Modelo para el Diseño y Evaluación del Impacto en el Desarrollo Humano en Proyectos de Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética

Hoy en día, la gran dependencia de los países industrializados de los combustibles fósiles para cubrir su demanda energética genera anualmente una enorme cantidad de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), provocando unos efectos negativos muy serios para el ser humano y su entorno. Al mismo tiempo, 1400 millones de personas, principalmente habitantes de países en desarrollo, viven sin acceso a la energía moderna, obstaculizando su desarrollo social y económico, y constituyendo una barrera importante para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Por eso, la energía es uno de los retos más importantes y urgentes a los que se enfrenta el mundo en la actualidad. Por cuestiones de equidad, es necesario extender el acceso a la energía moderna a las poblaciones que carecen de él, pero, si las tecnologías adoptadas para acelerar el acceso a la energía tienen un importante impacto ambiental, se agravarán los problemas ambientales y, en particular, aquellos relacionados con el cambio climático. Las iniciativas basadas en las energías renovables y la eficiencia energética se presentan como una solución con un importante potencial para resolver este desafío. Por un lado, estas tecnologías pueden sustituir a las mayoritariamente utilizadas en los países industrializados, basadas en recursos no renovables y contaminantes, ayudando así a reducir las emisiones de GEI. A su vez, pueden ser la base en la que se fundamenten los modelos energéticos de los países en desarrollo para extender el acceso a la energía a sus poblaciones. Poco a poco, los países llamados desarrollados y aquéllos emergentes han ido incorporando estas tecnologías alternativas dentro de sus matrices energéticas, y se espera que se produzca un aumento de su presencia en los próximos años. Sin embargo, en los países en desarrollo, la introducción de las energías renovables y eficiencia energética ha sido tradicionalmente más complicada. Al mismo tiempo, son cada vez más los estudios y experiencias que han concluido que una energía sostenible y accesible es necesaria para reducir la pobreza, el hambre y la malnutrición, mejorar la salud, incrementar los niveles de alfabetización y educación, y mejorar significativamente la vida de las mujeres y los niños. Por eso, las iniciativas basadas en energías renovables y eficiencia energética cada vez van teniendo con más frecuencia como destinatarios los países más empobrecidos. Gracias a ellas, además de contar con acceso a una energía sostenible y respetuosa con el medio ambiente, las poblaciones gozan de acceso a otros servicios como procesar alimentos y conservarlos por mayores períodos de tiempo, bombear agua, planificar una industria, dar servicio a centros sanitarios, transportar bienes y personas ,tener acceso a medios de comunicación y entretenimiento, etc. Sin embargo, aunque son muchas las mejoras que los proyectos energéticos pueden producir en las condiciones de vida de las comunidades receptoras, la experiencia muestra que existe un número importante de proyectos que no están contribuyendo a generar desarrollo como su potencial hacía esperar. Entre las diferentes razones que pueden explicar este “fracaso”, se encuentra el hecho de que no se han incluido todos los potenciales impactos en el desarrollo humano local desde las etapas de diseño del proyecto, y tampoco se han monitoreado su evolución. Para dar respuesta a esta situación, el presente trabajo desarrolla una metodología flexible, basada en un sistema de principios, criterios e indicadores, que permite diseñar y posteriormente evaluar los impactos que un determinado proyecto de energías renovables y eficiencia energética tiene sobre las condiciones de vida de las comunidades en las que se implementa, de forma que estos impactos puedan ser alcanzados. El trabajo recoge también una serie de casos de estudio en los que se ha aplicado la metodología: ocho proyectos vinculados a energías renovables y/o eficiencia energética situados en Senegal, basados tecnologías y escalas diferentes, implementados por distintos tipos de organismos y enmarcados en contextos diferentes. Esto es una prueba de la capacidad de adaptación y la flexibilidad con la que ha sido diseñada la metodología. La metodología se basa en una batería de indicadores, que contemplan todos los potenciales impactos que los proyectos de Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética pueden tener sobre las condiciones de vida de las comunidades donde se implementan. Los indicadores están agrupados por criterios, y éstos, a su vez, en cuatro principios (o dimensiones), los cuales marcan el objetivo y el alcance del modelo: Económico, Social, Ambiental y de Empoderamiento. La evaluación realizada en los ocho proyectos en Senegal ha permitido identificar factores que son determinantes para que los proyectos produzcan o no todas las potenciales contribuciones al desarrollo humano de las poblaciones receptoras. Algunos de los factores de éxito detectados han sido la elección de soluciones energéticas que utilicen tecnologías sencillas, que facilitan la apropiación por parte de la población receptora y las tareas de mantenimiento y la implicación de actores provenientes de diferentes sectores (público, privado y tercer sector), que trabajen en colaboración desde el inicio. Entre los factores de fracaso, se encuentra el hecho de que los procesos de participación y consulta no se han realizado de una forma adecuada, haciendo que los proyectos no respondan a las necesidades de la población local y no se tengan en cuenta las situaciones especificas de algunos grupos vulnerables, como las mujeres. Además, a menudo no se ha producido una verdadera transferencia de tecnología, por la escasa apropiación por parte de la población receptora y tampoco se han hecho estudios de las capacidades y voluntades de pago por los nuevos servicios energéticos, afectando muy negativamente a la sostenibilidad económica de las instalaciones. La metodología de evaluación y los casos de estudio presentados en el trabajo pretenden contribuir a mejorar la contribución de los proyectos de EERR y EE al desarrollo humano, y pueden ser un recurso útil para empresas, ONG y administraciones públicas involucradas en el ámbito de la Energía y en los países en desarrollo.

