613 resultados para Guión


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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciênicas Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação Sobre as Américas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Comparados, 2016.

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Las distribuidoras de productos para la panificación existentes en el país son alrededor de 67 empresas, en donde su función principal es la distribución de productos para la panificación comercializando al contado o crédito, asumiendo los riesgos que enfrentan al otorgar éste es por ello que el objetivo del trabajo es proporcionar al sector en estudio un modelo de administración del riesgo crediticio, el cual les proporcione una herramienta práctica de evaluación, que les ayude a minimizar el riesgo de la cartera. La metodología utilizada en la investigación se realizó mediante la recopilación de información tanto bibliográfica relacionada con el tema, así como información proporcionada mediante entrevistas personales a jefes de créditos y cobros conocedores del sector. La investigación de campo se realizó mediante encuestas, las cuales fueron diseñadas para los propietarios del negocio o encargados los cuales proporcionaron información para analizar la situación actual de las empresas distribuidoras de productos para la panificación, donde se identificó: normas, procedimientos, criterios utilizados para conceder o denegar un crédito, los tipos de garantías que poseen, la antigüedad de saldos que ayudo a conocer cómo se encuentran distribuidas, según el tiempo de facturación, las cuentas por cobrar, conociendo de esta manera el porcentaje de cuentas morosas de las distribuidoras en estudio. Así también se detectó que la mitad del sector no cuenta con políticas, normas, procedimientos y límites de riesgo para otorgar los créditos. El no evaluar los riesgos a que se enfrentan hace que no prevean con anticipación el impacto que tendrá. al igual que se presentan las ventajas del modelo que se proponen Al final del documento se proporciona la bibliografía, el guión de preguntas, el cuestionario como los anexos relacionados al trabajo de investigación, los cuales hacen que sea más comprensible.

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Dissertação de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Design de Comunicação, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

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El sector de la microempresa tiene un papel fundamental para la economía del país ya que cubre el mercado laboral que no alcanza a cubrir la gran empresa lo que trae consigo la expansión acelerada del sector, por lo que requiere de una atención a través de servicios de asistencia técnica que tenga bases científicas y tecnológicas mediante las cuales se garantice su supervivencia y el uso racional de los recursos. Se enfoca el presente trabajo a auxiliar a una entidad cuya función es colaborar en la formación del sector femenino que desarrolla su actividad económica a nivel de microempresa, como es la Asociación Movimiento de Mujeres Mélida Anaya Montes que a pesar de la experiencia acumulada no ha logrado definir un sistema integral de asistencia técnica que logre un incremento en la competitividad del sector. Se diagnosticó la situación del grupo beneficiario, investigando sus necesidades de asistencia técnica. Recurriendo a la observación directa de todos los sectores incidentes en el desarrollo y funcionamiento de las microempresas, así también se recogió información primaria a través de entrevistas estructuradas, auxiliada por un guión de entrevista que permitiera diagnosticar la situación administrativa y definir sus necesidades de asistencia técnica de una muestra de 45 microempresas ubicadas en la zona central, paracentral y norcentral de El Salvador. La información obtenida fue analizada e interpretada estadísticamente para luego formular una propuesta definida científicamente. Para el Diseño del Sistema administrativo para dar asistencia técnica a las microempresas organizadas bajo la metodología grupo solidario atendidas por la Asociación Movimiento de Mujeres “Mélida Anaya Montes”, fue necesario fundamentar un marco teórico que nos sirviera de referencia en el diseño del sistema así como también establecer un diagnóstico de la gestión empresarial de las microempresas que son atendidas por la Asociación, con el fin de identificar sus principales fortalezas y debilidades, así como sus oportunidades y amenazas, con base a las fases del proceso administrativo, lo que permitió determinar que las microempresas no llevan a cabo una planeación efectiva de manera formal, además carecen de estructura organizacional, no poseen mecanismos de motivación para sus empleados, no poseen medios de comunicación formal para comunicar las actividades a sus empleados, etc.

