UER Tech. doc. 3276. Ad oggi è presente un'ampia letteratura, che tratta approcci per valutazione acustica delle sale di ascolto. Essa inizialmente era volta a trovare proporzioni ideali tra le dimensioni della camera, poi la ricerca si è spostata sull'elaborazione di modelli previsionali. Purtroppo tali metodi spesso non riescono a garantire le prestazioni desiderate, mentre le prove sperimentali dettate dalle norme risultano essere di comprovata validità. L'ambiente oggetto di studio è stato progettato all'interno dello spazio dei laboratori CIRI. La tecnologia costruttiva è frutto di uno studio approfondito, in particolare la scelta di fibre di poliestere termolegate, per il rivestimento delle pareti interne, è stata valutata attraverso misure in camera riverberante secondo UNI-EN-ISO 354. Si è poi seguita una metodologia iterativa che coinvolgesse messa in opera, misurazioni in situ e valutazione tramite confronto con i parametri consigliati dalle normative tecniche sopra citate. In quest'ottica sono state effettuate acquisizioni di risposte all'impulso monoaurali e dei livelli di pressione sonora per verificare la qualità di isolamento e il comportamento alle basse frequenze. La validazione restituisce indicazioni positive per gli utilizzi dell'ambiente ipotizzati e risulta compatibile con le stringenti richieste delle norme tecniche.

Forward modelling of petrological crust-forming processes on the early Earth

Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses form up to two-thirds of the preserved Archean continental crust and there is considerable debate regarding the primary magmatic processes of the generation of these rocks. The popular theories indicate that these rocks were formed by partial melting of basaltic oceanic crust which was previously metamorphosed to garnet-amphibolite and/or eclogite facies conditions either at the base of thick oceanic crust or by subduction processes.rnThis study investigates a new aspect regarding the source rock for Archean continental crust which is inferred to have had a bulk compostion richer in magnesium (picrite) than present-day basaltic oceanic crust. This difference is supposed to originate from a higher geothermal gradient in the early Archean which may have induced higher degrees of partial melting in the mantle, which resulted in a thicker and more magnesian oceanic crust. rnThe methods used to investigate the role of a more MgO-rich source rock in the formation of TTG-like melts in the context of this new approach are mineral equilibria calculations with the software THERMOCALC and high-pressure experiments conducted from 10–20 kbar and 900–1100 °C, both combined in a forward modelling approach. Initially, P–T pseudosections for natural rock compositions with increasing MgO contents were calculated in the system NCFMASHTO (Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2) to ascertain the metamorphic products from rocks with increasing MgO contents from a MORB up to a komatiite. A small number of previous experiments on komatiites showed the development of pyroxenite instead of eclogite and garnet-amphibolite during metamorphism and established that melts of these pyroxenites are of basaltic composition, thus again building oceanic crust instead of continental crust.rnThe P–T pseudosections calculated represent a continuous development of their metamorphic products from amphibolites and eclogites towards pyroxenites. On the basis of these calculations and the changes within the range of compositions, three picritic Models of Archean Oceanic Crust (MAOC) were established with different MgO contents (11, 13 and 15 wt%) ranging between basalt and komatiite. The thermodynamic modelling for MAOC 11, 13 and 15 at supersolidus conditions is imprecise since no appropriate melt model for metabasic rocks is currently available and the melt model for metapelitic rocks resulted in unsatisfactory calculations. The partially molten region is therfore covered by high-pressure experiments. The results of the experiments show a transition from predominantly tonalitic melts in MAOC 11 to basaltic melts in MAOC 15 and a solidus moving towards higher temperatures with increasing magnesium in the bulk composition. Tonalitic melts were generated in MAOC 11 and 13 at pressures up to 12.5 kbar in the presence of garnet, clinopyroxene, plagioclase plus/minus quartz (plus/minus orthopyroxene in the presence of quartz and at lower pressures) in the absence of amphibole but it could not be explicitly indicated whether the tonalitic melts coexisting with an eclogitic residue and rutile at 20 kbar do belong to the Archean TTG suite. Basaltic melts were generated predominantly in the presence of granulite facies residues such as amphibole plus/minus garnet, plagioclase, orthopyroxene that lack quartz in all MAOC compositions at pressures up to 15 kbar. rnThe tonalitic melts generated in MAOC 11 and 13 indicate that thicker oceanic crust with more magnesium than that of a modern basalt is also a viable source for the generation of TTG-like melts and therefore continental crust in the Archean. The experimental results are related to different geologic settings as a function of pressure. The favoured setting for the generation of early TTG-like melts at 15 kbar is the base of an oceanic crust thicker than existing today or by melting of slabs in shallow subduction zones, both without interaction of tonalic melts with the mantle. Tonalitic melts at 20 kbar may have been generated below the plagioclase stability by slab melting in deeper subduction zones that have developed with time during the progressive cooling of the Earth, but it is unlikely that those melts reached lower pressure levels without further mantle interaction.rn

