Extended Conversation Pieces

'Extended Conversation Pieces' brings together conversations about art, and conversation as art. The exhibition features collaborative works by six Brisbane-based artists, Catherine or Kate (Catherine Sagin and Kate Woodcroft), Scott Ferguson (Erika Scott and Brooke Ferguson) and Courtney Coombs and Caitlin Franzmann. These artists engage with ideas of contemporary feminism through processes of dialogue and exchange; exploring subjectivity, humour and intimacy in performance and installation works. 'Extended Conversation Pieces' showcases the distinctive approach to contemporary practice at Boxcopy, an artist run initiative focused on supporting and commissioning new experimental works by Australian artists, and engaging with collaborative processes and practices. This project was commissioned by the Melbourne Art Foundation and presented at the MAF Project Rooms, Melbourne Art Fair, Melbourne in 2014.

Conversation Pieces

This curated exhibition presented works by Australian artists Agatha Gothe-Snape, Alex Martinis Roe and Hannah Raisin and collaborative works by Catherine or Kate (Catherine Sagin and Kate Woodcroft), Scott Ferguson (Erika Scott and Brooke Ferguson) and Courtney Coombs and Caitlin Franzmann. These artists engage with ideas of contemporary feminism through processes of dialogue and exchange, exploring subjectivity, humour and intimacy in performance and installation artworks. These works are generated by physical, verbal or textual dialogues between collaborators, participants or the artist and audience; and spark a conversation about contemporary feminist art practice in Australia today.

Morality in 21st century pedagogies [Guest Editorial]

The set of papers in this focal issue draw on sociological and philosophic theory to explore the historical conjuncture and interplay between public moralities and schooling in the increasingly diverse and vexed settings of the 21st century...

Synthesis of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Containing Copolymers: A Study of Their Optical and Photovoltaic Properties

The diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymers PDPP-BBT and TDPP-BBT were synthesized and used as donor for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices. The photophysical properties of these polymers showed absorption in the range 500-600 nm with a maximum peak around 563 nm, while TDPP-BBT showed broadband absorption in the range 620 - 800 nm with a peak around 656 nm. The power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of the polymer solar cells based on these copolymers and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were 0.68% (as cast PDPP-BBT:PCBM), 1.51% (annealed PDPP-BBT:PCBM), 1.57% (as cast TDPPBBT: PCBM), and 2.78% (annealed TDPP-BBT:PCBM), under illumination of AM 1.5 (100 mW/cm2). The higher PCE for TDPP-BBT-based polymer solar cells has been attributed to the low band gap of this copolymer as compared to PDPP-BBT, which increases the numbers of photogenerated excitons and corresponding photocurrent of the device. These results indicate that PDPP-BBT and TDPP-BBT act as excellent electron donors for bulk heterojunction devices.

Is the mental wellbeing of young Australians best represented by a single, multidimensional or bifactor model?

Internationally there is a growing interest in the mental wellbeing of young people. However, it is unclear whether mental wellbeing is best conceptualized as a general wellbeing factor or a multidimensional construct. This paper investigated whether mental wellbeing, measured by the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), is best represented by: (1) a single-factor general model; (2) a three-factor multidimensional model or (3) a combination of both (bifactor model). 2,220 young Australians aged between 16 and 25 years completed an online survey including the MHC-SF and a range of other wellbeing and mental ill-health measures. Exploratory factor analysis supported a bifactor solution, comprised of a general wellbeing factor, and specific group factors of psychological, social and emotional wellbeing. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the bifactor model had a better fit than competing single and three-factor models. The MHC-SF total score was more strongly associated with other wellbeing and mental ill-health measures than the social, emotional or psychological subscale scores. Findings indicate that the mental wellbeing of young people is best conceptualized as an overarching latent construct (general wellbeing) to which emotional, social and psychological domains contribute. The MHC-SF total score is a valid and reliable measure of this general wellbeing factor.

Does gender moderate the relationship between polydrug use and sexual risk-taking among Australian secondary school students under 16 years of age?

