Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes sintéticos aquosos por nanofiltração

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção de metais pesados de efluentes sintéticos aquosos através de nanofiltração, com utilização de membrana de poliamida. A membrana utilizada constituída de poliamida apresentou uma boa permeabilidade hidráulica, constatada pela linearidade de fluxo com a variação de pressão de trabalho. Os metais estudados foram cobre, cádmio, zinco, chumbo e níquel com especiação de nitrato e sulfato. O desempenho do sistema foi verificado pela variação dos parâmetros operacionais (pressão e fluxo), associados também com a variação da salinidade e da concentração do metal. Em uma etapa inicial estudou-se a remoção de metais (nitrato e sulfato) isoladamente em uma mesma concentração molar, na pressão de 10 bar, comparando-se as rejeições com e sem agente complexante (EDTA). Em uma segunda etapa, estudou-se o desempenho da membrana, com misturas dos metais (nitrato) e mistura de metais (sulfato), também com e sem agente complexante, os resultados mostraram que a presença de agente complexante melhorou a rejeição dos metais. Nestas misturas estudaram-se os efeitos das concentrações (0,001; 0,0005 e 0,0001mol/L) e das pressões (5; 7; 10 e 12,5 bar) no sistema de remoção, constatou-se que o aumento da concentração e diminuição da pressão afeta a remoção. Em uma terceira etapa, estudou-se a influência da salinidade pela mistura de dois metais de mesma especiação (sulfato), comparando a remoção na pressão de 10 bar. Os resultados atestaram uma rejeição maior que 94 % para todos metais, na pressão de 10 bar, indicando um excelente desempenho e fluxo adequado, daí viabilidade de processo para todas as concentrações testadas. A pertinência do teste se justifica pela adequação do permeado ao atendimento aos padrões ambientais de concentração de metais e confirmam a eficácia do sistema de nanofiltração na remoção de metais pesados

Comparative limnology of waters in a coniferous forest: is a generalisation possible?

The high density of meres and mosses in the Delamere area comes from numerous moraine-hollows formed after the melting of stranded ice-blocks following last glaciation. The main vegetation is of conifers along with some deciduous species and the area was designated as a National Forest Park in 1987. It has been managed since the beginning of the 19th century and is a popular tourist area with walking, orienteering, cycling and educational activities. In recent years this forest park has been attracting over half a million people per year. This paper studies the limnology of different aquatic habitats in the Delamere Forest area in order to give some insight into the waters of a coniferous, temperate forest area, which has so far been largely unexplored. The authors assume therefore, thought that despite apparent large variability in origin, age, surface area, morphometry, catchment size and hydraulic regime, the waters of Delamere Forest might share some revealing chemical and biological features. Seven water-bodies in the Delamere Forest Park area, namely, Black Lake, Blakemere Moss, Delamere Lake, Delamere Quarry, Hatchmere, Windyhowe Farm Spring and Fir Brook were sampled, their water chemistry and dissolved organic carbon and the occurrence of phytoplankton and zooplankton species examined. In a final chapter the authors analyse their findings for patterns.

Avaliação da remoção de níquel em solução aquosa pelo processo de osmose inversa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o desempenho de uma membrana comercial na remoção de um metal pesado (níquel) de efluentes sintéticos, por osmose inversa. Na primeira etapa foi realizada uma comparação com os resultados obtidos com soluções de alimentação contendo sais, como NaCl, NaNO3 e Ni(NO3)2.6 H2O, nas concentrações de 50, 100 e 200 ppm, e nas pressões de 10, 20 e 26 bar. Os resultados mostraram que a influência da concentração e da pressão aplicada ao sistema não afetaram as rejeições de forma significativa. Na segunda etapa, como os parâmetros não influíram significativamente na rejeição dos sais, optou-se, pela aplicação de uma pressão de operação de 10 bar, para avaliar a eficiência de remoção de níquel. A membrana utilizada, constituída de poliamida, modelo HR98PP e fornecida pela DOW/Filmtec, apresentou uma boa permeabilidade hidráulica. Os resultados mostraram que para todas as concentrações testadas, as rejeições de níquel ultrapassaram 96%, comprovando a boa seletividade deste tipo de membrana na rejeição do referido metal, com fluxos de permeado variando entre 4,78 e 5,55 L/h.m2 , sob pressão de operação de 10 bar. Para estudar o efeito do tamanho iônico na rejeição da membrana, o níquel foi complexado pela adição de um agente quelante na solução de alimentação. O agente escolhido foi o Na2EDTA, devido à formação de um complexo estável com o níquel e por ser um agente não prejudicial à saúde humana. Os resultados com adição de EDTA indicaram um aumento na rejeição de níquel, atingindo o índice máximo de 98,22 %, partindo-se de uma solução com 40,39 ppm de Ni2+, e confirmam que o processo de osmose inversa com a membrana HR98PP é altamente adequado para o tratamento de efluentes contendo níquel

The extent of the rearrangement of material in Neuwerk/Scharhom flat [Translation from: Hamburger Kuestenforschung 33, 1-24 [p23 only], 1975]

Investigations of the rearrangement of material in Neuwerk/Scharhom flat showed that with the exception of the western border/edge and the parts of the Elbe and Oste shores/banks which lie most seawards, the entire mudflat area is only infrequently exposed to strong hydraulic forces. Only in extreme conditions, which on average occur rarely more than once a year, would the mudflats be severely affected. This partial translation provides the summary of the original article only.

