Are we building competitive and liveable cities?: Guidelines for developing eco-efficient and socially inclusive infrastructure

This guideline jointly published by The UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), in partnership with the Urban Design Lab of the Earth Institute, Columbia University, provides practical tools for city planners and decision makers to reform urban planning and infrastructure design according to the principles of eco-efficiency and social inclusiveness. It includes case studies from the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Japan and Sri Lanka.

Etnoecologia, pesca e manejo comunitário de quelônios aquáticos na várzea do Baixo rio Amazonas

O presente estudo descreve, registra e compara estratégias de pesca e manejo comunitário de quelônios aquáticos em três comunidades da várzea de Santarém. Avaliou-se também o consumo de quelônios, incluindo preferências, rejeições e tabus alimentares, e uso destes como recursos terapêuticos na medicina popular. As técnicas de pesca de quelônios empregadas foram descritas, compreendendo variações espacial e sazonal de uso e espécies capturadas e seletividade das técnicas fundamentadas nos saberes locais. Analisaram-se ainda o rendimento das pescarias e as relações entre investimento e retorno das mesmas. Os dados foram coletados entre junho de 2007 a julho de 2008. Realizaram-se conversas informais, acompanhamento das atividades pesqueiras e observação participante nas comunidades. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas também foram realizadas adotando-se o método recordatório alimentar, monitoramento do consumo anual de quelônios e recordações das últimas pescarias de quelônios. Os primeiros relatos de manejo de quelônios na Amazônia são datados da época do contato entre populações ameríndias e europeias. Na década de 70 ações do governo brasileiro foram implementadas fundamentadas no gerenciamento centralizado no poder do Estado. Hoje, práticas de comanejo de quelônios ocorrem em vários lugares na Amazônia, como nas comunidades Ilha de São Miguel, Costa do Aritapera e Água Preta. Mesmo pautados na demanda comunitária os manejos dessas três comunidades apresentam perspectivas diferenciadas em virtude do variado grau de experiência com sistemas de manejo comunitário. A Ilha de São Miguel já realiza o manejo de quelônios há cerca de 40 anos com certo grau de sucesso, enquanto na Água Preta o co-manejo vem sendo estabelecido há 22 anos de forma menos rigorosa e na Costa do Aritapera não se obteve êxito em sua recente implementação. De modo geral, a inclusão dos principais usuários dos recursos naturais em seu manejo ainda se constitui uma tarefa de difícil execução. O grande desafio para o manejo de quelônios e outros recursos da fauna cinegética na Amazônia é o reconhecimento legal de seu uso. O consumo de quelônios é uma tradição enraizada na cultura amazônica, entretanto é criminalizado, constrangendo a maior parte da população a assumir seu uso. Por ser considerada atividade ilegal não há estimativas da quantidade de animais explorados, tornando difícil a implantação de formas de manejo comunitário sustentáveis. Percebeu-se na dieta dos ribeirinhos desse estudo a participação de peixe como principal fonte de proteína animal, enquanto o consumo de quelônios registrado foi relativamente pequeno. Constataram-se diferenças quanto às espécies de quelônios consumidas. Em geral, tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis) (carne e ovos) configura-se como quelônio mais consumido nas três