Introduction and Aims This study examines the association of alcohol and polydrug use with risky sexual behaviour in adolescents under 16 years of age and if this association differs by gender. Design and Methods The sample consisted of 5412 secondary school students under 16 years of age from Victoria, Australia. Participants completed an anonymous and confidential survey during class time. The key measures were having had sex before legal age of consent (16 years), unprotected sex before 16 (no condom) and latent-class derived alcohol and polydrug use variables based on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, inhalants and other illegal drug use in the past month. Results There were 7.52% and 2.55% of adolescents who reported having sex and having unprotected sex before 16 years of age, respectively. After adjusting for antisocial behaviours, peers' drug use and family and school risk factors, girls were less likely to have unprotected sex (odds ratio = 0.31, P = 0.003). However, the interaction of being female and polydrug use (odds ratio = 4.52, P = 0.004) was significant, indicating that girls who engaged in polydrug use were at higher risk of having unprotected sex. For boys, the effect of polydrug use was non-significant (odds ratio = 1.44, P = 0.310). Discussion and Conclusions For girls, polydrug use was significantly associated with unprotected sex after adjusting for a range of risk factors, and this relationship was non-significant for boys. Future prevention programs for adolescent risky sexual behaviour and polydrug use might benefit from a tailored approach to gender differences.

Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): a phase 2B, open-label, randomised controlled trial

Background The irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib and the reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib are approved for first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of afatinib and gefitinib in this setting. Methods This multicentre, international, open-label, exploratory, randomised controlled phase 2B trial (LUX-Lung 7) was done at 64 centres in 13 countries. Treatment-naive patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and a common EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion or Leu858Arg) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive afatinib (40 mg per day) or gefitinib (250 mg per day) until disease progression, or beyond if deemed beneficial by the investigator. Randomisation, stratified by EGFR mutation type and status of brain metastases, was done centrally using a validated number generating system implemented via an interactive voice or web-based response system with a block size of four. Clinicians and patients were not masked to treatment allocation; independent review of tumour response was done in a blinded manner. Coprimary endpoints were progression-free survival by independent central review, time-to-treatment failure, and overall survival. Efficacy analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population and safety analyses were done in patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This ongoing study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01466660. Findings Between Dec 13, 2011, and Aug 8, 2013, 319 patients were randomly assigned (160 to afatinib and 159 to gefitinib). Median follow-up was 27·3 months (IQR 15·3–33·9). Progression-free survival (median 11·0 months [95% CI 10·6–12·9] with afatinib vs 10·9 months [9·1–11·5] with gefitinib; hazard ratio [HR] 0·73 [95% CI 0·57–0·95], p=0·017) and time-to-treatment failure (median 13·7 months [95% CI 11·9–15·0] with afatinib vs 11·5 months [10·1–13·1] with gefitinib; HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·58–0·92], p=0·0073) were significantly longer with afatinib than with gefitinib. Overall survival data are not mature. The most common treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were diarrhoea (20 [13%] of 160 patients given afatinib vs two [1%] of 159 given gefitinib) and rash or acne (15 [9%] patients given afatinib vs five [3%] of those given gefitinib) and liver enzyme elevations (no patients given afatinib vs 14 [9%] of those given gefitinib). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in 17 (11%) patients in the afatinib group and seven (4%) in the gefitinib group. Ten (6%) patients in each group discontinued treatment due to drug-related adverse events. 15 (9%) fatal adverse events occurred in the afatinib group and ten (6%) in the gefitinib group. All but one of these deaths were considered unrelated to treatment; one patient in the gefitinib group died from drug-related hepatic and renal failure. Interpretation Afatinib significantly improved outcomes in treatment-naive patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC compared with gefitinib, with a manageable tolerability profile. These data are potentially important for clinical decision making in this patient population.

Mask or mirrors? The emergence of consumer rights in nonprofit human service organisations

This paper reports on a study of 25 nonprofit human service organisations offering four types of human services. The purpose of the study was first to explore the manner in which consumer rights are both conceptualized and operationalized in the nonprofit human service context. Secondly the study explored whether differences occur between organisations whose primary funding body emphasized the importance of a rights framework in its program delivery and those where this is not the case.

Salt in the desert: A comparison of clinical versus serum-calculated osmolality determination of dehydration

Background: Clinicians frequently use their own judgement to assess patient’s hydration status although there is limited evidence for the diagnostic utility of any individual clinical symptom. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of clinically assessed dehydration in older hospital patients (using multiple symptoms), versus dehydration measured using serum-calculated osmolality (CO) as the reference standard. Method: Participants were 44 hospital patients aged ≥ 60 years. Dehydration was assessed clinically and pathologically (CO) within 24 hours of admission and at study exit. Indicators of diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Results: Clinicians identified 27% of patients as dehydrated at admission, and 19% at exit, compared to 19% and 16% using CO. Agreement between the measures was fair at admission and poor at exit. Clinical assessment showed poor sensitivity for predicting dehydration with reasonable specificity. Conclusions: Compared to the use of CO, clinical assessment of dehydration in older patients was poor. Given that failure to identify dehydration in this population may have serious consequences, we recommend that clinicians do not rely upon their own assessments without also using the reference standard.