Numerical modelling of fluid-structure interaction with application in hemodynamics

The thesis deals with numerical algorithms for fluid-structure interaction problems with application in blood flow modelling. It starts with a short introduction on the mathematical description of incompressible viscous flow with non-Newtonian viscosity and a moving linear viscoelastic structure. The mathematical model consists of the generalized Navier-Stokes equation used for the description of fluid flow and the generalized string model for structure movement. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is used in order to take into account moving computational domain. A part of the thesis is devoted to the discussion on the non-Newtonian behaviour of shear-thinning fluids, which is in our case blood, and derivation of two non-Newtonian models frequently used in the blood flow modelling. Further we give a brief overview on recent fluid-structure interaction schemes with discussion about the difficulties arising in numerical modelling of blood flow. Our main contribution lies in numerical and experimental study of a new loosely-coupled partitioned scheme called the kinematic splitting fluid-structure interaction algorithm. We present stability analysis for a coupled problem of non-Newtonian shear-dependent fluids in moving domains with viscoelastic boundaries. Here, we assume both, the nonlinearity in convective as well is diffusive term. We analyse the convergence of proposed numerical scheme for a simplified fluid model of the Oseen type. Moreover, we present series of experiments including numerical error analysis, comparison of hemodynamic parameters for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and comparison of several physiologically relevant computational geometries in terms of wall displacement and wall shear stress. Numerical analysis and extensive experimental study for several standard geometries confirm reliability and accuracy of the proposed kinematic splitting scheme in order to approximate fluid-structure interaction problems.

L'isola delle voci. La Sardegna tra omologazione culturale e alterità identitaria.

La questione sarda è annosa.Questa vuole essere un'analisi, o perlomeno un tentativo di analisi, della questione dell'identità sarda: perché i sardi si sentono così diversi dagli italiani e da qualsiasi altro popolo? Su quali elementi fondano e vantano questa diversità e questo desiderio di indipendenza? I fattori caratterizzanti e diversificanti dei sardi sono verità razionali o, a volte, solo miti? Un breve excursus storico è imprescindibile, perché la cultura e i popoli e la cultura dei popoli sono, come noto, in costante e continuo cambiamento, sotto l'influenza della storia. Si parlerà degli eventi storici più importanti che hanno riguardato la Sardegna, cambiandola e indirizzandola verso ciò che è ora, a volte anche a sua stessa insaputa. Seguirà poi un'analisi sommaria della lingua sarda, delle sue particolarità e differenze interne così come dei suoi usi, essendo essa una bandiera di diversità sventolata con grande fierezza. L'analisi storica e linguistica fungeranno da premessa al vero snodo di questo elaborato: la questione identitaria, che sarà presentata con l'ausilio di testi della canzone sarda.