Reordenación ambiental y recuperación del entorno urbanístico de la Marina Baja en Benidorm, Alicante

El objeto de estudio de este proyecto es la Cala Finestrat, situada en la Marina Baja, en la frontera sur del municipio de Benidorm. La zona se encuentra bastante deteriorada, especialmente por el volumen turístico y de desarrollo de las inmediaciones de Benidorm. Esto ha originado en la cala una disminución de la calidad de las aguas, que bajan principalmente de la zona norte. Por otra parte, al no pertenecer administrativamente a Benidorm, presenta un abandono urbanístico, ya que no es incluida en los desarrollos y planes de ordenación urbana de éste. Además, las características fisiográficas de la cala, hacen que se encuentre en un continuo proceso de transporte de sedimentos del extremo Nor-Este al Sur-Este. Por lo tanto, las necesidades primarias del emplazamiento serán la regeneración ambiental del entorno de la cala, para garantizar el desarrollo de la fauna marina y, en especial, de la flora mediterránea, la cual es única en el Mundo y se encuentra en situación de protección, ya que han sido gravemente dañadas durante los años de desarrollo urbanístico boyante en el entorno. Se debe proceder a una regeneración litoral que reduzca el transporte de sedimentos, mediante elementos de contención de finos que nos garanticen una playa estable. Dado que la cala tiene una alta ocupación, habrá que aumentar el ancho de playa, especialmente en la zona de erosión. A sí mismo, para paliar los efectos del desarrollo humano en la zona seca, será necesaria la reordenación de la fachada urbana, mediante la construcción de un paseo marítimo que haga de conexión entre la playa y la ciudad, un linde muy abrupto en la actualidad. Todas estas medidas deberán realizarse en un régimen de interacción con el paisaje, para provocar el menor impacto ambiental y visual posible.

Evaluación del ruido ambiental en espacios naturales protegidos: implicaciones para su gestión