Associations between dehydration, cognitive impairment and frailty in older hospitalized patients: An exploratory study

An exploratory study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of dehydration in older patients (aged ≥60 years) with and without cognitive impairment (CI) admitted to hospital and to examine associations between dehydration, CI and frailty. Forty-four patients participated and dehydration was assessed within 24 hours of admission and at day 4 or at discharge, whichever occurred first (study exit). Patients’ cognitive function and frailty status were assessed using validated instruments. Twenty-seven (61%) patients had CI and 61% were frail. The prevalence of dehydration at admission was 29% (n=12) and 19% (n=6) at study exit and dehydration status did not differ according to either CI status or frailty status. Within the non-CI group, however, significantly more frail than fit patients were dehydrated at admission (p=0.03). These findings indicate that dehydration is common amongst older hospital patients, and that frailty may increase the risk for dehydration in cognitively intact older patients.

Lastensuojelun dokumentointi ja perheen sisällä ilmenevä väkivalta

Käsittelen pro gradu -tutkielmassani perheen sisällä ilmenevää väkivaltaa. Tutkimuskysymykseni ovat 1) Mitä väkivallasta on dokumentoitu lastensuojelun asiakirjoihin ja 2) Kenen näkemyksiä väkivallasta asiakirjoihin on kirjattu. Tutkielma keskittyy psyykkiseen väkivaltaan, jonka käsitän lapsen altistumisella väkivallalle, sekä lapseen suoraan kohdistuvaan fyysiseen väkivaltaan. Useista tutkielmani otokseen valikoituneista perheistä oli tehty lastensuojeluilmoituksia sekä perheväkivallasta että lapsen tai nuoren pahoinpitelystä. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on kiinnittää huomiota lastensuojelun dokumentointiin ja siihen kuinka paljon väkivallasta dokumentoidaan asiakirjoihin. Dokumentointi on olennainen osa lastensuojelutyötä, koska se tekee työn näkyväksi. Asiakirjatekstejä voidaan käyttää apuna päätöksiä perusteltaessa. Tutkielman aineisto on kerätty lastensuojelun asiakirjoista 10 perheen lastensuojeluhistorian ajalta. Tutkielmaa varten on haettu tutkimuslupa. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty satunnaisotannalla lastensuojeluilmoituksista, joiden syykoodina on käytetty perheväkivaltaa tai lapsen tai nuoren pahoinpitelyä. Aineisto on analysoitu teoriaohjaavalla sisällönanalyysilla. Tutkielman tärkein tulos on, että väkivallasta on dokumentoitu todella vähän lastensuojelun asiakirjoihin. Perheen muut ongelmat saavat huomattavasti suuremman painoarvon dokumenteissa. Lapsilta ei ole juuri kysytty perheen sisällä ilmenevästä väkivallasta. Äidit ovat dokumenttien mukaan aktiivisimmat toimijat lastensuojelussa ja heidän näkemyksiään väkivallasta on kirjattu eniten dokumentteihin. Lastensuojelun sosiaalityöntekijät ovat kirjanneet vähän omia näkemyksiään väkivallasta ja dokumentointi keskittyy kolmeen perheeseen. Dokumentointi toistuu samanlaisena. Catherine Humphreys on tutkinut paljon lastensuojelutyötä perheissä, joissa on ilmennyt väkivaltaa. Olen käyttänyt tutkielmani lähteinä kolmea hänen teostaan. Kotimaisen tutkimuksen osalta eniten käytetty lähde on Eija Paavilaisen ja Tarja Pösön toimittama teos "Lapset, perhe ja väkivaltatyö". Aineiston analyysiluku pohjautuu pitkälti Jouni Tuomen ja Anneli Sarajärven kirjaan “Laadullinen tutkimus ja sisällönanalyysi”.