Computer simulation studies of vector spin glasses

Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit klassischen Vektor-Spingläsern eine Art von ungeordneten Magneten - auf verschiedenen Gittertypen. Da siernbedeutsam für eine experimentelle Realisierung sind, ist ein theoretisches Verständnis von Spinglas-Modellen mit wenigen Spinkomponenten und niedriger Gitterdimension von großer Bedeutung. Da sich dies jedoch als sehr schwierigrnerweist, sind neue, aussichtsreiche Ansätze nötig. Diese Arbeit betrachtet daher den Limesrnunendlich vieler Spindimensionen. Darin entstehen mehrere Vereinfachungen im Vergleichrnzu Modellen niedriger Spindimension, so dass für dieses bedeutsame Problem Eigenschaften sowohl bei Temperatur Null als auch bei endlichen Temperaturenrnüberwiegend mit numerischen Methoden ermittelt werden. Sowohl hyperkubische Gitter als auch ein vielseitiges 1d-Modell werden betrachtet. Letzteres erlaubt es, unterschiedliche Universalitätsklassen durch bloßes Abstimmen eines einzigen Parameters zu untersuchen. "Finite-size scaling''-Formen, kritische Exponenten, Quotienten kritischer Exponenten und andere kritische Größen werden nahegelegt und mit numerischen Ergebnissen verglichen. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Herleitungen aller numerisch ausgewerteter Gleichungen wird ebenso angegeben. Bei Temperatur Null wird eine gründliche Untersuchung der Grundzustände und Defektenergien gemacht. Eine Reihe interessanter Größen wird analysiert und insbesondere die untere kritische Dimension bestimmt. Bei endlicher Temperatur sind der Ordnungsparameter und die Spinglas-Suszeptibilität über die numerisch berechnete Korrelationsmatrix zugänglich. Das Spinglas-Modell im Limes unendlich vieler Spinkomponenten kann man als Ausgangspunkt zur Untersuchung der natürlicheren Modelle mit niedriger Spindimension betrachten. Wünschenswert wäre natürlich ein Modell, das die Vorteile des ersten mit den Eigenschaften des zweiten verbände. Daher wird in Modell mit Anisotropie vorgeschlagen und getestet, mit welchem versucht wird, dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Es wird auf reizvolle Wege hingewiesen, das Modell zu nutzen und eine tiefergehende Beschäftigung anzuregen. Zuletzt werden sogenannte "real-space" Renormierungsgruppenrechnungen sowohl analytisch als auch numerisch für endlich-dimensionale Vektor-Spingläser mit endlicher Anzahl von Spinkomponenten durchgeführt. Dies wird mit einer zuvor bestimmten neuen Migdal-Kadanoff Rekursionsrelation geschehen. Neben anderen Größen wird die untere kritische Dimension bestimmt.

Wählen im räumlichen Kontext : eine empirische Untersuchung zum Einfluss der sozialen Komposition des Wahlkreises auf die individuelle Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl 2009

Die meisten Studien der empirischen Wahlforschung führen das Wählverhalten bei deutschen Bundestagswahlen gemäß den bewährten Erklärungsansätzen (Columbia School, Cleavage-Theorie, Michigan School, …) auf Faktoren der Individualebene zurück. Nur wenige analysieren darüber hinaus den Einfluss räumlicher Kontextmerkmale. Diese Beiträge gelangen zudem zu widersprüchlichen Befunden, z.B. darüber, welcher Anteil der Gesamtvarianz überhaupt durch Kontextfaktoren erklärt werden kann. Daher will die vorliegende Arbeit klären, inwiefern die soziale Komposition des räumlichen Kontexts über individuelle Merkmale der Wähler hinaus ihre individuelle Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl 2009 beeinflusst hat. Dazu wird zunächst ein räumliches Mehrebenen-Modell des individuellen Wahlverhaltens entwickelt, das den Einfluss von Kontextmerkmalen u.a. auf soziale Interaktionsmechanismen innerhalb der Kontexteinheiten zurückführt. Zudem werden die zentralen individuellen Erklärungsfaktoren der oben genannten Theorien (Parteiidentifikation, Kandidaten-, Sachfragen-Orientierung, soziale Gruppenzugehörigkeit) in das Modell integriert. Auf Grundlage von Daten der German Longitudinal Election Study werden anschließend logistische Mehrebenen-Modelle für die alten und erstmals auch für die neuen Bundesländer und Deutschland geschätzt. Erstmals werden zudem Wahlkreise als relevante Kontexteinheiten untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass ein kleiner Teil der Varianz der individuellen Wahlentscheidung allein auf Merkmale des Wahlkreises zurückgeführt werden kann. Es treten sowohl direkte Kontexteffekte als auch Mehrebenen-Interaktionseffekte auf, die sich jedoch in ihrer Wirkung zwischen den Regionen und auch zwischen den Parteien erheblich unterscheiden.

Oltre il postmodernismo: L'opera di David Foster Wallace tra autoriflessivita' e realismo

La presente ricerca si propone di delineare un orizzonte critico e filosofico che permetta di ridefinire il concetto di postmodernismo in America alla fine del XX secolo e, a partire dagli anni Novanta del Novecento, il tentativo di un suo superamento da parte della letteratura contemporanea. L’analisi si focalizza sull’opera dello scrittore David Foster Wallace che esemplifica le contraddizioni interne al postmodernismo e mostra il passaggio cruciale dal postmodernismo a una non-ancora-ben-definita letteratura contemporanea. Muovendosi in un’ottica interdisciplinare e comparata, la tesi si propone di mostrare come Wallace, riprendendo la metariflessività e alcune opere di scrittori postmodernisti, tenti un atto di liberazione dalle convenzioni postmoderne attraverso un «postmodern founders’ patricidal work»: un “parricidio” letterario, prima di accettazione e poi di superamento. Attraverso un percorso tematico, nonché strutturale, si cercherà dunque di porre in rilievo il recupero del realismo da parte di Wallace che, seppur nel suo breve periodo compositivo, rappresenta questa nuova direzione della letteratura americana.