comunidades, sendo a pitiu (Podocnemis sextuberculata) (carne e ovos) consumida principalmente na Costa do Aritapera. As tartarugas (Podocnemis expansa) são pouco utilizadas, não houve registros de coleta de seus ovos, sendo sua carne consumida principalmente na Ilha de São Miguel. Tais variações podem estar relacionadas à combinação de fatores ecológicos e ao histórico do manejo presentes em cada comunidade. Não foram observadas diferenças culturais nas comunidades estudadas quanto ao uso de quelônios. Tartaruga é a espécie mais rejeitada, usada principalmente na medicina popular; tracajá e pitiu em geral são os quelônios preferidos, sendo os três considerados reimosos (animais sujeitos a tabus alimentares em algumas circunstâncias, como doenças, menstruação, gravidez e pós-parto). A espécie mais capturada foi o tracajá, seguindo-se a pitiu e em menor proporção a tartaruga. O tracajá é encontrado em vários ambientes, sendo coletado durante o ano todo nas três comunidades; pitius são capturadas principalmente na Costa do Aritapera no período da seca e da vazante, quando estão concentradas durante a migração ao saírem das áreas inundáveis em direção aos rios e às praias de desova, enquanto tartarugas são pescadas nos lagos protegidos da Ilha de São Miguel, na enchente e na cheia. As técnicas de pesca apresentam uso diferenciado em função do nível do rio. Os pescadores reconhecem tais variações sazonais, as quais aliadas a um conjunto de saberes locais são utilizadas na seleção das técnicas de pesca de quelônios. A pesca de quelônios é realizada em geral de modo oportuno, durante as pescarias de peixes. O rendimento das pescarias de quelônio foi maior quando estas não incluíram a captura de peixes e quando realizadas com uso da mão. O rendimento com base na CPUE_N diferiu entre as comunidades estudadas e entre os períodos de pesca, porém não houve diferença significativa no rendimento das pescarias entre esses parâmetros quando a biomassa foi utilizada nos cálculos de CPUE. O pescador, em geral, não está preocupado em maximizar seu rendimento, já que a maior parte das pescarias não se destina a comercialização. O rendimento, desta forma, acaba refletindo mais o acerto de um bom local de pesca do que o esforço de deslocamento empregado na mesma.Quando a mancha era boa os pescadores gastavam pouco tempo, enquanto em manchas menos produtivas gastavam mais tempo. Alguns pontos a serem adotados com vistas à concretização e sucesso do manejo comunitário são sugeridos nesse estudo: (1) definição clara dos direitos de acesso aos recursos e das sanções em caso de infração dos acordos; (2) estabelecimento de programas de capacitação de lideranças comunitárias; (3) criação de um fundo comunitário para desenvolvimento de outras atividades econômicas e investimento na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos moradores e nas próprias ações envolvidas no manejo; (4) reconhecimento e uso do conhecimento ecológico local e do direito de se utilizar o recurso; (5) ampliação regional do modelo comunitário para outras áreas, considerando que algumas espécies realizam grandes migrações; (6) monitoramento das populações exploradas; (7) avaliação periódica da efetivação do manejo e seu papel para os moradores locais; (8) repartição dos benefícios entre os comunitários. No caso específico dos quelônios recomendam-se também a proteção de outros ambientes além das áreas de nidificação e a determinação de um sistema de cotas voltado ao aproveitamento de ovos que seriam perdidos com possibilidade de comercialização para criadores.