Esta Tesis Doctoral trata sobre la caracterización acústica de los ecosistemas naturales y la evaluación del impacto ambiental del ruido antropogénico sobre sus potenciales receptores en estos lugares, incluidos los receptores no humanos y sus efectos ecológicos, además, analiza las implicaciones para su gestión a distintas escalas y se lleva a cabo una valoración económica. Este trabajo ofrece soluciones para caracterizar los paisajes sonoros de forma compatible con distintas escalas de trabajo, nivel de esfuerzo técnico y en contextos de recursos limitados que haga viable su tratamiento como cualquier otra variable ambiental en el ámbito de la conservación y gestión del medio natural. Se han adaptado herramientas y metodologías propias de disciplinas como la acústica ambiental, bioacústica y ecología del paisaje, para servir a los objetivos específicos de la evaluación y gestión de los paisajes sonoros y el ruido ambiental en amplias extensiones geográficas. Se ha establecido un método general de muestreo sistemático para trabajo de campo y también se han adaptado métodos de modelización informática, que permiten analizar escenarios sonoros dinámicos en el tiempo y en el espacio, desde localizaciones puntuales hasta la escala del paisaje. Es posible elaborar cartografía ambiental con esta información y se ha representado gráficamente la zona de influencia de distintas fuentes de ruido sobre la calidad de distintos hábitats faunísticos. Se recomienda el uso del indicador del nivel de presión sonora equivalente (Leq) por su operatividad en medición y modelización, y su adaptabilidad a cualquier dimensión espacial y temporal que se requiera, por ejemplo en función del paisaje, actividades o especies que se establezcan como objeto de análisis. Se ha comprobado que las voces y conversaciones de parte de los excursionistas en zonas de reposo, observación y descanso (Laguna Grande de Peñalara) es la fuente de ruido que con mayor frecuencia identifican los propios visitantes (51%) y causa un incremento del nivel de presión sonora equivalente de unos 4,5 dBA sobre el nivel correspondiente al ambiente natural (Lnat). También se ha comprobado que carreteras con bajo nivel de tráfico (IMD<1000) pueden causar estrés fisiológico sobre la fauna y afectar a la calidad de sus hábitats. La isófona de 30 dBA del índice Leq (24h) permite dividir a los corzos de la zona de estudio en dos grupos con diferente nivel de estrés fisiológico, más elevado en los que se sitúan más cerca de la carretera con mayor volumen de tráfico y se expone a mayores niveles de ruido. Por otro lado, ha sido posible delimitar una zona de exclusión para la nidificación de buitre negro alrededor de las carreteras, coincidente con la isófona Leq (24h) de 40 dBA que afecta al 11% de su hábitat potencial. Además se ha llevado a cabo una novedosa valoración económica de la contaminación acústica en espacios naturales protegidos, mediante el análisis de la experiencia sonora de los visitantes del antiguo Parque Natural de Peñalara, y se ha constatado su disposición al pago de una entrada de acceso a estos lugares (aproximadamente 1 euro) si redundara en una mejora de su estado de conservación. En conclusión, los espacios naturales protegidos pueden sufrir un impacto ambiental significativo causado por fuentes de ruido localizadas en su interior pero también lejanas a ellos, que se sitúan fuera del ámbito de competencias de sus gestores. Sucesos sonoros como el sobrevuelo de aviones pueden incrementar en aproximadamente 8 dBA el nivel de referencia Lnat en las zonas tranquilas del parque. Se recomienda llevar a cabo una gestión activa del medio ambiente sonoro y se considera necesario extender la investigación sobre los efectos ecológicos del ruido ambiental a otros lugares y especies animales. ABSTRACT This PhD Thesis deals with acoustic characterization of natural ecosystems and anthropogenic noise impact assessment on potential receivers, including non-human receivers and their ecological effects. Besides, its management implications at different scales are analyzed and an economic valuation is performed. This study provides solutions for characterizing soundscapes in a compatible way with different working scales, level of technical effort and in a context of limited resources, so its treatment becomes feasible as for any other environmental variable in conservation and environmental management. Several tools and methodologies have been adapted from a variety of disciplines such as environmental acoustics, bioacoustics and landscape ecology, to better serve the specific goals of assessing and managing soundscapes and environmental noise in large areas. A procedure has been established for systematic field measurement surveys and noise common computer modelling methods have also been adapted in order to analyze dynamic soundscapes across time and space, from local to landscape scales. It is possible to create specific thematic cartography as for instance delimiting potential influence zone from different noise sources on animal habitats quality. Use of equivalent continuous sound pressure level index (Leq) is recommended because it provides great flexibility in operation for noise measurement and modelling, and because of its adaptability to any required temporal and spatial dimension, for instance landscape, activities or the target species established as study subjects. It has been found that human voices and conversations in a resting and contemplation area (Laguna Grande de Peñalara) is the most frequently referred noise source by national park visitors (51 %) when asked. Human voices alter this recreational area by increasing the sound pressure level approximately 4.5 dBA over the natural ambient level (Lnat). It has also been found that low traffic roads (AADT<1000 ) may cause physiological stress on wildlife and affect the quality of their habitats. It has also been possible to define a road-effect zone by noise mapping, which suggests an effective habitat loss within the Leq (24h) 30 dBA isophone in case of Roe deer and also divide the study area in two groups with different physiological stress level, higher for those exposed to higher noise levels and traffic volume. On the other hand, it has been possible to determine an exclusion area for Cinereous vulture nesting surrounding roads which is coincident with the Leq (24h) 40 dBA isophone and affects 11 % of the vulture potential habitat. It has also been performed an economic estimation of noise pollution impact on visitors’ perception and results showed that visitors would be willing to pay an entrance fee of approximately 1 euro if such payment is really bringing an improvement of the conservation status. In conclusion, protected areas may be significantly affected by anthropogenic noise sources located within the park borders but perturbations may also be caused by large-distance noise sources outside the park managers’ jurisdiction. Aircraft overflight events disrupted quietness and caused Leq increases of almost 8 dBA during a monitoring period with respect to Lnat reference levels in the park quiet areas. It is recommended to actively manage the acoustic environment. Finally, further research on ecological impacts of environmental noise needs to be extended to other species and places.