The influence of individual and colony level variation in behavior on colony performance in ants

In my dissertation I investigated the influence of behavioral variation between and within ant colonies on group performance. In particular, I analyzed how evolution shapes behavior in response to ecological conditions, and whether within-group diversity improves productivity as suggested by theory. Our field and laboratory experiments showed that behavioral diverse groups are more productive. Different aggression levels within colonies were beneficial under competitive field situations, whereas diversity in brood care and exploratory behavior were favored in non-competitive laboratory situations. We then examined whether population density and social parasite presence shape aggression through phenotypic plasticity and/or natural selection. The importance of selection was indicated by the absence of density or parasite effects on aggression in a field manipulation. Indeed, more aggressive colonies fared better under high density and during parasite attack. When analyzing the proximate causes of individual behavioral variation, ovarian development was shown to be linked to division of labor and aggressiveness. Finally, our studies show that differences in the collective behavior can be linked to immune defense and productivity. My dissertation demonstrates that behavioral variation should be studied on multiple scales and when possible combined with physiological analyses to better understand the evolution of animal personalities in social groups.rn

Dislocazioni in un semispazio elastico con superficie libera

Questa tesi tratta di problemi dislocativi in spazi elastici, utili per rappresentare campi di spostamento, deformazione e sforzo generati da sorgenti interne. In particolare, considerando la Terra come un corpo elastico, i problemi trattati si riferiscono alla descrizione dei campi di sforzo in prossimità della superficie terrestre, lo studio della cui deformazione rappresenta uno dei più utili metodi di indagine delle sorgenti sismiche e vulcaniche. È possibile, con ottima approssimazione, descrivere la superficie terrestre come una superficie libera, ovvero una superficie su cui le trazioni applicate dall'esterno sono nulle. Tale approssimazione, per il tipo di studio cui mira questa trattazione, è giustificata dal fatto che le sorgenti sismiche sono situate solitamente a diversi chilometri di profondità, dove risulta legittimo trascurare le forze esterne dovute a pressione atmosferica, azione di correnti d'aria, forze di gravità esercitata dal Sole ed altri corpi celesti, etc. Volendo studiare regioni con dimensioni lineari molto inferiori al raggio terrestre, è possibile approssimare la Terra ad un semispazio elastico omogeneo con superficie libera orizzontale. Nel seguito si farà riferimento ad un sistema cartesiano ortogonale con assi y e z diretti lungo l'orizzontale e asse x diretto verticalmente verso l'interno del semispazio. La superficie terrestre è perciò descritta dal piano x=0 e, denotando con T_ij il tensore di sforzo, la condizione di superficie libera risulta: Txx = Txy = Txz = 0; in x = 0. Nella tesi sono esposti alcuni metodi che consentono di estendere soluzioni già note per spazi elastici illimitati al caso di semispazi delimitati da una superficie libera.

Scale bridging concepts in molecular simulation : coarse-graining and thermodynamic coupling

