Ciência e cultura, coleções e museus: olhares sobre um «Portugal e a cultura europeia», no século XX…”,

Sob o signo de «Portugal e a cultura europeia», no século XX, faz-se uma incursão pela história da cultura científica que agrega Congressos científicos, Museus de História Natural e Coleções como cultura material. Artur Ricardo Jorge (1886-1972), naturalista e diretor do Museu Bocage em Lisboa, assume neste estudo o papel de protagonista para seguir o debate sobre o papel dos Museus de História Natural na política científica, na investigação e na educação científica. Um estudo de caso que permite confirmar uma agenda de história das práticas científicas e culturais sobre a participação de Portugal nas redes internacionais de troca de conhecimentos e de circulação científica, neste caso de Naturalistas/ Zoologia, no período do Estado Novo.

Does Final Energy Demand in Portugal Exhibit Long Memory? A Fractional Integration Analysis

In this paper, we measure the degree of fractional integration in final energy demand in Portugal using an ARFIMA model with and without adjustments for seasonality. We consider aggregate energy demand as well as final demand for petroleum, electricity, coal, and natural gas. Our findings suggest the presence of long memory in all of the components of energy demand. All fractional-difference parameters are positive and lower than 0.5 indicating that the series are stationary, although with mean reversion patterns slower than in the typical short-run processes. These results have important implications for the design of energy policies. As a result of the long-memory in final energy demand, the effects of temporary policy shocks will tend to disappear slowly. This means that even transitory shocks have long lasting effects. Given the temporary nature of these effects, however, permanent effects on final energy demand require permanent policies. This is unlike what would be suggested by the more standard, but much more limited, unit root approach, which would incorrectly indicate that even transitory policies would have permanent effects

The Impacts of Climate Change on Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Portugal

Climate change projections point to increasing air temperature and reduced precipitation in southern Portugal, which would affect farming systems. This study aims to assess the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in southern Portugal. These impacts were assessed by combining climate model data with a soil water balance model and a numerical model for the design of irrigation systems. Meteorological data from two weather stations were used along with three climate models (HadRM3P, HIRHAMh and HIRHAMhh; 2071–2100). The crop rotations studied included sugar beet–maize–tomato–wheat and sunflower–wheat–barley. Two adaptation measures were considered: (i) maintaining the current crop varieties; (ii) using new crop varieties. The results from the considered climate change scenarios indicated that the impacts of climate change on irrigation requirements depend on the adopted adaptation measures. On average, the seasonal irrigation requirements increased by 13–70% when new crop varieties were used and by −13 to 7% when the current crop varieties were maintained. The impacts of climate change on irrigation system design were considerable, with the design flow rate increasing by 5–24%.

Práticas científicas e colonialismo tardio em Portugal: acerca da (in)visibilidade de género em narrativas sobre quotidianos asiáticos

Este artigo explora relações entre género, prática científica e representações do espaço entre académicos portugueses que trabalham na Ásia. O foco empírico é colocado na análise da prática científica de uma cientista social, Graciete Batalha, com vista a discutir o seu trabalho em comparação com outras narrativas académicas suas contemporâneas. No verão de 1974, a linguista Graciete Batalha viaja para a cidade de Malaca (Malásia) numa missão científica de aplicação de um inquérito linguístico a uma população local, a qual é caracterizada como tendo origem portuguesa. Argumentamos que o trabalho dessa linguista se posiciona numa transição entre dois diferentes modos de produção de conhecimento, o colonial e o pós-colonial.

A formação de professores em Portugal e o processo de Bolonha

Um dos mais importantes objetivos do Processo de Bolonha em Portugal foi garantir a qualidade da formação dos cidadãos. Mas este compromisso de qualidade só se tornará evidente caso se garanta uma formação de professores que atenda de forma adequada a esta exigência. A reestruturação da formação inicial de professores no âmbito das reformas implementadas pelo Processo de Bolonha, em Portugal culminou com a publicação do Decreto-Lei nº43/2007, que promove relevantes transformações relativamente aos modelos anteriores. Nomeadamente a estipulação da habilitação profissional, conferida agora pelo grau de Mestre, como condição indispensável para o exercício da docência, seja em que nível ou área de ensino for. Ou seja, o mestrado profissionalizante deixou de ser considerado como uma formação pós-graduada para passar a fazer parte integrante da formação inicial de professores. Neste texto, apresentamos uma reflexão sobre marcos contextuais e legislativos da história da formação de professores em Portugal, fazendo uma apreciação das alterações introduzidas pelo Processo de Bolonha.