Impacto antrópico en las aguas de goteo de la cueva de Canelobre (Alicante)

Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto CGL2008-05929/BTE y realizado dentro del marco del proyecto IGCP-513 de la UNESCO.

Resíduos farmacêuticos no ambiente

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

Avaliação de impactos não esperados: estudo de caso sobre o uso alternativo de crédito no Pronaf B

This Doctoral Dissertation deals with the evaluation of impacts, through the Case Study on deviations or redirects present in contracts Pronaf B, at Governador Mangabeira - BA , from 2011 to 2013. From the questioning about the expected impacts not contribute to the effectiveness of the program ? It was possible the measurement of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of unexpected impacts stems from the logic of family farming, unique socio-economic conditions of individuals and family units. The methodology is structured in the theoretical framework regarding the impact assessment and family farming, data collection, questionnaires among redirected contracting credit in PRONAF B and interviews with institutional actors involved . The results confirmed the existence of a logic family farm, able to take own decisions their mode of reproduction of life. As for the impact assessment, we added the importance of the unexpected in the evaluation of public policy impacts , while study of effectiveness with the beneficiaries and the significant contribution of their views.

Metodologia para implantação de um sistema de disposição de rejeitos em minério de ferro na região do semiárido: estudo de caso

Tailings dams are structures that aims to retain the solid waste and water from mining processes. Its analysis and planning begins with searching of location for deployment, step on which to bind all kinds of variables that directly or indirectly influence the work, such as geological, hydrological, tectonic, topographic, geotechnical, environmental, social characteristics, evaluation security risks, among others. Thus, this paper aims to present a study on the most appropriate and secure type of busbar to design a layout structure of iron ore tailings, taking into account all the above mentioned variables. The case study involves the assessment of sites for location of dams of tailings disposal beneficiation of iron mine to be built in Bonito, in the municipality of Jucurutu in Seridó Potiguar. For site selection among alternatives, various aspects of the current state of the art were considered, one that causes the least environmental impact, low cost investment, adding value to the product and especially the safety of the implanted structure mitigates the concern about induced earthquakes as a result of liquefaction wastes somatized by dams in the region, as the tilling of Mina Bonito is located practically in the hydraulic basin dam Armando Ribeiro in environmental protection (APA). The methodology compares induced by dams in the semiarid region with the characteristics of the waste disposal and sterile seismicity, taking into account the enhancement of liquefaction by the action of seismicity in the Mina Bonito region. With the fulcrum in the methodology, we indicated the best busbar type for disposal of tailings from iron ore or combination of them, to be designed and built in semiarid particularly for Mina Bonito. Also presents a number of possible uses for the tailings and in engineering activities, which may cause processing to the common good.