In dieser Arbeit wurden Simulation von Flüssigkeiten auf molekularer Ebene durchgeführt, wobei unterschiedliche Multi-Skalen Techniken verwendet wurden. Diese erlauben eine effektive Beschreibung der Flüssigkeit, die weniger Rechenzeit im Computer benötigt und somit Phänomene auf längeren Zeit- und Längenskalen beschreiben kann.rnrnEin wesentlicher Aspekt ist dabei ein vereinfachtes (“coarse-grained”) Modell, welches in einem systematischen Verfahren aus Simulationen des detaillierten Modells gewonnen wird. Dabei werden ausgewählte Eigenschaften des detaillierten Modells (z.B. Paar-Korrelationsfunktion, Druck, etc) reproduziert.rnrnEs wurden Algorithmen untersucht, die eine gleichzeitige Kopplung von detaillierten und vereinfachten Modell erlauben (“Adaptive Resolution Scheme”, AdResS). Dabei wird das detaillierte Modell in einem vordefinierten Teilvolumen der Flüssigkeit (z.B. nahe einer Oberfläche) verwendet, während der Rest mithilfe des vereinfachten Modells beschrieben wird.rnrnHierzu wurde eine Methode (“Thermodynamische Kraft”) entwickelt um die Kopplung auch dann zu ermöglichen, wenn die Modelle in verschiedenen thermodynamischen Zuständen befinden. Zudem wurde ein neuartiger Algorithmus der Kopplung beschrieben (H-AdResS) der die Kopplung mittels einer Hamilton-Funktion beschreibt. In diesem Algorithmus ist eine zur Thermodynamischen Kraft analoge Korrektur mit weniger Rechenaufwand möglich.rnrnAls Anwendung dieser grundlegenden Techniken wurden Pfadintegral Molekulardynamik (MD) Simulationen von Wasser untersucht. Mithilfe dieser Methode ist es möglich, quantenmechanische Effekte der Kerne (Delokalisation, Nullpunktsenergie) in die Simulation einzubeziehen. Hierbei wurde zuerst eine Multi-Skalen Technik (“Force-matching”) verwendet um eine effektive Wechselwirkung aus einer detaillierten Simulation auf Basis der Dichtefunktionaltheorie zu extrahieren. Die Pfadintegral MD Simulation verbessert die Beschreibung der intra-molekularen Struktur im Vergleich mit experimentellen Daten. Das Modell eignet sich auch zur gleichzeitigen Kopplung in einer Simulation, wobei ein Wassermolekül (beschrieben durch 48 Punktteilchen im Pfadintegral-MD Modell) mit einem vereinfachten Modell (ein Punktteilchen) gekoppelt wird. Auf diese Weise konnte eine Wasser-Vakuum Grenzfläche simuliert werden, wobei nur die Oberfläche im Pfadintegral Modell und der Rest im vereinfachten Modell beschrieben wird.

Analisi del rischio per le linee di trasferimento fluidi di una raffineria

La movimentazione delle materie prime, degli intermedi e dei prodotti finali all’interno di una raffineria avviene attraverso una struttura logistica che prevede la ricezione delle materie prime, i trasferimenti delle sostanze tra le diverse unità produttive, la spedizione dei prodotti finiti. La distribuzione dei fluidi avviene su vie di tubazioni (pipe rack e trincee) che si possono articolare su un’ampia porzione di territorio, in prossimità di impianti, strade ed altri centri nevralgici. La perdita di contenimento accidentale dalle tubazioni può costituire un elemento di rischio di difficile gestione, proprio per la diffusione dei percorsi su un’area di vaste dimensioni. Il presente lavoro di tesi, svolto presso lo studio ICARO s.r.l. di Cortona, si propone di effettuare l’analisi del rischio dovuto al trasferimento dei fluidi all’interno di una raffineria, valutando la frequenza e la distribuzione spaziale degli effetti degli scenari incidentali finali che possono avere luogo in caso di rilascio. Le tubazioni prese in esame sono quelle di maggior impatto dal punto di vista del rischio a causa della pericolosità della sostanza trasferita e della vicinanza del percorso a punti nevralgici all’interno dello stabilimento; sulla base di questo criterio sono state analizzate le tubazioni per il trasferimento di GPL, H2S e benzina. I risultati ottenuti consentono di identificare soluzioni per l’ottimizzazione del layout della raffineria e costituiscono, più in generale, uno strumento analitico di supporto alle modifiche progettuali. L’elaborato è strutturato come segue. Nel Capitolo 1 è riportata la descrizione della raffineria e delle linee di interconnessione selezionate ai fini dello studio. Nel Capitolo 2 vengono identificate le tipologie più rappresentative di perdita di contenimento dalle linee e ne viene stimata la frequenza di accadimento. Nel Capitolo 3 viene illustrata una metodologia per la stima della probabilità di innesco che tiene in considerazione la circolazione di automezzi nelle strade interne della raffineria. Nel Capitolo 4 vengono esaminati, confrontati e selezionati i vari tipi di modelli di rilascio presenti nel package di simulazione Phast Professional 7.1 in vista della loro applicazione alle perdite dalle linee. Nel Capitolo 5 è riportato il calcolo delle frequenze di accadimento degli scenari incidentali finali, mentre nel Capitolo 6 sono illustrati i risultati relativi alla valutazione delle conseguenze. Nel Capitolo 7 viene effettuato lo studio dell’effetto domino, sviluppato in accordo ad un approccio metodologico innovativo. Infine nel Capitolo 8 vengono riportate alcune considerazioni finali.