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Freeze drying technology can give good quality attributes of vegetables and fruits in terms of color, nutrition, volume, rehydration kinetics, stability during storage, among others, when compared with solely air dried ones. However, published scientific works showed that treatments applied before and after air dehydration are effective in food attributes, improving its quality. Therefore, the hypothesis of the present thesis was focus in a vast research of scientific work that showed the possibility to apply a pre-treatment and a post-treatment to food products combined with conventional air drying aiming being close, or even better, to the quality that a freeze dried product can give. Such attributes are the enzymatic inactivation, stability during storage, drying and rehydration kinetics, color, nutrition, volume and texture/structure. With regard to pre-treatments, the ones studied along the present work were: water blanching, steam blanching, ultrasound, freezing, high pressure and osmotic dehydration. High electric pulsed field was also studied but the food attributes were not explained on detailed. Basically, water and steam blanching showed to be adequate to inactivate enzymes in order to prevent enzymatic browning and preserve the product quality during long storage periods. With regard to ultrasound pre-treatment the published results pointed that ultrasound is an effective pre-treatment to reduce further drying times, improve rehydration kinetics and color retention. On the other hand, studies showed that ultrasound allow sugars losses and, in some cases, can lead to cell disruption. For freezing pre-treatment an overall conclusion was difficult to draw for some food attributes, since, each fruit or vegetable is unique and freezing comprises a lot of variables. However, for the studied cases, freezing showed to be a pre-treatment able to enhance rehydration kinetics and color attributes. High pressure pre-treatment showed to inactivate enzymes improving storage stability of food and showed to have a positive performance in terms of rehydration. For other attributes, when high pressure technology was applied, the literature showed divergent results according with the crops used. Finally, osmotic dehydration has been widely used in food processing to incorporate a desired salt or sugar present in aqueous solution into the cellular structure of food matrix (improvement of nutrition attribute). Moreover, osmotic dehydration lead to shorter drying times and the impregnation of solutes during osmose allow cellular strengthens of food. In case of post-treatments, puffing and a new technology denominated as instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) were reported in the literature as treatments able to improve diverse Abstract Effect of Pre-treatments and Post-treatments on Drying Products x food attributes. Basically, both technologies are similar where the product is submitted to a high pressure step and the process can make use of different heating mediums such as CO2, steam, air and N2. However, there exist a significant difference related with the final stage of both which can comprise the quality of the final product. On the other hand, puffing and DIC are used to expand cellular tissues improving the volume of food samples, helping in rehydration kinetics as posterior procedure, among others. The effectiveness of such pre and/or post-treatments is dependent on the state of the vegetables and fruits used which are also dependent of its cellular structure, variety, origin, state (fresh, ripe, raw), harvesting conditions, etc. In conclusion, as it was seen in the open literature, the application of pre-treatments and post-treatments coupled with a conventional air dehydration aim to give dehydrated food products with similar quality of freeze dried ones. Along the present Master thesis the experimental data was removed due to confidential reasons of the company Unilever R&D Vlaardingen

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Los Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial(SDE) juegan un papel importante para el desarrollo de toda empresa incluyendo a la Micro y Pequeña Empresa(MYPE) Industrial, quienes contribuyen de manera significativa al PIB del país y a la generación de empleos; sin embargo, éste sector es uno de los que menos atención recibe de parte de las empresas consultoras en lo referente a la prestación de los servicios, similarmente, la Micro y Pequeña Empresa industrial enfrenta una serie de dificultades para accesar a estos servicios lo cual les dificulta su crecimiento, competitividad y sostenibilidad, por lo cual, surge la iniciativa de presentar a la Micro y Pequeña Empresa industrial una alternativa de prestación de servicios la cual responda a sus necesidades y que contribuya a la resolución de sus problemas, denominada “Diseño e Implementación de una Empresa Consultora de Prestación de Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial para la Micro y Pequeña Empresa(MYPE) Industrial, del Municipio de San Salvador”. El objetivo que persigue ésta investigación es Diseñar e Implementar una empresa Consultora de Prestación de Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial(SDE) que contribuya a la Sostenibilidad, Competitividad y Crecimiento de la Micro y Pequeña Empresa industrial. La metodología para realizar la investigación consistió en el empleo del método científico e inductivo; para la obtención de la información se utilizaron fuentes primarias y secundarias, dentro de las fuentes secundarias se utilizó la investigación documental en la cual se consultaron tesis, libros y folletos; para las fuentes primarias se realizó una investigación de campo en la que se empleó el cuestionario como instrumento dirigido a los demandantes de servicios y un guión de entrevista como instrumento dirigido a los oferentes de servicios. En cuanto a los hallazgos de la investigación en relación a los demandantes de Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial se tiene que: Los empresarios tienen la tendencia a utilizar servicios orientados a cubrir aspectos de aprendizaje de competencias, además, tienen una buena apreciación de los servicios que han recibido, por lo cual representa un mercado abierto a recibir estos servicios. Por otra parte, el acceso a estos servicios se ve limitado por la poca información que las empresas consultoras dan sobre los mismos, las que a su vez tienen poco posicionamiento dentro de éste sector. En cuanto a los problemas que enfrenta este sector están, los de abastecimiento, especialización, competitividad, maquinaria e instalaciones, organización, contables y financieros. Los oferentes de Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial, destacan que el servicio más demandado es el de capacitación, orientando su mayor atención a la Mediana y Gran Empresa. Entre las dificultades encontradas en la prestación de servicios se tiene la no medición del impacto de dichos servicios y la falta de un sistema de gestión de calidad. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de una empresa consultora de prestación de Servicios de Desarrollo Empresarial para la Micro y Pequeña Empresa Industrial, fundamentada en la investigación teórica y de campo, la cual permita brindar servicios de calidad, que resuelva problemas y que pueda satisfacer las necesidades de la Micro y Pequeña Empresa Industrial.