Análise da problemática socioambiental de nascentes urbanas no município de Garanhuns-PE

Garanhuns City, in Pernambuco, undergoes a rapid, polluting and non-organized urban development affecting its freshwater springs around the urban environment. These sources are of great importance to the district as well as to the hydrographic basin of the Mundaú River. In this view, this paper aims at analyzing the socio-environmental problems resulting from the urban expansion surrounding the Garanhuns’ sources. The study considers the social and environmental dynamics and follows the theoretical contributions of socio-environmental geography proposed by Mendonça’s Urban Environmental System methodological and theoretical model (2004), as well as the conceptual values of Santos’ space theory (2002a). The data treatment included bibliographical and documental research, evaluation of environmental impact, and water analysis. It revealed that Garanhuns possesses many local environmental traits favoring the coming out of freshwater springs and that these sources have played an important role in the making and development of that village. The environmental impacts on freshwater springs, like Olho D’água, Bom Pastor, Vila Maria, Pau Amarelo and Pau Pombo have been evaluated through the environmental impact score IIAN. It put alight serious cases of socio-environmental impacts on the dynamics of the freshwater springs. In the period of April 2013 and April 2014, it monitored the superficial water quality expelled by the Pau Pombo, Pau Amarelo e Vila Maria water sources, and the analyses of the contents followed the determinations of the Environmental National Board, whose parameters are dissolved oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, nitrate, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and electrical conductivity. The results recollected suggest the existence of organic pollution and deep alteration in the water coming out from the sources. In consequence, it seems important the putting out of measures destined to stop those impacts and guaranteeing protection and maintenance of the freshwater springs and their micro-basins.

Uso da cinza do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar como matéria-prima na substituição dos fundentes para aplicações em porcelanato

The present study aims to evaluate the potential use of bagasse ash from sugar cane (CBC) as a flux, replacing phyllite and/or feldspar in standard industrial mass production of enameled porcelain, verifying the possibility of the CBC contribute to the overall reduction of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic mass. To this end, as a result of the research, we characterized the raw material components of the standard mass (clay, phyllite, kaolin, feldspar, quartz and talc) and the residue of BCC, by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and ATG. Specimens (CDP) were manufactured in the dimensions of 100 mm x 50 mm x 8 mm in uniaxial matrix under compaction pressure of 33 MPa, assembled in batches of 3 units subsequently sintered at temperatures of 1150°C to 1210°C by varying the Rating Scale at 10°C, heating and cooling ramp of 50°C/min and 25°C/min, with levels of 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 8 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min and 60 min. analyzing the results of the physical properties of water absorption (WA), linear firing shrinkage (LFS), dilatometric analysis (DTA), flexural strain (SFT) and SEM of the sintered bodies in order to verify the adequacy of CDP to ISO 13006, ISO 10545, NBR 13816 standards; NBR 13817 and NBR 13818. The study showed that the formulations that best suit the requirements of the standards are:. G4 - which was applied in 10% of replacing the CBC phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C for 10 min and porch, and F3 - with application of 7.5% of CBC to replace the feldspar in the sintering temperatures of 1190°C, 1200°C and 1210°C for 10 min and porch. These formulations showed better performance regarding the formation of primary and secondary mullite, with considerable reduction of cracks and pores, meeting the prerequisites of standards for glazed porcelain. The results shows that the use of the CBC as a flux in the preparation of porcelain mass meets standard parameters for the manufacture of the product, and thereby can reduce environmental impact and the cost of production. Therefore, it is recommended to use this residue in the ceramics industry, due to its industrial, commercial and collaborative viability for sustainability.

Uso e ocupação do solo e a transformação da paisagem na faixa litorânea da Via Costeira, município de Natal/RN