Educação comunitária para a participação na gestão democrática de orgainzação não governamental/Ong

This study examined an example of community education of citizens that aimed to encourage their participation in democratic management of a non-governmental organization (NGO). The research problems were based on the NGO perspective and the ideas of community education and democratic management that guides the education of citizens to participate in the management of this organization. This issue has been studied under the perspective of educators and managers of NGO who performed the work focused on this study. We opted for a qualitative approach with a review of academic literature, questionnaires and individual and group interviews. The results indicated that the perspective of NGO adopted is used in Brazil. These organizations have low politicization and minimize conflicts between social groups. This approach seemed to contradict the prospect of democratic management that encouraged the struggle for rights and engagement in the management of the NGO and public spaces. The contradictions between the approaches of NFO and democratic management probably influenced the adoption of two conceptions of community education. One is dedicated to promoting self-help community to solve their social and economic problems and other inspired by Paulo Freire, which encourages popular mobilization for the questioning of capitalist social organization.

Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in a population-based, cross-sectional sample of school-aged children

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

How to progress from discourse to practice? a new agenda for change in medical schools into the next decade

In the context of medical school instruction, the segmented approach of a focus on specialties and excessive use of technology seem to hamper the development of the professional-patient relationship and an understanding of the ethics of this relationship. The real world presents complexities that require multiple approaches. Engagement in the community where health competence is developed allows extending the usefulness of what is learned. Health services are spaces where the relationship between theory and practice in health care are real and where the social role of the university can be revealed. Yet some competencies are still lacking and may require an explicit agenda to enact. Ten topics are presented for focus here: environmental awareness, involvement of students in medical school, social networks, interprofessional learning, new technologies for the management of care, virtual reality, working with errors, training in management for results, concept of leadership, and internationalization of schools. Potential barriers to this agenda are an underinvestment in ambulatory care infrastructure and community-based health care facilities, as well as in information technology offered at these facilities; an inflexible departmental culture; and an environment centered on a discipline-based medical curriculum.

Políticas de desenvolvimento territorial como forma de combate à exclusão social: uma análise da política de promoção do comércio justo em poços de caldas

Pós-graduação em Planejamento e Análise de Políticas Públicas - FCHS

North Central Risk Management Education Center

The North Central Risk Management Education Center has been providing program coordination for extension risk management education in the North Central Region since 2001. During this time, nearly five million dollars has been awarded to public, private and non-profit entities to carry out producer-focused, results-based risk management education programs. The North Central Region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin.

Relationship Between Regional Brain Volumes and Cognitive Performance in the Healthy Aging: An MRI Study Using Voxel-Based Morphometry

The presence of cognitive impairment is a frequent complaint among elderly individuals in the general population. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging-related regional gray matter (rGM) volume changes and cognitive performance in healthy elderly adults. Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures were acquired in a community-based sample of 170 cognitively-preserved subjects (66 to 75 years). This sample was drawn from the "Sao Paulo Ageing and Health" study, an epidemiological study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in a low income region of the city of Sao Paulo. All subjects underwent cognitive testing using a cross-culturally battery validated by the Research Group on Dementia 10/66 as well as the SKT (applied on the day of MRI scanning). Blood genotyping was performed to determine the frequency of the three apolipoprotein E allele variants (APOE epsilon 2/epsilon 3/epsilon 4) in the sample. Voxelwise linear correlation analyses between rGM volumes and cognitive test scores were performed using voxel-based morphometry, including chronological age as covariate. There were significant direct correlations between worse overall cognitive performance and rGM reductions in the right orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, and also between verbal fluency scores and bilateral parahippocampal gyral volume (p < 0.05, familywise-error corrected for multiple comparisons using small volume correction). When analyses were repeated adding the presence of the APOE epsilon 4 allele as confounding covariate or excluding a minority of APOE epsilon 2 carriers, all findings retained significance. These results indicate that rGM volumes are relevant biomarkers of cognitive deficits in healthy aging individuals, most notably involving temporolimbic regions and the orbitofrontal cortex.

Hunting in Ancient and Modern Amazonia: Rethinking Sustainability

We use a recently developed computerized modeling technique to explore the long-term impacts of indigenous Amazonian hunting in the past, present, and future. The model redefines sustainability in spatial and temporal terms, a major advance over the static "sustainability indices" currently used to study hunting in tropical forests. We validate the model's projections against actual field data from two sites in contemporary Amazonia and use the model to assess various management scenarios for the future of Manu National Park in Peru. We then apply the model to two archaeological contexts, show how its results may resolve long-standing enigmas regarding native food taboos and primate biogeography, and reflect on the ancient history and future of indigenous people in the Amazon.

A resource management scenario for traditional and scientific management of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) in the Patos Lagoon estuary (RS), Brazil

