Insegurança alimentar em domicílios brasileiros com crianças menores de cinco anos

This article analyzes food insecurity and hunger in Brazilian families with children under five years of age. This was a nationally representative cross-sectional study using data from the National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children (PNDS-2006), in which the outcome variable was moderate to severe food insecurity, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios were generated with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed a high prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity, concentrated in the North and Northeast regions (30.7%), in economic classes D and E (34%), and in beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs (36.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic relative risks (beneficiaries of conditional cash transfers), regional relative risks (North and Northeast regions), and economic relative risks (classes D and E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. Aggregation of the three risks showed 48% of families with moderate to severe food insecurity, meaning that adults and children were going hungry during the three months preceding the survey.

Acões motrizes e representações sociais no jogo do laço no vale do Itabapoana

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Equitação e volteio com crianças carentes : uma proposta educacional

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação do "Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ)" e do "Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ)" para lingua portuguesa no Brasil

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Effects of flooding of the River Paraná on the temporal activity of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae), at the border state of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Study of the temporal activity of malaria vectors during the implantation of a hydroelectric power station on the River Paraná, intended to generate electrical energy. The river separates the States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil. The objective was to verify whether alterations occurred in the wealth and diversity indices of Anopheles, following two successive floods, extended to the temporal activity and nycthemeral rhythm followed over a five year period. METHODS: Mosquito capture was performed monthly using the Human Attraction Technique and Shannon Traps. The first, executed for 24h, provided the nycthemeral rhythm and the second, lasting 15h, permitted the tracking of Anopheles during the two floods. RESULTS: The bimodal pattern of Anopheles darlingi defined before these floods was modified throughout the environment interventions. The same effect had repercussions on the populations of An albitarsis s.l., An triannulatus and An galvaoi. Activity prior to twilight was less affected by the environment alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The dam construction provoked changes in Anopheles temporal activity patterns, permitting classification of the area as an ecologically steady and unstable situation. Differences observed in Anopheles behavior due to the capture methods revealed the influence of solo and multiple attractiveness inside the populations studied.

Análise morfométrica da transição esôfago-gástrica de eqüinos submetidos a diferentes manejos alimentares e atividade física

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se diferentes tipos de manejo físico e alimentar determinaram mudanças adaptativas na morfometria da região de transição esôfago-gástrica (TEG) em eqüinos. Foram utilizados 15 conjuntos de animais adultos com raça, sexo e idade não identificados, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a dieta e a atividade física: grupo I - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos em treinamento intensivo e alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado; grupo II - com cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa e eram alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado, e o grupo III - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos mantidos a pasto e que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa. A região de transição esôfago-gástrica teve a estrutura do seu epitélio avaliada morfometricamente, onde foram feitas mensurações para identificar a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado. A espessura do grupo I teve como média 122,3µm, do grupo II foi de 173,4µm e do grupo III foi de 281,7µm. Os resultados encontrados para a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado dos eqüinos mostraram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas dos eqüinos do grupo I, quando comparados aos eqüinos do grupo III.

Obstrução nasal por granuloma fúngico em eqüino: relato de caso

Um eqüino de nove anos de idade apresentou ausência de ar expirado e secreção serossanguinolenta na narina direita, associado a ruído respiratório. Os exames endoscópico e radiológico mostraram uma formação de aproximadamente seis centímetros de diâmetro recoberta por mucosa amarelada, que obstruía a cavidade nasal direita e insinuava-se para a cavidade nasal esquerda. Tal massa foi ressecada por meio de sinusotomia frontal direita. O exame histológico e a cultura revelaram lesão granulomatosa causada por fungos. O tratamento pós-operatório compreendeu associação de antibiótico e antiinflamatório, assim como de lavagens com água destilada e chá de camomila.

Estudo eletrocardiográfico de equinos de salto sadios

Avaliou-se o eletrocardiograma de 100 equinos sadios praticantes de hipismo clássico modalidade salto, com idades entre 4 e 19 anos, sendo 61 machos e 39 fêmeas, com média de 516,3 kg. Observou-se frequência cardíaca média de 40,20 ±13,33 bpm, sendo o ritmo cardíaco mais freqüente o sinusal (56%). As alterações de ritmo cardíaco estiveram presentes em 38% dos animais estudados, sendo a mais presente o marcapasso migratório (22%), seguido de bloqueio atrioventricular de 2º grau (4%), bloqueio atrioventricular de 1º grau (3%), contração ventricular prematura (2%), contração atrial prematura (1%). Não se observou correlação entre as variáveis estudadas (freqüência cardíaca, ritmo e arritmias) e a capacidade atlética, a idade e o sexo. O escore cardíaco após analise estatística não diferiu entre os grupos quanto ao desempenho atlético, a faixa etária e o sexo. O escore cardíaco, nesta amostra, não se mostrou um parâmetro confiável para se predizer o futuro atlético ou o nível de treinamento do eqüino.