The coastal area of the city of Natal due to its location and natural potentialities has been an area where we have experienced big changes in its environment, at the expense of several forms of use and human occupation. On the coast of Via Costeira beach the process of use and land occupation was structured at the end of 1970s and early 1980s, as a result of the government policy which has developmental essence, based on the settlement of plenty big enterprises by the Parque das Dunas/Via Costeira Project. This project was created to install in Natal, capital of the state, infrastructure equipment on this stretch of coastline consisted of dune fields and many parts of ecosystems which have high natural relevance and fragility that used to present a semi-isolation in the urban city, for the development of tourist activities, which is considered as a viable economic solution capable of setting right serious socioeconomic problems that had persisted there. According to what was said so far, this study aimed to analyze the forms of use and land occupation besides the change of the landscape along the Via Costeira coast in the city of Natal/RN. These changes often take place without considering the complexity and fragility of natural ecosystems involved. The geoenvironmental study was based on the geosystemic theory, thus It was possible to analyze the human interventions in the superficial aspects of landscapes holistically. The practical procedures were contemplated with literature searches, followed by field work where were fulfilled the recognition and general characterization of the area in order to investigate and analyze the main types of land occupation and its use that have taken place there since big buildings began to come out, being supported by the legislation whose laws are about protection and conservation of coastal natural resources. The research also includes the identification and evaluation of the main types of negative impacts caused due to different forms of use that induce environmental and social conflicts nearby this shore. Thus, It was carried out a spatial and multitemporal analysis from orthophotos, aerial photographs and others taken during the field work besides satellite images too. The information which is taken out from these instruments was used to draw maps related to land occupation, spatial impacts and other thematic maps. We worked on a hypothesis that the implementation of mega enterprises on Via Costeira and many different forms of intensified use by human actions, has not considered the natural aspects and restrictions of use in this area, these ones would be the main factors that brought on the suppression and degradation in this environment and consequently the transformation of the natural landscape.

Qualidade da água de um reservatório e do solo da zona ripária sob diferentes usos na região semiárida do Rio Grande do Norte

Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems intermediate between rivers and lakes widely used in the Brazilian semiarid region as a way to provide water supply due to the said region’s water scarcity. The use of water from these supply sources for multiple uses, along with occupation and utilization of its riparian zone without proper management, directly influences the increased nutrient flow into aquatic environments, there with contributing to the acceleration of eutrophication. The semi-arid region is characterized by peculiar weather conditions, such as severe evaporation, high temperatures with little variation throughout the year and long water residence time, making it susceptible to prolonged drought occurrence, which tends to concentrate the nutrients in reservoirs, which favors the development of eutrophic conditions. Moreover, it is common soil use and occupation by carrying out activities with potential environmental impact on natural resources such as agriculture, livestock farming and lack of sanitation. The aim of this study is both to evaluate the water quality of the Cruzeta Reservoir, located in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, during a prolonged drought period, and assess the quality of its riparian zone soil under different uses, by monitoring physical-chemical variables. Along the prolonged drought, high levels of turbidity, suspended solids, nutrients and chlorophyll a were verified as present, therefore featuring low water quality. In the riparian zone of Cruzeta Reservoir, the areas under use of agriculture and livestock farming appeared as one of the main diffuse sources of nutrients to the said reservoir, featuring the highest levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil, originated from decomposition of animal excreta and from the use of fertilizers, creating a tendency to increased eutrophication of such water supply source. The indicators of water and soil quality are useful for monitoring and evaluating the conservation status of natural resources, allowing the control and mitigation of the reservoir eutrophication process. This study confirmed the hypothesis that the reduction of water level, resulting from prolonged drought event, aggravates the symptoms of eutrophication; and also that using the soil under severalways modifies the physic chemical properties of the soil, having livestock farming and agriculture as the usages with greatest potential towards yielding P and N to the aquatic environment.

Percepção ambiental como ferramenta diagnóstica para o processo de integração entre uma unidade de conservação e a comunidade do entorno