Mineral dust mobilisation, transport, and deposition in different climate epochs

Mineral dust is an important component of the Earth's climate system and provides essential nutrientsrnto oceans and rain forests. During atmospheric transport, dust particles directly and indirectly influencernweather and climate. The strength of dust sources and characteristics of the transport, in turn, mightrnbe subject to climatic changes. Earth system models help for a better understanding of these complexrnmechanisms.rnrnThis thesis applies the global climate model ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) for simulationsrnof the mineral dust cycle under different climatic conditions. The prerequisite for suitable modelrnresults is the determination of the model setup reproducing the most realistic dust cycle in the recentrnclimate. Simulations with this setup are used to gain new insights into properties of the transatlanticrndust transport from Africa to the Americas and adaptations of the model's climate forcing factors allowrnfor investigations of the impact of climatic changes on the dust cycle.rnrnIn the first part, the most appropriate model setup is determined through a number of sensitivity experiments.rnIt uses the dust emission parametrisation from Tegen et al. 2002 and a spectral resolutionrnof T85, corresponding to a horizontal grid spacing of about 155 km. Coarser resolutions are not able tornaccurately reproduce emissions from important source regions such as the Bodele Depression in Chad orrnthe Taklamakan Desert in Central Asia. Furthermore, the representation of ageing and wet deposition ofrndust particles in the model requires a basic sulphur chemical mechanism. This setup is recommended forrnfuture simulations with EMAC focusing on mineral dust.rnrnOne major branch of the global dust cycle is the long-range transport from the world's largest dustrnsource, the Sahara, across the Atlantic Ocean. Seasonal variations of the main transport pathways to thernAmazon Basin in boreal winter and to the Caribbean during summer are well known and understood,rnand corroborated in this thesis. Both Eulerian and Lagrangian methods give estimates on the typicalrntransport times from the source regions to the deposition on the order of nine to ten days. Previously, arnhuge proportion of the dust transported across the Atlantic Ocean has been attributed to emissions fromrnthe Bodele Depression. However, the contribution of this hot spot to the total transport is very low inrnthe present results, although the overall emissions from this region are comparable. Both model resultsrnand data sets analysed earlier, such as satellite products, involve uncertainties and this controversy aboutrndust transport from the Bodele Depression calls for future investigations and clarification.rnrnAforementioned characteristics of the transatlantic dust transport just slightly change in simulationsrnrepresenting climatic conditions of the Little Ice Age in the middle of the last millennium with meanrnnear-surface cooling of 0.5 to 1 K. However, intensification of the West African summer monsoon duringrnthe Little Ice Age is associated with higher dust emissions from North African source regions and wetterrnconditions in the Sahel. Furthermore, the Indian Monsoon and dust emissions from the Arabian Peninsula,rnwhich are affected by this circulation, are intensified during the Little Ice Age, whereas the annual globalrndust budget is similar in both climate epochs. Simulated dust emission fluxes are particularly influencedrnby the surface parameters. Modifications of the model do not affect those in this thesis, to be able tornascribe all differences in the results to changed forcing factors, such as greenhouse gas concentrations.rnDue to meagre comparison data sets, the verification of results presented here is problematic. Deeperrnknowledge about the dust cycle during the Little Ice Age can be obtained by future simulations, based onrnthis work, and additionally using improved reconstructions of surface parameters. Better evaluation ofrnsuch simulations would be possible by refining the temporal resolution of reconstructed dust depositionrnfluxes from existing ice and marine sediment cores.