Abstract Background This article aims to discuss the incorporation of traditional time in the construction of a management scenario for pink shrimp in the Patos Lagoon estuary (RS), Brazil. To meet this objective, two procedures have been adopted; one at a conceptual level and another at a methodological level. At the conceptual level, the concept of traditional time as a form of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) was adopted. Method At the methodological level, we conduct a wide literature review of the scientific knowledge (SK) that guides recommendations for pink shrimp management by restricting the fishing season in the Patos Lagoon estuary; in addition, we review the ethno-scientific literature which describes traditional calendars as a management base for artisanal fishers in the Patos Lagoon estuary. Results Results demonstrate that TEK and SK describe similar estuarine biological processes, but are incommensurable at a resource management level. On the other hand, the construction of a “management scenario” for pink shrimp is possible through the development of “criteria for hierarchies of validity” which arise from a productive dialog between SK and TEK. Conclusions The commensurable and the incommensurable levels reveal different basis of time-space perceptions between traditional ecological knowledge and scientific knowledge. Despite incommensurability at the management level, it is possible to establish guidelines for the construction of “management scenarios” and to support a co-management process.

Increasing Utilization of US Electric Grids via Smart Technologies: Integration of Load Management, Real Time Pricing, Renewables, EVs and Smart Grid Sensors

Electric power grids throughout the world suffer from serious inefficiencies associated with under-utilization due to demand patterns, engineering design and load following approaches in use today. These grids consume much of the world’s energy and represent a large carbon footprint. From material utilization perspectives significant hardware is manufactured and installed for this infrastructure often to be used at less than 20-40% of its operational capacity for most of its lifetime. These inefficiencies lead engineers to require additional grid support and conventional generation capacity additions when renewable technologies (such as solar and wind) and electric vehicles are to be added to the utility demand/supply mix. Using actual data from the PJM [PJM 2009] the work shows that consumer load management, real time price signals, sensors and intelligent demand/supply control offer a compelling path forward to increase the efficient utilization and carbon footprint reduction of the world’s grids. Underutilization factors from many distribution companies indicate that distribution feeders are often operated at only 70-80% of their peak capacity for a few hours per year, and on average are loaded to less than 30-40% of their capability. By creating strong societal connections between consumers and energy providers technology can radically change this situation. Intelligent deployment of smart sensors, smart electric vehicles, consumer-based load management technology very high saturations of intermittent renewable energy supplies can be effectively controlled and dispatched to increase the levels of utilization of existing utility distribution, substation, transmission, and generation equipment. The strengthening of these technology, society and consumer relationships requires rapid dissemination of knowledge (real time prices, costs & benefit sharing, demand response requirements) in order to incentivize behaviors that can increase the effective use of technological equipment that represents one of the largest capital assets modern society has created.

Differences in Soil Fungal Communities between European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Dominated Forests Are Related to Soil and Understory Vegetation

Fungi are important members of soil microbial communities with a crucial role in biogeochemical processes. Although soil fungi are known to be highly diverse, little is known about factors influencing variations in their diversity and community structure among forests dominated by the same tree species but spread over different regions and under different managements. We analyzed the soil fungal diversity and community composition of managed and unmanaged European beech dominated forests located in three German regions, the Schwäbische Alb in Southwestern, the Hainich-Dün in Central and the Schorfheide Chorin in the Northeastern Germany, using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA pyrotag sequencing. Multiple sequence quality filtering followed by sequence data normalization revealed 1655 fungal operational taxonomic units. Further analysis based on 722 abundant fungal OTUs revealed the phylum Basidiomycota to be dominant (54%) and its community to comprise 71.4% of ectomycorrhizal taxa. Fungal community structure differed significantly (p≤0.001) among the three regions and was characterized by non-random fungal OTUs co-occurrence. Soil parameters, herbaceous understory vegetation, and litter cover affected fungal community structure. However, within each study region we found no difference in fungal community structure between management types. Our results also showed region specific significant correlation patterns between the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungal genera. This suggests that soil fungal communities are region-specific but nevertheless composed of functionally diverse and complementary taxa.

