Nonlocal growth processes and conformal invariance

Up to now the raise-and-peel model was the single known example of a one-dimensional stochastic process where one can observe conformal invariance. The model has one parameter. Depending on its value one has a gapped phase, a critical point where one has conformal invariance, and a gapless phase with changing values of the dynamical critical exponent z. In this model, adsorption is local but desorption is not. The raise-and-strip model presented here, in which desorption is also nonlocal, has the same phase diagram. The critical exponents are different as are some physical properties of the model. Our study suggests the possible existence of a whole class of stochastic models in which one can observe conformal invariance.

MSX2 copy number increase and craniosynostosis: copy number variation detected by array comparative genomic hybridization

Fleury Group

Microelectrode array in mixed alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers: Electrochemical studies

We report an efficient alternative to obtain recessed microelectrodes device on gold electrode surface, in which mixed self-assembled monolayer of long and short carbon alkanethiol chains was used for this purpose. Development of the modified electrodes included the chemical adsorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 2-mercaptoethanol solution, as well as their mixtures, on gold surface, resulting in the final mixed self-assembled monolayer configuration. For comparison, the electrochemical performance of self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 4-mercapto-1-butanol and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol modified electrodes was also investigated. It was verified that, in the mixed self-assembled monolayer, the 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid acts as a barrier for electron transfer while the short alkanethiol chair is deposited in an island-like shape through which electrons can be freely transferred to ions in solution, allowing electrochemical reactions to occur. The performance of the modified electrodes toward microelectrode behavior was investigated via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements using [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-) redox couple as a probe. In this case, sigmoidal voltammetric responses were obtained, very similar to those observed for microelectrodes. Such behavior reinforces the proposition of electron transfer through the short alkanethiol chain layer and surface blockage by the long chain one. Electrochemical impedance results allowed calculated the mean radius value of each microelectrode disks of 3.8 mu m with about 22 mu m interval between them. The microelectrode environment provided by the mixed self-assembled monolayer can be conveniently used to provide an efficient catalytic conversion in biosensing applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of an AMR-ACB Array for Gastrointestinal Motility Studies

The association between anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensor and AC biosusceptometry (ACB) to evaluate gastrointestinal motility is presented. The AMR-ACB system was successfully characterized in a bench-top study, and in vivo results were compared with those obtained by means of simultaneous manometry. Both AMR-ACB and manometry techniques presented high temporal cross correlation between the two periodicals signals (R = 0.9 +/- 0.1; P < 0.05). The contraction frequencies using AMR-ACB were 73.9 +/- 7.6 mHz and using manometry were 73.8 +/- 7.9 mHz during the baseline (r = 98, p < 0.05). The amplitude of contraction using AMR-ACB was 396 +/- 108 mu T.s and using manometry were 540 +/- 198 mmHg.s during the baseline. The amplitudes of signals for AMR-ACB and manometric recordings were similarly increased to 86.4% and 89.3% by neostigmine, and also decreased to 27.2% and 21.4% by hyoscine butylbromide in all animals, respectively. The AMR-ACB array is nonexpensive, portable, and has high-spatiotemporal resolution to provide helpful information about gastrointestinal tract.

Effects of 3-Dimensional Conformal or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy on Dental Pulp Sensitivity during and after the Treatment of Oral or Oropharyngeal Malignancies

Introduction: Radiation therapy (RT) of malignant tumors in the head and neck area may have damaging effects on surrounding tissues. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of RI delivered by 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-RT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on dental pulp sensitivity. Methods: Twenty patients with oral or oropharyngeal cancer receiving RT with 3D-RT or IMRT underwent cold thermal pulp sensitivity testing (PST) of 2 teeth each at 4 time points: before RT (TP1), the beginning of RT with doses between 30 and 35 Gy (TP2), the end of RT with doses between 60 and 70 Gy (TP3), and 4 to 5 months after the start of RT (TP4). Results: All 40 teeth showed positive responses to PST at TP1 (100%) and 9 at TP2 (22.5%; 3/16 [18.8%] for 3D-RT and 6/24 [25.0%] for IMRT). No tooth responded to PST at TP3 and TP4 (0%). A statistically significant difference existed in the number of positive pulp responses between different time points (TP1 through TP4) for all patients receiving RT (P <= .05), IMRT (P <= .05), and 3D-RT (P <= .05). No statistically significant differences in positive sensitivity responses were found between 3D-RT and IMRT at any time point (TP1, TP3, TP4, P = 1.0; TP2, P = .74). A statistically significant correlation existed between the location of the tumor and PST at TP2 for IMRT (P <= .05) but not for 3D-RT (P = .14). Conclusions: RT decreased the number of teeth responding to PST after doses greater than 30 to 35 Gy. The type of RT (3D-RT or IMRT) had no influence on the pulp responses to PST after the conclusion of RT. (J Endod 2012;38:148-152)