Longitudinal dispersion in laboratory and natural streams

This study concerns the longitudinal dispersion of fluid particles which are initially distributed uninformly over one cross section of a uniform, steady, turbulent open channel flow. The primary focus is on developing a method to predict the rate of dispersion in a natural stream.

Taylor's method of determining a dispersion coefficient, previously applied to flow in pipes and two-dimensional open channels, is extended to a class of three-dimensional flows which have large width-to-depth ratios, and in which the velocity varies continuously with lateral cross-sectional position. Most natural streams are included. The dispersion coefficient for a natural stream may be predicted from measurements of the channel cross-sectional geometry, the cross-sectional distribution of velocity, and the overall channel shear velocity. Tracer experiments are not required.

Large values of the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D/rU* are explained by lateral variations in downstream velocity. In effect, the characteristic length of the cross section is shown to be proportional to the width, rather than the hydraulic radius. The dimensionless dispersion coefficient depends approximately on the square of the width to depth ratio.

A numerical program is given which is capable of generating the entire dispersion pattern downstream from an instantaneous point or plane source of pollutant. The program is verified by the theory for two-dimensional flow, and gives results in good agreement with laboratory and field experiments.

Both laboratory and field experiments are described. Twenty-one laboratory experiments were conducted: thirteen in two-dimensional flows, over both smooth and roughened bottoms; and eight in three-dimensional flows, formed by adding extreme side roughness to produce lateral velocity variations. Four field experiments were conducted in the Green-Duwamish River, Washington.

Both laboratory and flume experiments prove that in three-dimensional flow the dominant mechanism for dispersion is lateral velocity variation. For instance, in one laboratory experiment the dimensionless dispersion coefficient D/rU* (where r is the hydraulic radius and U* the shear velocity) was increased by a factory of ten by roughening the channel banks. In three-dimensional laboratory flow, D/rU* varied from 190 to 640, a typical range for natural streams. For each experiment, the measured dispersion coefficient agreed with that predicted by the extension of Taylor's analysis within a maximum error of 15%. For the Green-Duwamish River, the average experimentally measured dispersion coefficient was within 5% of the prediction.

Ecology and management of water plants in lowland streams

A review article which discusses the ecology and management of common water plants in lowland streams, with an introduction containing a review of previous studies on the subject. The article covers the significance of seasonal growth, the significance of stand structure (particularly in relation to hydraulic resistence), an assessment of current river management, improvements to plant management techniques (in relation to cutting), and alternatives to the traditional techniques of river plant management. There are a number of accompanying figures.

Feedback communication using orthogonal signals

This research is concerned with block coding for a feedback communication system in which the forward and feedback channels are independently disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise and average power constrained. Two coding schemes are proposed in which the messages to be coded for transmission over the forward channel are realized as a set of orthogonal waveforms. A finite number of forward and feedback transmissions (iterations) per message is made. Information received over the feedback channel is used to modify the waveform transmitted on successive forward iterations in such a way that the expected value of forward signal energy is zero on all iterations after the first. Similarly, information is sent over the feedback channel in such a way that the expected value of feedback signal energy is also zero on all iterations after the first. These schemes are shown to achieve a lower probability of error than the best one-way coding scheme at all rates up to the forward channel capacity, provided only that the feedback channel capacity be greater than the forward channel capacity. These schemes make more efficient use of the available feedback power than existing feedback coding schemes, and therefore require less feedback power to achieve a given error performance.

Wideband two-port beam splitter of a binary fused-silica phase grating

The usual beam splitter of multilayer-coated film with a wideband spectrum is not easy to achieve. We describe the realization of a wideband transmission two-port beam splitter based on a binary fused-silica phase grating. To achieve high efficiency and equality in the diffracted 0th and -1st orders, the grating profile parameters are optimized using rigorous coupled-wave analysis at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Holographic recording and the inductively coupled plasma dry etching technique are used to fabricate the fused-silica beam splitter grating. The measured efficiency of (45% x 2) = 90% diffracted into the both orders can be obtained with the fabricated grating under Littrow mounting. The physical mechanism of such a wideband two-port beam splitter grating can be well explained by the modal method based on two-beam interference of the modes excited by the incident wave. With the high damage threshold, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and wideband high efficiency, the presented beam splitter etched in fused silica should be a useful optical element for a variety of practical applications. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Radio-aware service-level scheduling to minimize downlink traffic delay through Mobile Edge Computing

One of the most challenging problems in mobile broadband networks is how to assign the available radio resources among the different mobile users. Traditionally, research proposals are either speci c to some type of traffic or deal with computationally intensive algorithms aimed at optimizing the delivery of general purpose traffic. Consequently, commercial networks do not incorporate these mechanisms due to the limited hardware resources at the mobile edge. Emerging 5G architectures introduce cloud computing principles to add flexible computational resources to Radio Access Networks. This paper makes use of the Mobile Edge Computing concepts to introduce a new element, denoted as Mobile Edge Scheduler, aimed at minimizing the mean delay of general traffic flows in the LTE downlink. This element runs close to the eNodeB element and implements a novel flow-aware and channel-aware scheduling policy in order to accommodate the transmissions to the available channel quality of end users.