Mulheres Escultoras em Portugal

Como qualquer outra expressão artística, a Escultura tem especificidades singulares que fazem desta actividade um desafio técnico de vulto. Em tempos passados as condições técnicas e o agir artístico que a Escultura exigia e exige não permitiam, como no caso do Desenho e da Pintura, que fosse com a mesma facilidade e frequência uma prenda feminina que lustrava os grupos sociais economicamente favorecidos. Os actos e gestos que exigiam força, eram vistos como algo demasiadamente másculo e o atelier de escultura considerado um lugar impróprio. Seguir esta actividade tornava uma mulher extremamente invulgar, mais rara ainda que as pintoras, constituindo-se como uma afirmação de personalidade.Este livro aborda um conjunto de escultoras pouco conhecidas, ou mesmo desconhecidas e algumas que alcançaram ampla visibilidade.Praticamente todos os nomes abordados foram registados como palavras-chave.Esperamos que estes estudos de caso contribuam para um panorama mais completo do nosso património artístico e que mais tarde possam integrar uma História da Arte que contemple lado a lado escultores e escultoras.

Cultural Values Change in the Rehabilitation of Historic Schools in Portugal

Despite the importance of the preservation of the historic built environment for the benefit of present and future generations, there is a lack of knowledge of the effects of architectural rehabilitation decisions on the cultural significance of historic buildings. Architectural heritage conservation literature has focused almost exclusively on providing principles and guidelines, describing intervention methodologies, and discussing predicted impacts of design on material values. This thesis argues that a focus on the actual effects is needed if the sociocultural sustainability of historic buildings significance is to be achieved. Supported by an extensive literature review and informed by personal insights from the researcher’s everyday practice, an adapted model of the Theory of Change based on Weiss (1995) was designed, providing a tool to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation on cultural significance [ERECS]. Using a selection of six recently rehabilitated historic secondary schools in Portugal (liceus), this research investigated architectural decisions and their effects on the cultural values of this building typology for education, focusing on three objectives, corresponding to three stages of interventions: understanding the existing cultural significance, identifying the design strategies applied and assessing the short-term effects of design decisions on the cultural values. Stressing the role of stakeholders in rehabilitation processes, data were collected from the buildings and architectural projects, the decision makers in the conservation process, and the school community. Although confirming that the evaluation of the effects of architectural decisions on cultural values is a complex task, the findings demonstrate that the historic liceus have historical, architectural and sociocultural values, and whilst strategies did not value social values, material cultural values were generally considered and preserved, contributing to the enhancement of intangible values. The implications of this theory-based and evidence-based research highlight the importance of evaluating actual effects for cultural heritage theory, architectural conservation practice and heritage management policy.

Emergy analysis of a silvo-pastoral system, a case study in southern Portugal

The Mediterranean silvo-pastoral system known as Montado, in Portugal, is a complex land use system composed of an open tree stratum in various densities and an herbaceous layer, used for livestock grazing. Livestock also profit from the acorns, and the grazing contributes to avoid shrub encroachment. In the last 20 years, subsidies from the European Union have greatly promoted cattle rearing in this system and the introduction of heavy breeds, at the expense of sheep, goats or the native cattle breeds. The balance of the traditional system is thus threatened, and a precise assessment of the balance between the different components of the system, therefore is highly needed. The goal of this study was to gain a better under- standing of a Montado farm system with cattle rearing as the major economic activity by applying the emergy evaluation method to calculate indices of yield, investment, environmental loading and sustainability. By integrating different ecosystem components, the emergy evaluation method allows a comprehensive evaluation of this complex and multifunctional system at the scale of an individual farm. This method provides a set of indices that can help us understand the system and design management strategies that maximize emergy flow in the farm. In this paper, we apply the emergy evaluation method to a Montado farm with cattle rearing, as a way to gain a better understanding of this system at the farm scale. The value for the transformity of veal (2.66E?06 sej J-1) is slightly higher, when compared to other systems producing protein. That means that the investment of nature and man in this product was higher and it requires a premium price on the market. The renewa- bility for Holm Oaks Farm (49 %), lower than for other similar systems, supports the assumption that this is a farm in which, comparing with others, the number of purchased inputs in relation to renewable inputs provided by nature, is higher. The Emergy Investment Ratio is 0.91 for cattle rearing compared to a value of 0.49 for cork and 0.43 for firewood harvesting, making it clear that cattle rearing is a more labor demanding activity comparing with extractive activities as cork and firewood harvesting.