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La comedia nació como forma de expresión dramática donde lo innombrable o prohibido, podía ser expuesto de manera más agradable para el público. Moliere, uno de los grandes comediantes de la historia, criticaba a las monarquías del pueblo francés de manera directa y controversial. Su obra, patrimonio histórico de Francia, fue apreciada entre los altos estratos sociales. En la actualidad, la comedia en el cine trabaja mayormente con mofas y usa temáticas estereotípicas para facilitar la identificación del público con los personajes, sin ser necesariamente adecuado. La comedia es utilizada como principal género cinematográfico comercial, siguiendo la fórmula de Hollywood para el entretenimiento masivo. También existen comediantes, como Woody Allen, que hacen uso del género a manera de terapia para el autodescubrimiento y catarsis de conflictos que los agobian como personas y artistas. El interés por desarrollar esta tesis nace cuando su autor termina la filmación del cortometraje promocional para su proyecto de serie de televisión: Medicina. En tono de comedia. En este proyecto, los personajes protagonista y coprotagonista funcionan como una misma fuerza en función de alcanzar un objetivo; sin embargo, sucede que el segundo existe en función del conflicto del primero, lo que abre las puertas para desarrollar un trabajo dramatúrgico complejo que exige un análisis teórico amplio. Esta tesis tiene como fin aportar al entendimiento de los códigos que hacen de la comedia un género complejo y expresivo. Estos conocimientos serán aplicados en el guión del episodio piloto de Medicina.

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En nuestra sociedad, realidades tan propias de la condición humana como los distintos tipos de pérdidas –de la red social, personas significativas, estructura familiar,…- son relegadas y ocultadas, hasta convertirse en un tema tabú que incomoda hablar y reflexionar. Se llega a pensar que apartando a nuestros menores de estas adversidades es una forma de no traumatizarlos. Es urgente la necesidad de vivir estas circunstancias con normalidad e integradas en la propia vida, ya que a su vez provocan una pérdida importante de uno mismo. Hemos de poner en marcha tanto nuestros recursos internos como externos, convirtiéndose la resiliencia y el desarrollo de las fortalezas resilientes en un medio para hacerles frente. La resiliencia es aprender a vivir, está relacionada con la construcción y reconstrucción de la persona, es la capacidad proactiva de reescribir el guión biográfico. El gran poder que contiene este término nos invita a ser cada vez más resilientes. El objetivo general de la presente Tesis Doctoral es investigar las fortalezas más frecuentes, que a pesar de las adversidades de la vida, hacen seguir adelante a futuros docentes en formación...