It is remarkable the current planet’s situation of degradation and modification of natural assets and the considerable loss of the recovery power inherent to the ecosystems. Concomitant with this, all communities and species are suffering the consequences of these changes without planning. The creation of conservation units (UCs) through the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) was a concrete action on the deliberateness of halting these processes, which, on the other hand, generated socio-environmental, geo-economical and cultural-political conflict of interests between traditional communities in the vicinity of these units, institutions, governmental entities and society in general. The country’s National Program of Environmental Education (ProNEA) provides the integration of the communities and UCs’ managers in a co-participative administration to solve these conflicts. The principles of Environmental Education (EA) leads the methodology found to change the socio-educational paradigms of traditional teaching, still existing in our society and intrinsically related to environmental problems, which are contrary to the dialogic pedagogy from Paulo Freire, that valorize popular knowledge, pro-active citizenship, as well as contrary to Ecopedagogy, that re-integrate human being on its natural environment, the Earth. One of the tools for starting environmental sensitization is the diagnosis by environmental perception of individuals. In this context, the objective of our work was to identify the environmental perception of Tenda do Moreno community located nearby Pau Furado State Park (PEPF) in Uberlândia – MG. To reach this objective, the research sought, in a first moment, to evaluate the environmental perception of residents of this community through semi-structured interviews applied in their homes and, in a second moment, we evaluated the environmental perception of community’ school students and made Environmental Education intervention activities with the intention to make children aware of the importance of conservation and function of PEPF. Using the Content analysis methodology, we found in nearly 60% of the 118 residents a systemic perception of nature, while approximately 32% expressed an anthropocentric perception. Mixed perceptions were found in 21%. A considerable part of the residents (47 individuals) indicated not knowing the park, although many of them recognize its importance. Among the 46 interviewed students, half expressed an anthropocentric perception of nature, while almost 36% had a systemic view. Seventeen children said they did not know the park and almost half of the students recognize some aspect of the importance of its existence. During the intervention activities, we had huge participation and dedication of students, beyond the massive expression of their personal views and daily experiences. In relation to the ten students that subjected the second evaluation about their environmental perception after the intervention, 80% showed systemic perception and emphasized the importance of conservation and of park. We believe that the continuity of the intervention activities could generate positive perspectives of socio-environmental effective changes in the daily school. Activities lead by Ecopedagogy and that encourage the citizen leadership in the young students are fundamental, while in the community, closer ties and dialog by UC’s managers would be important elements to generate effective change.

Diagnóstico ambiental da área de influência do complexo sucroalcooleiro Usina Vale do São Simão Ltda

One of the most widespread renewable energy sources in Brazil is ethanol, from sugarcane, therefore, the sugar and alcohol sector is expanding, with positive impacts for the economy of the country. Sugar cane was introduced in Brazil as a crop during its colonization, for the production of sugar, and put the country in the global scenario. The expansion of this crop occurred in the seventies, to reduce the reliance in fossil energy sources and to stimulate the development of the agricultural activity. Thus, the federal government has promoted the sugar cane crop and the production of ethanol as a fuel. However, it is important to minimize possible impacts that the crop may cause to the environment. Sugar cane has expanded in the frontiers of the mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba-MG, and, in this perspective, the agroindustrial complex known as Companhia Energética Vale do São Simão Ltda., with the Mill located in the county of Santa Vitória, Minas Gerais, was adopted to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by the sugarcane in the area of influence of the mill. The mill has a polygonal area corresponding to 53,525.20 hectares, and for its establishment a Study and Report of Environmental Impacts (EIA/RIMA) was presented, as required as an environment protection instrument by the Environment National Policy (Law nº 6.938/81), and detailed by the Resolution CONAMA nº 01/1986. These studies pointed that native vegetation fragments in the Area of Influence of the Mill, before its implantation, corresponded to approximately 20.7% of the area. Therefore, this study evaluated the impacts of the installation of Usina Vale do São Simão, between 2007 and 2012, determining its reflex on the environmental regularization of the farms, and the vegetation fragments existing in the area, in the recovery and recomposition of areas defined as Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation. Previous studies of the area were analyzed, soil use and occupation was mapped for the years 2007 and 2012, and the areas of permanent preservation and native vegetation fragments were marked. In general, there was a decline in native vegetation coverage in the period, although it cannot be stated that such reduction was a direct effect of the milling activity. Therefore, the legal requirement of preserving such areas was not capable of bringing the positive effects of protection and recovery as demanded by the Law, highlighting that the current legislation was not enough to protect such areas.