Guia dos peixes de água doce de Portugal Continental

O trabalho desenvolvido insere-se num projecto do FFishGUL, Freshwater Fish Group of the University of Lisbon, que consiste na publicação de um guia ilustrado que reúna e disponibilize informação sobre a fauna ictiológica dulciaquícola de Portugal Continental, dirigido a diversos públicos-alvo. Este guia procura promover o conhecimento sobre as espécies e comunidades piscícolas e ser uma ferramenta técnica de resposta a questões prioritárias em termos de conservação do património natural, gestão dos recursos hídricos e ordenamento do território. O âmbito deste trabalho de mestrado centra-se na ilustração de algumas das espécies de peixes tratadas, investigando e criando pela primeira vez uma representação rigorosa que promova a documentação e identificação destas, como ponto de partida para o trabalho a realizar para a totalidade das espécies a tratar no guia. O trabalho desenvolvido é um trabalho que se pode considerar inédito, na medida em que não existe, tanto quanto sabemos e após extensiva pesquisa bibliográfica neste domínio, nada publicado que se assemelhe aos níveis de rigor, detalhe e coerência entre todo o conjunto apresentado. O resultado pretendido para este guia é o de uma publicação de referência, de grande utilidade técnica e de cuidada comunicação visual. Nesse sentido foi também desenvolvido um layout gráfico, visando uma apresentação cuidada e apelativa dos conteúdos do guia, pretendendo contribuir para uma maior sensibilização dos vários públicos a que se destina; ABSTRACT: This Masters thesis is part of a larger project, developed by FFishGUL, the Freshwater Fish Group of the University of Lisbon, consisting of the edition of an illustrated guide to the freshwater fish of mainland Portugal. This guide aims to create a hitherto nonexistent tool to promote knowledge on Portuguese freshwater fish communities and species and help on the management of water resources and land-use planning. This Masters thesis is centered on the illustration of some of the guide’s fish species, aiming to study and create an accurate representation that will facilitate their correct identification. These illustrations serve as an example of the process that will be followed for the total guide’s species range. The developed work can be regarded as unprecedented, to the extent that there is not, as far as we know, and after extensive bibliographic research in this field, any published work resembling the levels of accuracy, detail and coherence of what is here presented. This guide intends to be a reference publication, of major technical utility and careful visual communication. In this sense a graphic layout was also developed, aiming a careful and attractive presentation of the guide’s contents and contributing to greater awareness of the various target audiences.

Design, Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Hybrid Bioisoster Derivatives Of N-acylhydrazone And Furoxan Groups With Potential And Selective Anti-trypanosoma Cruzi Activity.

Hybrid bioisoster derivatives from N-acylhydrazones and furoxan groups were designed with the objective of obtaining at least a dual mechanism of action: cruzain inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) releasing activity. Fifteen designed compounds were synthesized varying the substitution in N-acylhydrazone and in furoxan group as well. They had its anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in amastigotes forms, NO releasing potential and inhibitory cruzain activity evaluated. The two most active compounds (6, 14) both in the parasite amastigotes and in the enzyme contain the nitro group in para position of the aromatic ring. The permeability screening in Caco-2 cell and cytotoxicity assay in human cells were performed for those most active compounds and both showed to be less cytotoxic than the reference drug, benznidazole. Compound 6 was the most promising, since besides activity it showed good permeability and selectivity index, higher than the reference drug. Thereby the compound 6 was considered as a possible candidate for additional studies.

Study Of The Homogeneity Of Drug Loaded In Polymeric Films Using Near-infrared Chemical Imaging And Split-plot Design.

Split-plot design (SPD) and near-infrared chemical imaging were used to study the homogeneity of the drug paracetamol loaded in films and prepared from mixtures of the biocompatible polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyethyleneglycol. The study was split into two parts: a partial least-squares (PLS) model was developed for a pixel-to-pixel quantification of the drug loaded into films. Afterwards, a SPD was developed to study the influence of the polymeric composition of films and the two process conditions related to their preparation (percentage of the drug in the formulations and curing temperature) on the homogeneity of the drug dispersed in the polymeric matrix. Chemical images of each formulation of the SPD were obtained by pixel-to-pixel predictions of the drug using the PLS model of the first part, and macropixel analyses were performed for each image to obtain the y-responses (homogeneity parameter). The design was modeled using PLS regression, allowing only the most relevant factors to remain in the final model. The interpretation of the SPD was enhanced by utilizing the orthogonal PLS algorithm, where the y-orthogonal variations in the design were separated from the y-correlated variation.