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In this study 15 hazelnut varieties existing in a collection of Viseu Agricultural Station were evaluated. The nuts were studied in respect of their morphological characteristics, such as fruit and kernel weight, index of compression and of shape and shell thickness. The study was complemented with analysis of physical properties such as colour and texture, and the determination of moisture content and water activity, given the importance that these parameters take in the conservation capacity of the fruits. All experiments followed standard methods, being also used the following equipment: texturometer, colorimeter and hygrometer. The results obtained allowed to know the expectable ranges for each color parameters in the shell, film and kernels: L*, a*, b* chroma and hue, having been found statistically significant differences among the cultivars studied. As regards the textural parameters evaluated by crust crushing and crumb cutting tests (hardness, friability and resilience) there were also significant differences. Evaluation of moisture was of great importance because confirmed that the solar drying, used to extract the excess of moisture from the fruits, was sufficient to reach low values, between 1.66% and 4.52%, being so a guarantee of preservation.

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Dietary fi bres (DFs) are essential components of the balanced diet. Even though the adequate level of their consumption can be ensured from several natural (e.g. fruit, vegetables, legumes) and ‘artifi cial’ sources (e.g. functional foods), the consumed levels are below the recommendations. To analyse the Hungarian and Romanian consumers’ knowledge level, their perceptions of the health benefi ts associated with fi bre, as well as the recognition of the potential information sources, a survey questionnaire was conducted with the total of 713 consumers. Results showed that the level of knowledge about DFs was not adequate. Internet was found to be widely used and identifi ed as one of the most appropriate information sources to encourage the consumption of DF. It was a favourable result that three-quarter of the respondents was interested in the topic of healthy food consumption; however, just less than half of them took into consideration the label information during their shopping decisions. To increase the consumption of DF and to support the responsibility and conscious consumer decisions steps must to be done (e.g. education of children, pointing out of the sources). For this purpose, modern information technology and communication channels fi tting to the consumers’ cultural and personal particularities can be utilized.

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O cardo é uma planta que encontra-se associada ao fabrico de queijo, pois é responsável pelo fenómeno da coagulação do leite. No entanto, têm aumentado o número de estudos realizados nesta planta, relacionados com a composição química, de forma a perceber os benefícios para a saúde. O objetivo desta dissertação foi caracterizar a flor de cardo relativamente à sua atividade antioxidante, composição em compostos fenólicos e avaliar a sua estabilidade ao longo do trato digestivo. Para tal, foram estudas amostras de flor de cardo da espécie C. cardunculus spp flavescens, após liofilização e secagem em estufa com convecção forçada a diferentes temperaturas (40ºC, 50ºC e 60ºC). Após cada tratamento, efetuaram-se duas extrações sucessivas com soluções de metanol (98% v/v) e de acetona (60% v/v). Os extratos obtidos foram depois utilizados para quantificar os teores em compostos fenólicos totais, em orto-difenois e em flavonóides. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada utilizando os métodos DPPH e ABTS. Por fim, procedeu-se à avaliação da bioacessibilidade dos compostos presentes submetendo os vários extratos a condições simulantes do trato digestivo. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos foi possível constatar que a quantidade de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante na flor de cardo varia consoante a temperatura de secagem, ocorrendo a diminuição à medida que se aumenta a temperatura. Os resultados obtidos para a bioacessibilidade mostraram um comportamento distinto dos extratos de metanol e de acetona. No entanto, em ambos os casos ocorreu uma diminuição na quantidade de compostos disponíveis para absorção intestinal.

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Kiwi fruit is a highly nutritional fruit due to the high level of vitamin C and its strong antioxidant capacity due to a wide number of phytonutrients including carotenoids, lutein, phenolics, flavonoids and chlorophyll [1]. Drying consists of a complex process in which simultaneous heat and mass transfer occur. Several alterations occur during the drying of foods at many levels (physical, chemical, nutritional or sensorial) which are influenced by a number of factors, including processing conditions [2]. Temperature is particularly important because of the effects it produces at the chemical and also at the physical level, particularly colour and texture [3]. In the present work were evaluated the changes in sliced kiwi when exposed to air drying at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80 ºC), namely in terms of some chemical properties like ascorbic acid or phenolic compounds, physical characteristics like colour and texture and also at the sensorial level. All experiments followed standard established procedures and several replicates were done to assess each property. The results obtained indicated that moisture was reduced with drying by 74 to 87%, depending on the temperature. Also ascorbic acid decreased with drying, being 7% for 50 ºC and increasing up to 28% for the highest temperature (80 ºC). The phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were also very much affected by the drying temperature. The water activity of the dried samples varied from 0.658 to 0.753, being compatible with a good preservation. Regarding colour, the total colour difference between the dried samples and the fresh sample was found to vary in the range 9.45 – 17.17. The textural parameters were also much affected by drying, namely hardness which decreased by 45 to 72 %, and all other parameters increased: cohesiveness (approximately doubled), springiness (increased 2 to 3 times) and chewiness which increased up to 2.5 times that off the fresh sample. Adhesiveness, which was observed for the fresh samples (-4.02 N.s) disappeared in all the dried samples. The sensorial analysis made to the dried samples allowed establishing the sensorial profiles as shown in Figure 1.