Infinite dimensional Lie algebra associated with conformal transformations of the two-point velocity correlation tensor from isotropic turbulence

We deal with homogeneous isotropic turbulence and use the two-point velocity correlation tensor field (parametrized by the time variable t) of the velocity fluctuations to equip an affine space K3 of the correlation vectors by a family of metrics. It was shown in Grebenev and Oberlack (J Nonlinear Math Phys 18:109–120, 2011) that a special form of this tensor field generates the so-called semi-reducible pseudo-Riemannian metrics ds2(t) in K3. This construction presents the template for embedding the couple (K3, ds2(t)) into the Euclidean space R3 with the standard metric. This allows to introduce into the consideration the function of length between the fluid particles, and the accompanying important problem to address is to find out which transformations leave the statistic of length to be invariant that presents a basic interest of the paper. Also we classify the geometry of the particles configuration at least locally for a positive Gaussian curvature of this configuration and comment the case of a negative Gaussian curvature.

A complete CMOS UWB timed-array transmitter with a 3D Vivaldi antenna array for electronic high-resolution beam spatial scanning

We present a new Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Timed- Array Transmitter System with Beamforming capability for high-resolution remote acquisition of vital signals. The system consists of four identical channels, where each is formed of a serial topology with three modules: programmable delay circuit (PDC or τ), a novel UWB 5th Gaussian Derivative order pulse generator circuit (PG), and a planar Vivaldi antenna. The circuit was designed using 0.18μm CMOS standard process and the planar antenna array was designed with filmconductor on Rogers RO3206 substrate. Spice simulations results showed the pulse generation with 104 mVpp amplitude and 500 ps width. The power consumption is 543 μW, and energy consumption 0.27 pJ per pulse using a 2V power supply at a pulse repetition rate (PRR) of 100 MHz. Electromagnetic simulations results, using CST Microwave (MW) Studio 2011, showed the main lobe radiation with a gain maximum of 13.2 dB, 35.5º x 36.7º angular width, and a beam steering between 17º and -11º for azimuthal (θ) angles and 17º and -18º for elevation (φ) angles at the center frequency of 6 GHz

Nonlocal asymmetric exclusion process on a ring and conformal invariance

We present a one-dimensional nonlocal hopping model with exclusion on a ring. The model is related to the Raise and Peel growth model. A nonnegative parameter u controls the ratio of the local backwards and nonlocal forwards hopping rates. The phase diagram, and consequently the values of the current, depend on u and the density of particles. In the special case of half-lling and u = 1 the system is conformal invariant and an exact value of the current for any size L of the system is conjectured and checked for large lattice sizes in Monte Carlo simulations. For u > 1 the current has a non-analytic dependence on the density when the latter approaches the half-lling value.

DNA-Array-Technologie

Es wurde ein genomischer DNA-Array der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana mit einer 13.800 EST-Klone umfassenden cDNA-Bibliothek entwickelt und in der Genexpressionsanalyse der pflanzlichen Pathogenabwehr eingesetzt. Mittels PCR-Amplifikation sind 13.000 PCR-Produkte der cDNA-Fragmente hergestellt worden, mit denen 66 genomische Arabidopsis-Arrays auf Nylon und Polypropylen als Trägermaterial hergestellt werden konnten. Die Validierung mit Fluoreszenz- und Radiaktivhybridisierung sowie der Vergleich von drei Normalisierungsmethoden führte zu reproduzierbaren Ergebnissen bei hohem Korrelationskoeffizienten. Die etablierte DNA-Array-Technologie wurde zur Genexpressionsanalyse der pathogeninduzierten Abwehrmechanismen der Pflanze Arabidopsis thaliana in den ersten 24 Stunden nach Infektion mit dem avirulenten Bakterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato eingesetzt. In einer Auswahl von 75 Genen der Stoffwechselwege Glycolyse, Citrat-Cyclus, Pentosephosphat-Cyclus und Glyoxylatmetabolismus konnte für 25 % der Gene, im Shikimat-, Tryptophan- und Phenylpropanoidsyntheseweg für 60 % der Gene eine erhöhte Transkriptionsrate nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit stimmen mit experimentellen Daten verschiedener unabhängiger Studien zur pflanzlichen Pathogenantwort überein. Darüberhinaus sind erstmals Transkriptionsprofile von bisher auf Transkriptionsebene nicht untersuchten Genen erstellt worden. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die transkriptionelle Aktivierung ganzer Stoffwechselwege und gewähren erstmals einen Einblick in die koordinierte differentielle Transkription ganzer Stoffwechselwege während der Pathogenabwehr.