Understanding Research Fatigue in the Context of Community-University Relations

Community research fatigue has been understudied within the context of community-university relationships and knowledge production. Community-based research (CBR), often occurring within a limited geography and population, increases the possibility that community members feel exhausted or over-whelmed by university research —particularly when they do not see tangible results from research activities. Prompted by informal stories of research fatigue from community members, a small graduate student team sought to understand the extent to which community members experienced research fatigue, and what factors contributed to or relieved feelings of research fatigue. In order to explore these dimensions of research fatigue, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 participants, including community members (n = 9), staff and faculty (n = 10), and students (n = 2). The objective of the research was to identify university practices that contribute to research fatigue and how to address the issue at the university level. Qualitative data analysis revealed several important actionable findings: the structure and conduct of community-based research, structured reciprocity and impact, and the role of trust in research. This study’s findings are used to assess the quality of Clark University’s research relationship with its adjacent community. Recommendations are offered; such as to improve partnerships, the impact of CBR, and to develop clear principles of practice.

Determinants of reduced walking speed in people with musculoskeletal pain

OBJECTIVE: Maintenance of good walking speed is essential to independent living. People with musculoskeletal disease often have reduced walking speed. We investigated determinants of slower walking, other than musculoskeletal disease, that might provide valuable additional targets for therapy. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Somerset and Avon Survey of Health, a community based survey of people aged over 35 years. A total of 2703 participants who reported hip or knee pain at baseline (1994/1995) were studied, and reassessed in 2002-2003; 1696 were available for followup, and walking speed was tested in 1074. Walking speed (m/s) was used as outcome measure. Baseline characteristics, including comorbidities and socioeconomic factors, were tested for their ability to predict reduced walking speed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Age, female sex, and immobility at baseline were predictive of slower walking speed. Other independent risk factors included the presence of cataract, low socioeconomic status, intermittent claudication, and other cardiovascular conditions. Having a cataract was associated with a decrease of 0.10 m/s (95% CI 0.03, 0.16). Those in social class V had a walking speed 0.22 m/s (95% CI 0.126, 0.31) slower than those in social class I. CONCLUSION: Comorbidities, age, female sex, and lower socioeconomic position determine walking speed in people with joint pain. Issues such as poor vision and social-economic disadvantage may add to the effect of musculoskeletal disease, suggesting the need for a holistic approach to management of these patients.

Electronic medical record systems, data quality and loss to follow-up: survey of antiretroviral therapy programmes in resource-limited settings

OBJECTIVE: To describe the electronic medical databases used in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in lower-income countries and assess the measures such programmes employ to maintain and improve data quality and reduce the loss of patients to follow-up. METHODS: In 15 countries of Africa, South America and Asia, a survey was conducted from December 2006 to February 2007 on the use of electronic medical record systems in ART programmes. Patients enrolled in the sites at the time of the survey but not seen during the previous 12 months were considered lost to follow-up. The quality of the data was assessed by computing the percentage of missing key variables (age, sex, clinical stage of HIV infection, CD4+ lymphocyte count and year of ART initiation). Associations between site characteristics (such as number of staff members dedicated to data management), measures to reduce loss to follow-up (such as the presence of staff dedicated to tracing patients) and data quality and loss to follow-up were analysed using multivariate logit models. FINDINGS: Twenty-one sites that together provided ART to 50 060 patients were included (median number of patients per site: 1000; interquartile range, IQR: 72-19 320). Eighteen sites (86%) used an electronic database for medical record-keeping; 15 (83%) such sites relied on software intended for personal or small business use. The median percentage of missing data for key variables per site was 10.9% (IQR: 2.0-18.9%) and declined with training in data management (odds ratio, OR: 0.58; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.37-0.90) and weekly hours spent by a clerk on the database per 100 patients on ART (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90-0.99). About 10 weekly hours per 100 patients on ART were required to reduce missing data for key variables to below 10%. The median percentage of patients lost to follow-up 1 year after starting ART was 8.5% (IQR: 4.2-19.7%). Strategies to reduce loss to follow-up included outreach teams, community-based organizations and checking death registry data. Implementation of all three strategies substantially reduced losses to follow-up (OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.15-0.20). CONCLUSION: The quality of the data collected and the retention of patients in ART treatment programmes are unsatisfactory for many sites involved in the scale-up of ART in resource-limited settings, mainly because of insufficient staff trained to manage data and trace patients lost to follow-up.