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Strawberries are an important source of phytochemicals, namely vitamins and phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and tannins with antioxidant properties [1]. The yield and phenolic content of natural extracts are dependent on the conditions used for extraction [2]. In the present work three different types of extracting solutions (methanol, ethanol:water and aceton:water), two times of extraction (15 and 60 min) and three ratios of solid/solvent (5/25, 5/50 and 5/100 g/mL) were tested in order to evaluate the efficiency of the extraction of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method [3]. Each assay was performed in triplicate. Regarding the extraction solution, it was possible to observe a slight tendency towards a higher efficiency of acetone:water (AcO:H2O, 60:40), but the differences mioght not be statistically significant. A longer time of contact, 60 min as opposed to 15 min, did not show advantages in the yield of extraction. Considering the factors under study, the results obtained showed that volume of extraction solution was the parameter that most influenced the values obtained. Using a higher volume lead to an increase in the amount of phenolic compounds extracted, in a more pronounced way for 15 min of extraction. For a volume of 25 mL the amount of phenolic compounds quantified ranged from 2.13-2.41 mg GAE/g, and increased 30-68% when it was used 50 mL of solution. Using 100 mL of solution, it was extracted twice as double of phenolic compounds. In case of 60 min, the amount of phenolic compounds quantified in samples obtained with 25 mL of solution ranged from 2.32-2.97 mg GAE/g, and increased for 2.43-4.27 mg GAE/g and 3.98-4.68 mg GAE/g when was used 50 and 100 mL, respectively.

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Objective: To assess the epidemiological evidence on dietary fiber intake and chronic diseases and make public health recommendations for the population in Romania based on their consumption. Populations that consume more dietary fiber from cereals, fruits and vegetables have less chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes recommend consumption of 14 g dietary fiber per 1,000 kcal, or 25 g for adult women and 38 g for adult men, based on epidemiologic studies showing protection against cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, colorectal -, breast -, gastric -, endometrial -, ovarian - and prostate cancer. Furthermore, increased consumption of dietary fiber improves serum lipid concentrations, lowers blood pressure, blood glucose leads to low glycemic index, aids in weight loss, improve immune function, reduce inflammatory marker levels, reduce indicators of inflammation. Dietary fibers contain an unique blend of bioactive components including resistant starches, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and antioxidants. Dietary fiber components have important physiological effects on glucose, lipid, protein metabolism and mineral bioavailability needed to prevent chronic diseases. Materials and methods: Data regarding diet was collected based on questionnaires. We used mathematical formulas to calculate the mean dietary fiber intake of Romanian adult population and compared the results with international public health recommendations. Results: Based on the intakes of vegetables, fruits and whole cereals we calculated the Mean Dietary Fiber Intake/day/person (MDFI). Our research shows that the national average MDFI was 9.8 g fiber/day/person, meaning 38% of Dietary Requirements, and the rest of 62% representing a “fiber gap” that we have to take into account. This deficiency predisposes to chronic diseases. Conclusions and recommendations:The poor control of relationship between dietary fiber intake and chronic diseases is a major issue that can result in adverse clinical and economic outcomes. The population in Romania is at risk to develop such diseases due to the deficient fiber consumption. A model of chronic diseases costs is needed to aid attempts to reduce them while permitting optimal management of the chronic diseases. This paper presents a discussion of the burden of chronical disease and its socio-economic implications and proposes a model to predict the costs reduction by adequate intake of dietary fiber.