Unusual corrections to scaling in excited states of conformal field theory

In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato la presenza di correzioni, dette unusuali, agli stati eccitati delle teorie conformi. Inizialmente abbiamo brevemente descritto l'approccio di Calabrese e Cardy all'entropia di entanglement nei sistemi unidimensionali al punto critico. Questo approccio permette di ottenere la famosa ed universale divergenza logaritmica di questa quantità. Oltre a questo andamento logaritmico son presenti correzioni, che dipendono dalla geometria su cui si basa l'approccio di Calabrese e Cardy, il cui particolare scaling è noto ed è stato osservato in moltissimi lavori in letteratura. Questo scaling è dovuto alla rottura locale della simmetria conforme, che è una conseguenza della criticità del sistema, intorno a particolari punti detti branch points usati nell'approccio di Calabrese e Cardy. In questo lavoro abbiamo dimostrato che le correzioni all'entropia di entanglement degli stati eccitati della teoria conforme, che può anch'essa essere calcolata tramite l'approccio di Calabrese e Cardy, hanno lo stesso scaling di quelle osservate negli stati fondamentali. I nostri risultati teorici sono stati poi perfettamente confermati dei calcoli numerici che abbiamo eseguito sugli stati eccitati del modello XX. Sono stati inoltre usati risultati già noti per lo stato fondamentale del medesimo modello per poter studiare la forma delle correzioni dei suoi stati eccitati. Questo studio ha portato alla conclusione che la forma delle correzioni nei due differenti casi è la medesima a meno di una funzione universale.

Mapping the elastic response of epithelial apical cell membranes suspended across porous array

As the elastic response of cell membranes to mechanical stimuli plays a key role in various cellular processes, novel biophysical strategies to quantify the elasticity of native membranes under physiological conditions at a nanometer scale are gaining interest. In order to investigate the elastic response of apical membranes, elasticity maps of native membrane sheets, isolated from MDCK II (Madine Darby Canine kidney strain II) epithelial cells, were recorded by local indentation with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). To exclude the underlying substrate effect on membrane indentation, a highly ordered gold coated porous array with a pore diameter of 1.2 μm was used to support apical membranes. Overlays of fluorescence and AFM images show that intact apical membrane sheets are attached to poly-D-lysine coated porous substrate. Force indentation measurements reveal an extremely soft elastic membrane response if it is indented at the center of the pore in comparison to a hard repulsion on the adjacent rim used to define the exact contact point. A linear dependency of force versus indentation (-dF/dh) up to 100 nm penetration depth enabled us to define an apparent membrane spring constant (kapp) as the slope of a linear fit with a stiffness value of for native apical membrane in PBS. A correlation between fluorescence intensity and kapp is also reported. Time dependent hysteresis observed with native membranes is explained by a viscoelastic solid model of a spring connected to a Kelvin-Voight solid with a time constant of 0.04 s. No hysteresis was reported with chemically fixated membranes. A combined linear and non linear elastic response is suggested to relate the experimental data of force indentation curves to the elastic modulus and the membrane thickness. Membrane bending is the dominant contributor to linear elastic indentation at low loads, whereas stretching is the dominant contributor for non linear elastic response at higher loads. The membrane elastic response was controlled either by stiffening with chemical fixatives or by softening with F-actin disrupters. Overall, the presented setup is ideally suitable to study the interactions of the apical membrane with the underlying cytoskeleton by means of force indentation elasticity maps combined with fluorescence imaging.

Caratterizzazione della superficie di array di nanofili di silicio

Nel primo capitolo viene introdotto lo studio eff�ettuato e descritto un metodo di misure successivo alla caratterizzazione della super�ficie. Nel secondo capitolo vengono descritti i campioni analizzati e, nello speci�fico, la crescita attraverso MaCE dei nanofi�li di silicio. Nel terzo capitolo viene descritto lo strumento AFM utilizzato e la teoria della caratterizzazione alla base dello studio condotto. Nella quarta sezione vengono descritti i risultati ottenuti mentre nelle conclusioni viene tratto il risultato dei valori ottenuti di RMS roughness e roughness exponent.