Doehlert Design-desirability Function Multi-criteria Optimal Separation Of 17 Phenolic Compounds From Extra-virgin Olive Oil By Capillary Zone Electrophoresis.

In Brazil, the consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is increasing annually, but there are no experimental studies concerning the phenolic compound contents of commercial EVOO. The aim of this work was to optimise the separation of 17 phenolic compounds already detected in EVOO. A Doehlert matrix experimental design was used, evaluating the effects of pH and electrolyte concentration. Resolution, runtime and migration time relative standard deviation values were evaluated. Derringer's desirability function was used to simultaneously optimise all 37 responses. The 17 peaks were separated in 19min using a fused-silica capillary (50μm internal diameter, 72cm of effective length) with an extended light path and 101.3mmolL(-1) of boric acid electrolyte (pH 9.15, 30kV). The method was validated and applied to 15 EVOO samples found in Brazilian supermarkets.

Design And Synthesis Of N-acylated Aza-goniothalamin Derivatives And Evaluation Of Their In Vitro And In Vivo Antitumor Activity.

Herein we describe the synthesis of a focused library of compounds based on the structure of goniothalamin (1) and the evaluation of the potential antitumor activity of the compounds. N-Acylation of aza-goniothalamin (2) restored the in vitro antiproliferative activity of this family of compounds. 1-(E)-But-2-enoyl-6-styryl-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (18) displayed enhanced antiproliferative activity. Both goniothalamin (1) and derivative 18 led to reactive oxygen species generation in PC-3 cells, which was probably a signal for caspase-dependent apoptosis. Treatment with derivative 18 promoted Annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D double staining, which indicated apoptosis, and also led to G2 /M cell-cycle arrest. In vivo studies in Ehrlich ascitic and solid tumor models confirmed the antitumor activity of goniothalamin (1), without signs of toxicity. However, derivative 18 exhibited an unexpectedly lower in vivo antitumor activity, despite the treatments being administered at the same site of inoculation. Contrary to its in vitro profile, aza-goniothalamin (2) inhibited Ehrlich tumor growth, both on the ascitic and solid forms. Our findings highlight the importance of in vivo studies in the search for new candidates for cancer treatment.

Use Of Experimental Design To Optimize A Triple-potential Waveform To Develop A Method For The Determination Of Streptomycin And Dihydrostreptomycin In Pharmaceutical Veterinary Dosage Forms By Hplc-pad.

An HPLC-PAD method using a gold working electrode and a triple-potential waveform was developed for the simultaneous determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in veterinary drugs. Glucose was used as the internal standard, and the triple-potential waveform was optimized using a factorial and a central composite design. The optimum potentials were as follows: amperometric detection, E1=-0.15V; cleaning potential, E2=+0.85V; and reactivation of the electrode surface, E3=-0.65V. For the separation of the aminoglycosides and the internal standard of glucose, a CarboPac™ PA1 anion exchange column was used together with a mobile phase consisting of a 0.070 mol L(-1) sodium hydroxide solution in the isocratic elution mode with a flow rate of 0.8 mL min(-1). The method was validated and applied to the determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in veterinary formulations (injection, suspension and ointment) without any previous sample pretreatment, except for the ointments, for which a liquid-liquid extraction was required before HPLC-PAD analysis. The method showed adequate selectivity, with an accuracy of 98-107% and a precision of less than 3.9%.

Marcos da história da radioatividade e tendências atuais

The first days of radioactivity, the discoveries of X-rays, radioactivity, of alpha- and beta- particles and gamma- radiation, of new radioactive elements, of artificial radioactivity, the neutron and positron and nuclear fission are reviewed as well as several adverse historical marks, such as the Manhattan project and some nuclear and radiological accidents. Nuclear energy generation in Brazil and the world, as an alternative to minimize environmental problems, is discussed, as are the medicinal, industrial and food applications of ionizing radiation. The text leads the reader to reflect on the subject and to consider its various aspects with scientific and technological maturity.