Oligosaccharides modulate the apoptotic activity of glycodelin

GlycodelinA (GdA), a multifunctional glycoprotein secreted at high concentrations by the uterine endometrium during the early phases of pregnancy, carries glycan chains on asparagines at positions N28 and N63. GdA purified from amniotic fluid is known to be a suppressor of T-cell proliferation, an inducer of T-cell apoptosis, and an inhibitorof sperm-zona binding in contrast to its glycoform, glycodelinS (GdS), which is secreted by the seminal vesicles into the seminal plasma. The oligosaccharide chains of GdA terminate in sialic acid residues, whereas those of GdS are not sialylated but are heavily fucosylated. Our previous work has shown that the apoptogenic activity of GdA resides in the protein backbone, and we have also demonstrated the importance of sialylation for the manifestation of GdA-induced apoptosis. Recombinant glycodelin (Gd) expressed in the Sf21 insec cell line yielded an apoptotically active Gd; however, the same geneexpressed in the insect cell line Tni produced apoptotically inactive Gd, as observed with the gene expressed in the Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cell line and earlier in Pichia pastoris. Glycan analysis of the Tni and Sf21 cell line-expressed Gd proteins reveals differences in their glycan structures, which modulate the manifestation of apoptogenic activity of Gd. Through apoptotic assays carried out with the wild-type (WT) and glycosylation mutants of Gd expressed in Sf21 and Tni cells before and after mannosidase digestion, we conclude that the accessibility to the apoptogenic region of Gd is influenced by the size of the glycans.

Väkivalta, antisemitismi ja konflikti Mel Gibsonin elokuvassa The Passion of The Christ

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia Mel Gibsonin elokuvaa The Passion of the Christ. Tarkastelussa mukana on myös Gibsonin muu tuotanto. Tutkielma edustaa poikkitieteellistä lähestymistapaa käyttäen eksegetiikan apuvälineitä kuten lähdekritiikkiä, mutta myös elokuvatutkimuksen välineitä. Tutkimuskysymyksiä nousee lähinnä kaksi, joista seuraa kolmas kysymys: 1. Onko elokuva juutalaisvastainen? Tarkastelen lähdekritiikin avulla mitä evankeliumeja Gibson on käyttänyt elokuvassaan. Mitä muita lähteitä hän on käyttänyt? Mikä on Gibsonin omaa ilmaisua? 2. Miksi elokuva on väkivaltainen? Mitä väkivalta palvelee elokuvassa? 3. Millainen on elokuvamaailman konflikti? Pohdin elokuvamaailman sisälle rakennettua konfliktia, mutta viittaan sillä myös konfliktiin, jonka elokuva itsessään synnytti. Kysymysten ratkaisu vaatii elokuvassa käytettyjen lähteiden tutkimista, mutta myös kysymysten tarkastelua osana laajempaa kokonaisuutta, jossa on mukana koko Gibsonin elokuvatuotanto. On myös selvää, ettei Gibson ole yhtä kuin hänen elokuvansa, mutta toisaalta hänen elokuviaan ei voi tarkastella irrotettuna ohjaajasta itsestään. Ensimmäisessä luvussa tarkastelen elokuvaa ilmiönä ja elokuvasta käytyä ennakkokeskustelua. Luvussa kaksi tarkastelen Gibsonin taustaa. Millaisista lähtökohdista Gibson lähti tekemään elokuvaa? Luvussa kolme esittelen käsikirjoituksesta alkavan elokuvan yleisen tuotantoprosessin. Tutkielman päälähteenä olen käyttänyt Brentanon kirjaa The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Kirja pohjautuu 1800-luvulla eläneen katolisen nunnan, Anne Catherine Emmerichin näkyihin. Luvussa neljä tarkastelen Gibsonin muuta tuotantoa, ja tuon keskusteluun mukaan Scorsesen elokuvan Jeesuksesta. Gibsonin muu tuotanto on jäänyt tutkijoilta liian vähälle huomiolle. Elokuva The Passion of the Christ on nähtävä osana Gibsonin muuta tuotantoa. Näin ollen elokuvaa The Passion of the Christ voidaan ymmärtää paremmin. Luvussa viisi käyn elokuvan The Passion of the Christ läpi kappale kerrallaan tutkimalla, mitä lähteitä Gibson on käyttänyt elokuvassaan. Mitä hän on ottanut evankeliumeista, mitä Emmerichiltä ja mikä on hänen omaa ilmaisuaan? Luvussa kuusi käyn läpi elokuvan vastaanottoa niin raamatuntutkijoiden kuin suuren yleisön parissa. Tutkielmassa todetaan, ettei Gibson ole antisemitisti, vaan ksenofobinen rasisti. Hänen elokuvansa ovat ksenofobisesti rasistisia. Gibsonin kaikista elokuvista on löydettävissä itseään toistavia piirteitä, joissa esiintyy muukalaiskammoa ja väkivaltaa. Gibsonin nimittäminen antisemitistiksi ei tekisi Gibsonille oikeutta. Juutalaiset ovat vain osa laajempaa kokonaisuutta. Väkivalta palvelee kaikissa elokuvissa uuden, Jumalan valtakunnan syntymistä. Konflikti syntyy uuden ja vanhan valtakunnan kansalaisten välillä. Uhrien veren kautta syntyy Jumalan valtakunta. Johtopäätöksillä on merkitystä niin Gibsonin kuin hänen elokuviensa ymmärtämiselle. Elokuvan The Passion of the Christ tulevissa tutkimuksissa on otettava huomioon, ei vain Gibsonin tausta ja lähteet, vaan myös Gibsonin muu elokuvatuotanto.

Formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in South India, links with paleo-monsoon and pedological conditions: Clues from Sr isotopes, U-Th series and REEs

The influence of the pedogenic and climatic contexts on the formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in a climosequence in the Western Ghats (Karnataka Plateau, South West India) has been studied. Along the climosequence, the current mean annual rainfall (MAR) varies within a 80 km transect from 6000 mm at the edge of the Plateau to 500 mm inland. Pedogenic carbonates occur in the MAR range of 500-1200 mm. In the semi-arid zone (MAR: 500-900 mm), carbonates occur (i) as rhick hardpan calcretes on pediment slopes and (ii) as nodular horizons in polygenic black soils (i.e. vertisols). In the sub-humid zone (MAR: 900-1500 mm), pedogenic carbonates are disseminated in the black soil matrices either as loose, irregular and friable nodules of millimetric size or as indurated botryoidal nodules of centimetric to pluricentimetric size. They also occur at the top layers of the saprolite either as disseminated pluricentimetric indurated nodules or carbonate-cemented lumps of centimetric to decimetric size. Chemical and isotopic (Sr-87/Sr-86) compositions of the carbonate fraction were determined after leaching with 0.25 N HCl. The corresponding residual fractions containing both primary minerals and authigenic clays were digested separately and analyzed. The trend defined by the Sr-87/Sr-86 signatures of both labile carbonate fractions and corresponding residual fractions indicates that a part of the labile carbonate fraction is genetically linked to the local soil composition. Considering the residual fraction of each sample as the most likely lithogenic source of Ca in carbonates, it is estimated that from 24% to 82% (55% on average) of Ca is derived from local bedrock weathering, leading to a consumption of an equivalent proportion of atmospheric CO2. These values indicate that climatic conditions were humid enough to allow silicate weathering: MAR at the time of carbonate formation likely ranged from 400 to 700 mm, which is 2- to 3-fold less than the current MAR at these locations. The Sr, U and Mg contents and the (U-234/U-238) activity ratio in the labile carbonate fraction help to understand the conditions of carbonate formation. The relatively high concentrations of Sr, U and Mg in black soil carbonates may indicate fast growth and accumulation compared to carbonates in saprolite, possibly due to a better confinement of the pore waters which is supported by their high (U-234/U-238) signatures, and/or to higher content of dissolved carbonates in the pore waters. The occurrence of Ce, Mn and Fe oxides in the cracks of carbonate reflects the existence of relatively humid periods after carbonate formation. The carbonate ages determined by the U-Th method range from 1.33 +/- 0.84 kyr to 7.5 +/- 2.7 kyr and to a cluster of five ages around 20 kyr, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum period. The young occurrences are only located in the black soils, which therefore constitute sensitive environments for trapping and retaining atmospheric CO2 even on short time scales. The maximum age of carbonates depends on their location in the climatic gradient: from about 20 kyr for centimetric nodules at Mule Hole (MAR = 1100 mm/yr) to 200 kyr for the calcrete at Gundlupet (MAR = 700 mm/yr, Durand et al., 2007). The intensity of rainfall during wet periods would indeed control the lifetime of pedogenic carbonates and thus the duration of inorganic carbon storage in soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrical and Optical Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Copolymer Interfaces in Thin Film Devices

Two donor acceptor diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymers (PDPP-BBT and TDPP-BBT) have been synthesized for their application in organic devices such as metal-insulator semiconductor (MIS) diodes and field-effect transistors (FETs). The semiconductor-dielectric interface was characterized by capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage methods. These measurements yield an interface trap density of 4.2 x 10(12) eV(-1) cm(-2) in TDPP-BBT and 3.5 x 10(12) eV(-1) cm(-2) in PDPP-BBT at the flat-band voltage. The FETs based on these spincoated DPP copolymers display p-channel behavior with hole mobilities of the order 10(-3) cm(2)/(V s). Light scattering studies from PDPP-BBT FETs show almost no change in the Raman spectrum after the devices are allowed to operate at a gate voltage, indicating that the FETs suffer minimal damage due to the metal-polymer contact or the application of an electric field. As a comparison Raman intensity profile from the channel-Au contact layer in pentacene FETs are presented, which show a distinct change before and after biasing.