Uso da cutina na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente de dietas para equinos

Avaliaram-se a acurácia, a precisão e a robustez dos indicadores cutina, lignina em detergente ácido, óxido crômico e coleta total de fezes na estimativa da digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica de dietas para equinos. Para tal, foram utilizados quatro equinos machos, com idade aproximada de 10 meses e média de peso de 197kg (170 a 216kg). O experimento foi realizado em quatro períodos, com duração de 11 dias cada, sendo os oito primeiros usados para adaptação às dietas e os três subsequentes, para colheita de material. O delineamento experimental foi em quadrado latino 4X4. A ponderação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica pelos indicadores foi efetuada por meio do viés. A acurácia e a precisão foram determinadas pela comparação entre os dados preditos e observados, e a robustez pela comparação dos vieses com outros fatores estudados. A cutina não se mostrou eficiente como indicador interno, pois superestimou a digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica e resultou em menor acurácia e precisão. O oxido crômico apresentou baixa recuperação fecal e subestimou a digestibilidade aparente da matéria orgânica, embora tenha sido o mais preciso. A lignina em detergente ácido foi o indicador que obteve a melhor recuperação fecal e foi o mais acurado, portanto, o indicador mais eficiente.

Culicidae (Diptera) em área de barragem em Santa Catarina e no Rio Grande do Sul

A composição de Culicidae do lago de Barra Grande, situado entre os municípios de Esmeralda (Rio Grande do Sul) e Anita Garibaldi (Santa Catarina), foi realizada com coletas mensais. Vinte e quatro espécies foram identificadas dentre um total de 1.185 espécimes (74,7% adultos e 25,3% imaturos), sendo Aedes fluviatilis Lutz a espécie mais frequente. Algumas espécies constituem novos registros e são interesse em saúde pública. O fato sugere que mudanças ambientais na área podem alterar a relação entre humanos e mosquitos vetores

Risk optimization of a steel frame communications tower subject to tornado winds

The structural engineering community in Brazil faces new challenges with the recent occurrence of high intensity tornados. Satellite surveillance data shows that the area covering the south-east of Brazil, Uruguay and some of Argentina is one of the world most tornado-prone areas, second only to the infamous tornado alley in central United States. The design of structures subject to tornado winds is a typical example of decision making in the presence of uncertainty. Structural design involves finding a good balance between the competing goals of safety and economy. This paper presents a methodology to find the optimum balance between these goals in the presence of uncertainty. In this paper, reliability-based risk optimization is used to find the optimal safety coefficient that minimizes the total expected cost of a steel frame communications tower, subject to extreme storm and tornado wind loads. The technique is not new, but it is applied to a practical problem of increasing interest to Brazilian structural engineers. The problem is formulated in the partial safety factor format used in current design codes, with all additional partial factor introduced to serve as optimization variable. The expected cost of failure (or risk) is defined as the product of a. limit state exceedance probability by a limit state exceedance cost. These costs include costs of repairing, rebuilding, and paying compensation for injury and loss of life. The total expected failure cost is the sum of individual expected costs over all failure modes. The steel frame communications, tower subject of this study has become very common in Brazil due to increasing mobile phone coverage. The study shows that optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the cost (or consequences) of failure. Since failure consequences depend oil actual tower location, it turn,,; out that different optimum designs should be used in different locations. Failure consequences are also different for the different parties involved in the design, construction and operation of the tower. Hence, it is important that risk is well understood by the parties involved, so that proper contracts call be made. The investigation shows that when non-structural terms dominate design costs (e.g, in residential or office buildings) it is not too costly to over-design; this observation is in agreement with the observed practice for non-optimized structural systems. In this situation, is much easier to loose money by under-design. When by under-design. When structural material cost is a significant part of design cost (e.g. concrete dam or bridge), one is likely to lose significantmoney by over-design. In this situation, a cost-risk-benefit optimization analysis is highly recommended. Finally, the study also shows that under time-varying loads like tornados, the optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the selected design life.