Generation of FLT3-ITD-reactive T-cell populations from different sources

Approximately 25% of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) carry internal tandem duplications (ITD) of various lengths within the gene encoding the FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (FLT3). Although varying duplication sites exist, most of these length mutations affect the protein´s juxtamembrane domain. FLT3-ITDs support leukemic transformation by constitutive phosphorylation resulting in uncontrolled activation, and their presence is associated with worse prognosis. As known form previous work, they represent leukemia- and patient-specific neoantigens that can be recognized by autologous AML-reactive CD8+ T cells (Graf et al., 2007; Graf et al., unpublished). Herein, in patient FL, diagnosed with FLT3-ITD+ AML and in first complete remission after induction chemotherapy, T cells against her leukemia´s individual FLT3-ITD were detected at a frequency up to 1.7x10-3 among peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes. This rather high frequency suggested, that FLT3-ITD-reactive T cells had been expanded in vivo due to the induction of an anti-leukemia response.rnrnCell material from AML patients is limited, and the patients´ anti-leukemia T-cell repertoire might be skewed, e.g. due to complex previous leukemia-host interactions and chemotherapy. Therefore, allogeneic sources, i.e. buffy coats (BCs) from health donors and umbilical cord blood (UCB) donations, were exploited for the presence and the expansion of FLT3-ITD-reactive T-cell populations. BC- and UCB-derived CD8+ T cells, were distributed at 105 cells per well on microtiter plates and, were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) transfected with in vitro-transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) encoding selected FTL3-ITDs. APCs were autologous CD8- blood mononuclear cells, monocytes or FastDCs.rnrnBuffy coat lymphocytes from 19 healthy individuals were analyzed for CD8+ T-cell reactivity against three immunogenic FLT3-ITDs previously identified in patients VE, IN and QQ and designated as VE_, IN_ and QQ_FLT3-ITD, respectively. These healthy donors carried at least one of the HLA I alleles known to present an ITD-derived peptide from one of these FLT3-ITDs. Reactivities against single ITDs were observed in 8/19 donors. In 4 donors the frequencies of ITD-reactive T cells were determined and were estimated to be in the range of 1.25x10-6 to 2.83x10-7 CD8+ T cells. These frequencies were 1,000- to 10,000-fold lower than the frequency of autologous FLT3-ITD-reactive T cells observed in patient FL. Restricting HLA I molecules were identified in two donors. In one of them, the recognition of VE_FLT3-ITD was found to be restricted by HLA-C*07:02, which is different from the HLA allele restricting the anti-ITD T cells of patient VE. In another donor, the recognition of IN_FLT3-ITD was restricted by HLA-B*35:01, which also had been observed in patient IN (Graf et al., unpublished). By gradual 3´-fragmentation of the IN_FLT3-ITD cDNA, the 10-mer peptide CPSDNEYFYV was identified as the target of allogeneic T cells against IN_FLT3-ITD. rnLymphocytes in umbilical cord blood predominantly exhibit a naïve phenotype. Seven UCB donations were analyzed for T-cell responses against the FLT3-ITDs of patients VE, IN, QQ, JC and FL irrespective of their HLA phenotype. ITD-reactive responses against all stimulatory FLT3-ITDs were observed in 5/7 UCB donations. The frequencies of T cells against single FLT3-ITDs in CD8+ lymphocytes were estimated to be in the range of 1.8x10-5 to 3.6x10-6, which is nearly 15-fold higher than the frequencies observed in BCs. Restricting HLA I molecules were identified in 4 of these 5 positive UCB donations. They were mostly different from those observed in the respective patients. But in one UCB donation T cells against the JC_FLT3-ITD had exactly the same peptide specificity and HLA restriction as seen before in patient JC (Graf et al., 2007). Analyses of UCB responder lymphocytes led to the identification of the 10-mer peptide YESDNEYFYV, encoded by FL_FLT3-ITD, that was recognized in association with the frequent allele HLA-A*02:01. This peptide was able to stimulate and enrich ITD-reactive T cells from UCB lymphocytes in vitro. Peptide responders not only recognized the peptide, but also COS-7 cells co-transfected with FL_FLT3-ITD and HLA-A*02:01.rnrnIn conclusion, T cells against AML- and individual-specific FLT3-ITDs were successfully generated not only from patient-derived blood, but also from allogeneic sources. Thereby, ITD-reactive T cells were detected more readily and at higher frequencies in umbilical cord blood than in buffy coat lymphocytes. It occurred that peptide specificity and HLA restriction of allogeneic, ITD-reactive T cells were identical to autologous patient-derived T cells. As shown herein, allogeneic, FLT3-ITD-reactive T cells can be used for the identification of FLT3-ITD-encoded peptides, e.g. for future therapeutic vaccination studies. In addition, these T cells or their receptors can be applied to adoptive transfer.