Environmental impacts of freshwater use and suspended solids in life cycle assessment

Perturbation of natural ecosystems, namely by increasing freshwater use and its degradative use, as well as topsoil erosion by water of land-use production systems, have been emerging as topics of high environmental concern. Freshwater use has become a focus of attention in the last few years for all stakeholders involved in the production of goods, mainly agro-industrial and forest-based products, which are freshwater-intensive consumers, requiring large inputs of green and blue water. This thesis presents a global review on the available Water Footprint Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based methods for measuring and assessing the environmental relevance of freshwater resources use, based on a life cycle perspective. Using some of the available midpoint LCA-based methods, the freshwater use-related impacts of a Portuguese wine (white ‘vinho verde’) were assessed. However, the relevance of environmental green water has been neglected because of the absence of a comprehensive impact assessment method associated with green water flows. To overcome this constraint, this thesis helps to improve and enhance the LCA-based methods by providing a midpoint and spatially explicit Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method for assessing impacts on terrestrial green water flow and addressing reductions in surface blue water production caused by reductions in surface runoff due to land-use production systems. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by a case study on Eucalyptus globulus conducted in Portugal, as the growth of short rotation forestry is largely dependent on local precipitation. Topsoil erosion by water has been characterised as one of the most upsetting problems for rivers. Because of this, this thesis also focuses on the ecosystem impacts caused by suspended solids (SS) from topsoil erosion that reach freshwater systems. A framework to conduct a spatially distributed SS delivery to freshwater streams and a fate and effect LCIA method to derive site-specific characterisation factors (CFs) for endpoint damage on aquatic ecosystem diversity, namely on algae, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrates organisms, were developed. The applicability of this framework, combined with the derived site-specific CFs, is shown by conducting a case study on E. globulus stands located in Portugal as an example of a land use based system. A spatially explicit LCA assessment was shown to be necessary, since the impacts associated with both green water flows and SS vary greatly as a function of spatial location.

Propuesta de optimizaci?n ambiental en los procesos de producci?n del departamento t?cnico de la empresa Constructora El Castillo

La empresa familiar Constructora El Castillo S.A. fue creada en el a?o 2004, desarrolla la totalidad de sus proyectos en los terrenos de la Antigua Hacienda El Castillo, ubicada entre los Municipios de Jamund? y Cali. Desde el momento de su consolidaci?n, la empresa El Castillo S.A. ha querido afianzarse como una empresa comprometida con la protecci?n del ambiente, por ello este proyecto se desarrolla como el primer paso al forjamiento del sistema de gesti?n ambiental de la constructora. Este proyecto analizo mediante herramientas cualitativas los procesos que se llevan a cabo en el El Dpto. T?cnico de la constructora El Castillo, ?ste aunque realiz? actividades para la protecci?n del ambiente, ninguna fue documentada. Para este proyecto se plante? una metodolog?a basada en los lineamientos de la NTC ISO 14001, que permiti? identificar los aspectos ambientales que puede mejorar y hacer un avance en la planeaci?n del sistema de gesti?n ambiental en el Departamento T?cnico de la constructora. Esta metodolog?a se desarroll? en 4 etapas, 1. Revisi?n Inicial: se analiz? el desempe?o del Dpto. T?cnico en materia de gesti?n ambiental, 2. Identificaci?n de los Procesos y sus Impactos Ambientales: se describi? cada proceso e identificaron y valoraron los aspectos e impactos ambientales 3. An?lisis de legislaci?n aplicable a la empresa: se hizo una revisi?n de la legislaci?n ambiental y se detectaron las principales debilidades en esta ?rea. 4. Construcci?n del programa de gesti?n ambiental para el Dpto. T?cnico: se establecieron objetivos, metas e indicadores ambientales, que orientaran la gesti?n ambiental en el Dpto. T?cnico. En el an?lisis de procesos se identificaron impactos tales como: Contaminaci?n atmosf?rica por la quema de combustible f?sil, alteraci?n del suelo, consumo de energ?a, generaci?n de aguas residuales y residuos s?lidos. Estos se analizaron a trav?s de herramientas cualitativas, debido a que la empresa no cuenta en el momento de realizar este proyecto con el presupuesto para cuantificar los diferentes impactos identificados. Del an?lisis cualitativo de los procesos se encontr? que el proceso que genera un mayor impacto es el constructivo, el cual est? asociado principalmente a la gran generaci?n de residuos s?lidos. Ante esto se propone que el Dpto. T?cnico de la constructora tenga como meta la creaci?n de un plan de educaci?n ambiental y un plan de gesti?n integral de los residuos s?lidos, y de esta manera pueda mitigar su mayor impacto