Non-additive genetic effects on weights and performance of a Brazilian Bos taurus x Bos indicus beef composite

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the heterosis effects on weaning weight at 205 days (WW, N = 146,464), yearling weight at 390 days (YW, N = 69,315) and weight gain from weaning to yearling (WG, N = 59,307) in composite beef cattle. The fixed models were: RM, which included contemporary groups, class of age of dam, outcrossing percentages for direct and maternal effects, and additive direct and maternal ( AM) breed effects; R, RM model, minus AM breed effects, and H, RM model, minus additive breed effects. The estimates for W205 were in general positive (P < 0.01). The R and H models resulted in similar estimates, but they were very different from the ones estimated by the RM model. For W390, the R and H models resulted in general positive estimates (P < 0.05). For WG, the RM model resulted in general significant heterosis effects (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the RM model seems to supply estimates of better quality (P < 0.01).

Multi-trait and random regression mature weight heritability and breeding value estimates in Nelore cattle

Mature weight breeding values were estimated using a multi-trait animal model (MM) and a random regression animal model (RRM). Data consisted of 82 064 weight records from 8 145 animals, recorded from birth to eight years of age. Weights at standard ages were considered in the MM. All models included contemporary groups as fixed effects, and age of dam (linear and quadratic effects) and animal age as covariates. In the RRM, mean trends were modelled through a cubic regression on orthogonal polynomials of animal age and genetic maternal and direct and maternal permanent environmental effects were also included as random. Legendre polynomials of orders 4, 3, 6 and 3 were used for animal and maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively, considering five classes of residual variances. Mature weight (five years) direct heritability estimates were 0.35 (MM) and 0.38 (RRM). Rank correlation between sires' breeding values estimated by MM and RRM was 0.82. However, selecting the top 2% (12) or 10% (62) of the young sires based on the MM predicted breeding values, respectively 71% and 80% of the same sires would be selected if RRM estimates were used instead. The RRM modelled the changes in the (co) variances with age adequately and larger breeding value accuracies can be expected using this model.

Influence of Chinese breeds on pork quality of commercial pig lines

We compared carcass and meat quality of pigs from the same sire line and two different dam lines, one that included Chinese breeds and one that did not. Line A consisted of 1/4 Landrace, 1/2 Large White, 1/8 Chinese breeds (Meishan, Fengjing, Jiaxing), and 1/8 Large White, Duroc and Pietrain, and line B consisted of 1/2 Large White and 1/2 Pietrain. The animals (N = 144) were slaughtered at a live weight of 108 kg. Backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat, pH 24 h after slaughter, meat color, percentage of drip loss, and percentage of intramuscular fat were measured and compared using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design; the BioEstat 5.0 test was applied for the comparison of means at a significance level of 5% for all analyses. Backfat was significantly lower for line A (12.78 mm) than for line B (15.90 mm). The pH measured 24 h after slaughter was significantly lower in line A (5.68) compared to line B (5.84). Percent lean meat was significantly higher for line A (61.21%) compared to line B (59.72%). Percentage drip loss was significantly higher in line A (2.73%) than in line B (2.23%). Percentage intramuscular fat and meat color were not significantly different between the lines. The inclusion of Chinese breeds produced a higher percentage of lean meat and reduced fat thickness, along with increased heterosis, which are important characteristics for breeding programs.

Identification and Characterization of Ixodes scapularis Antigens That Elicit Tick Immunity Using Yeast Surface Display

Repeated exposure of rabbits and other animals to ticks results in acquired resistance or immunity to subsequent tick bites and is partially elicited by antibodies directed against tick antigens. In this study we demonstrate the utility of a yeast surface display approach to identify tick salivary antigens that react with tick-immune serum. We constructed an Ixodes scapularis nymphal salivary gland yeast surface display library and screened the library with nymph-immune rabbit sera and identified five salivary antigens. Four of these proteins, designated P8, P19, P23 and P32, had a predicted signal sequence. We generated recombinant (r) P8, P19 and P23 in a Drosophila expression system for functional and immunization studies. rP8 showed anti-complement activity and rP23 demonstrated anti-coagulant activity. Ixodes scapularis feeding was significantly impaired when nymphs were fed on rabbits immunized with a cocktail of rP8, rP19 and rP23, a hall mark of tick-immunity. These studies also suggest that these antigens may serve as potential vaccine candidates to thwart tick feeding.