Hydrodynamic induced by an array of wave energy converters. Experimental and numerical analysis

The thesis analyses the hydrodynamic induced by an array of Wave energy Converters (WECs), under an experimental and numerical point of view. WECs can be considered an innovative solution able to contribute to the green energy supply and –at the same time– to protect the rear coastal area under marine spatial planning considerations. This research activity essentially rises due to this combined concept. The WEC under exam is a floating device belonging to the Wave Activated Bodies (WAB) class. Experimental data were performed at Aalborg University in different scales and layouts, and the performance of the models was analysed under a variety of irregular wave attacks. The numerical simulations performed with the codes MIKE 21 BW and ANSYS-AQWA. Experimental results were also used to calibrate the numerical parameters and/or to directly been compared to numerical results, in order to extend the experimental database. Results of the research activity are summarized in terms of device performance and guidelines for a future wave farm installation. The device length should be “tuned” based on the local climate conditions. The wave transmission behind the devices is pretty high, suggesting that the tested layout should be considered as a module of a wave farm installation. Indications on the minimum inter-distance among the devices are provided. Furthermore, a CALM mooring system leads to lower wave transmission and also larger power production than a spread mooring. The two numerical codes have different potentialities. The hydrodynamics around single and multiple devices is obtained with MIKE 21 BW, while wave loads and motions for a single moored device are derived from ANSYS-AQWA. Combining the experimental and numerical it is suggested –for both coastal protection and energy production– to adopt a staggered layout, which will maximise the devices density and minimize the marine space required for the installation.

Observability of high density tracing molecular lines in lensed galaxies with the Atacama large millimeter array

Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è indagare le capacità di ALMA di osservare il continuo e le righe molecolari di emissione di HCN, HCO+ e HNC, in galassie lensate ad alto z, nelle prime fasi della loro formazione. Per farlo vengono utilizzate osservazioni ALMA di righe di emissione molecolare, relative a dati pubblici di Ciclo 0. Queste osservazioni vengono utilizzate per simulare in modo realistico l’emissione da parte di galassie ad alto z e la risposta osservativa del telescopio, assumendo diverse possibili geometrie di lensing. Inoltre le recenti osservazioni ALMA sono state utilizzate per aggiornare le relazioni già esistenti tra la luminosità FIR e la luminosità delle righe molecolari. Queste recenti osservazioni con maggiore sensibilità e risoluzione angolare, sembrano essere in buon accordo con le precedenti osservazioni. Per realizzare questo progetto di tesi, sono stati scaricati dall’archivio ALMA i dati non calibrati relativi a due sorgenti ben studiate: NGC1614, rappresentativa delle galassie di tipo starburst ed IRAS 20551-4250, un AGN oscurato. Il processo di calibrazione è stato ripetuto per esaminare le proprietà dei cubi di dati utilizzando il pacchetto Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA). Le righe spettrali osservate e l’emissione del continuo sono state successivamente estrapolate ad alto z riscalando adeguatamente le distanze, le dimensioni delle sorgenti e le frequenze di emissione. In seguito è stato applicato un modello di lensing gravitazionale basato su quello di Lapi et al. (2012). Sono state considerate diverse configurazioni tra lente e sorgente per ottenere diverse geometrie delle immagini e diversi fattori di amplificazione. Infine stato utilizzato il software CASA per simulare le osservazioni ALMA in modo da verificare le capacità osservative del telescopio al variare della geometria del sistema. Per ogni riga molecolare e per l’emissione del continuo sono state determinate la sensibilit e la risoluzione che possono essere raggiunte con le osservazioni ALMA e sono state analizzate alcune strategie osservative per effettuare survey di righe spettrali in oggetti lensati. Inoltre stata analizzata la possibilit di caratterizzare oggetti starburst ed AGN dai rapporti tra le righe di emissione delle molecole traccianti di alta densit. Le prestazioni di ALMA consentiranno di distinguere e stimare i contributi relativi di SB ed AGN in galassie lensate a z > 2.5, quindi vicine alla loro presunta epoca di formazione (Lapi et al. 2010), in meno di 5 minuti di osservazione per qualsiasi fattore di magnificazione. Nel presente lavoro sono state inoltre discusse alcune strategie osservative per condurre survey o followup per osservare le righe di HCN(4-3), HCO+(4-3) e HNC(4-3) in galassie lensate a redshift 2.5 < z < 3, dimostrando che sono possibili per campioni statisticamente significativi in tempi relativamente brevi.