两种新型芴类衍生物的三光子吸收特性研究

研究了两种新型芴类衍生物9，9-二(2-乙基已基)-2，7-二咔唑-9H-芴(简记为DCZF)和9，9-二(2-乙基已基)-2，7-二(2-(4-甲氧基)苯-2，1-乙烯基)芴(简记为BMOSF)在N，N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的线性吸收和单光子荧光行为，并用脉冲宽度为38ps，重复频率为10Hz的1064 nm Nd：YAG脉冲激光研究了两种化合物的三光子吸收性质．结果表明：两种新材料的最大线性吸收峰分别位于330和380nm，吸收区域覆盖了270-420nm波段．两种化合物的荧光带位于蓝-紫区，中心

A Data Dropout Compensation Algorithm Based on the Iterative Learning Control Methodology for Discrete-Time Systems

This paper deals with the convergence of a remote iterative learning control system subject to data dropouts. The system is composed by a set of discrete-time multiple input-multiple output linear models, each one with its corresponding actuator device and its sensor. Each actuator applies the input signals vector to its corresponding model at the sampling instants and the sensor measures the output signals vector. The iterative learning law is processed in a controller located far away of the models so the control signals vector has to be transmitted from the controller to the actuators through transmission channels. Such a law uses the measurements of each model to generate the input vector to be applied to its subsequent model so the measurements of the models have to be transmitted from the sensors to the controller. All transmissions are subject to failures which are described as a binary sequence taking value 1 or 0. A compensation dropout technique is used to replace the lost data in the transmission processes. The convergence to zero of the errors between the output signals vector and a reference one is achieved as the number of models tends to infinity.

The Maryland soft shell clam industry and its effects on Tidewater resources

This report to the Maryland General Assembly covers: design and operation of the hydraulic clam dredge; summary of knowledge of Maryland's soft shell clam resource; development and present status; Potential value of the resource; Effects of the hydraulic clam dredge; evaluation of the effects of certain proposals concerning the soft shell clam industry; summary.

Reservatório de gás não convencional: história de caso na Bacia do Recôncavo - Brasil

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi à realização de um estudo geológico sobre os folhelhos fraturados da Formação Candeias que ocorrem em diferentes partes da Bacia do Recôncavo, sendo enfatizadas suas principais relações com a acumulação de petróleo. Este trabalho contempla, ainda, uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da evolução da campanha exploratória nesta bacia, desde seus primórdios, na década de trinta, além de uma análise sob as perspectivas na área de exploração e produção. A Bacia do Recôncavo, situada na região Nordeste do Brasil, está inserida numa grande bacia tafrogênica (Rifte abortado Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá), originada nos momentos iniciais de ruptura do paleocontinente Gondwana ocidental, no Eocretáceo, sob os campos de tensões que produziram o Oceano Atlântico. Em termos estratigráficos, a bacia guarda um importante registro geológico, compreendido por depósitos continentais (lacustres, fluvio-deltáicos, neríticos, eólicos e leques aluviais), sendo subdividido em seis seqüências sedimentares, referentes aos estágios pré-rifte e rifte. As principais acumulações de petróleo na bacia podem ser agrupadas em três grandes sistemas: pré-rifte, rifte-Candeias e rifte-Ilhas, representando plays exploratórios distintos. As perspectivas futuras para a Bacia do Recôncavo devem considerar a importância da identificação de novos plays exploratórios, através da caracterização de novos intervalos geradores e reservatórios, como é o caso dos folhelhos fraturados e do shale gas. Não menos importante é o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de produção, aumentando o fator de recuperação de campos produtores.

Diseño hidráulico para la red de abastecimiento de agua en el cantón de Conacaste, municipio de Comasagua, El Salvador.

[ES]El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el diseño hidráulico de un sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable para las comunidades de La Violeta-Arcoiris, La Ceiba, San Rafael, La Finquita y La Dalia en el municipio de Comasagua, El Salvador. Para ello, se utilizaran los datos recogidos en el Plan Director para el abastecimiento y saneamiento de agua en zonas rurales del sur de La Libertad y las mediciones llevadas a cabo en terreno. Atendiendo tanto a las especificaciones técnicas y los criterios de diseño de ACUA como a los cálculos hidráulicos realizados, se ha seleccionado la mejor alternativa a desarrollar.