Kinetische Studien zur OH-Bildung über die Reaktionen von HO 2 mit organischen Peroxyradikalen

Es wurde untersucht, wie sich das Substitutionsmuster organischer Peroxyradikale (RO2) auf die Ratenkonstante k1 und die Verzweigungsverhältnisse α, β und γ der Reaktionen von RO2 mit HO2 auswirkt. Die Effekte der Deuterierung von HO2 wurden ebenfalls studiert. Für zwei RO2 wurde zusätzlich das UV-Absorptionsspektrum bestimmt.rnrn αrnRO2 + HO2 → RO + OH + O2 R1arnrn βrn → RO2H + O2 R1brnrn γrn → ROH + O3 R1crnrnIn dieser Arbeit wurde ein neues Experiment aufgebaut. Für die direkte und zeitaufgelöste Messung der OH-Konzentration wurde das Verfahren der Laser-induzierten Fluoreszenz angewendet. Die Radikalerzeugung erfolgte mittels gepulster Laserphotolyse, wodurch unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen weitgehend unterdrückt werden konnten. Mittels transienter Absorptionsspektroskopie konnten die Menge der photolytisch erzeugten Radikale bestimmt und die Ozonbildung über R1c quantifiziert werden. Für die Auswertung wurden kinetische Modelle numerisch an die Messdaten angepasst. Um die experimentellen Unsicherheiten abzuschätzen, wurde ein Monte-Carlo-Ansatz gewählt.rnrnk1 und α reagieren sehr empfindlich auf Veränderungen des RO2-Substitutionsmusters. Während sich eine OH-Bildung für das unsubstituierte C2H5O2 (EtP) mit α EtP ≤ 5 % nicht nachweisen lässt, stellt R1a bei den α-Oxo-substituierten H3CC(O)O2 (AcP) und HOCH2C(O)O2 (HAP) mit α AcP = (63 ± 11) % bzw. α HAP = (69 ± 12) % den Hauptkanal dar. Wie die mit α HEP = (10 ± 4) % geringfügige OH-Bildung bei HOC2H4O2 (HEP) zeigt, nimmt die OH-Gruppe in β-Stellung weniger Einfluss auf den Wert von α als die Oxogruppe in α-Stellung. Bei der Erzeugung α-Oxo-substituierter RO2 kann ebenfalls OH entstehen (R+O2→RO2/OH). Die Druckabhängigkeit dieser OH-Quelle wurde mit einem innovativen Ansatz bestimmt. Mit γ AcP = (15+5-6) % bzw. γ HAP = (10+2-3) % lässt sich für die Reaktionen der α-Oxo-substituierten RO2 eine erhebliche Ozonbildung nachweisen. Durch die Einführung der α-Oxogruppe steigt k1 jeweils um 1,3 • 10-11 cm3s-1 an, der Effekt der β-Hydroxygruppe ist halb so groß (k1 AcP = (2,0 ± 0,4) • 10-11 cm3s-1, k1 HAP = (2,6 ± 0,4) • 10-11 cm3s-1). Das Verzweigungsverhältnis α steigt weiter, wenn das HO2 deuteriert wird (α AcP,iso = (80 ± 14) %, k1 AcP,iso = (2,1 ± 0,4) • 10-11 cm3s-1). Vergleiche mit älteren Studien zeigen, dass die OH-Bildung über R1a bislang deutlich unterschätzt worden ist. Die möglichen Ursachen für die Unterschiede zwischen den Studien werden ebenso diskutiert wie die Hintergründe der beobachteten Substituenteneffekte.

Random lattice models

This thesis deals with three different physical models, where each model involves a random component which is linked to a cubic lattice. First, a model is studied, which is used in numerical calculations of Quantum Chromodynamics.In these calculations random gauge-fields are distributed on the bonds of the lattice. The formulation of the model is fitted into the mathematical framework of ergodic operator families. We prove, that for small coupling constants, the ergodicity of the underlying probability measure is indeed ensured and that the integrated density of states of the Wilson-Dirac operator exists. The physical situations treated in the next two chapters are more similar to one another. In both cases the principle idea is to study a fermion system in a cubic crystal with impurities, that are modeled by a random potential located at the lattice sites. In the second model we apply the Hartree-Fock approximation to such a system. For the case of reduced Hartree-Fock theory at positive temperatures and a fixed chemical potential we consider the limit of an infinite system. In that case we show the existence and uniqueness of minimizers of the Hartree-Fock functional. In the third model we formulate the fermion system algebraically via C*-algebras. The question imposed here is to calculate the heat production of the system under the influence of an outer electromagnetic field. We show that the heat production corresponds exactly to what is empirically predicted by Joule's law in the regime of linear response.