Ricostruzione 3D di oggetti ad alto potere diffusivo mediante triangolazione laser

L'obiettivo principale che questa tesi intende perseguire e la progettazione di un sistema di acquisizione 3D a basso costo basato sul metodo di triangolazione a lama laser. A tale scopo si adotterà una telecamera general-purpose, e si provvederà sia alla realizzazione di un prototipo di sistema di attuazione per automatizzare la scansione dell'oggetto, sia all'implementazione di algoritmi per la calibrazione della geometria laser-telecamera, il rilevamento del profilo laser nell'immagine e la sua successiva ricostruzione 3D, tenendo anche conto delle complicazioni che l'uso di oggetti ad alto potere diffusivo apporta a tale problema, a causa dei marcati effetti di subsurface scattering della luce laser. Il sistema di triangolazione sarà validato caratterizzando, mediante il confronto con pezzi di dimensioni note, la precisione e l'accuratezza delle misurazioni, e valutando i tempi di esecuzione degli algoritmi. Inoltre, le prestazioni ed i risultati delle acquisizioni saranno messi a confronto con quelli ottenuti adottando una telecamera high-end dedicata. Lo studio preliminare svolto in questa sede e propedeutico per la futura realizzazione di un sistema per la ricostruzione in camera bianca di protesi d'osso su misura.

Implementazione di un algoritmo di navigazione autonoma di alto livello e sviluppo software di una Control Ground Station

Caratteristiche hardware di un rover terrestre (progetto SHERPA). Implementazione tramite il framework ROS di un algoritmo di alto livello di navigazione autonoma basato su due possibili algoritmi di basso livello: LOS (Lightweight Object Streaming developed by BlueBotics) o Navigation Stack. Sviluppo di una Control Ground Station (Java) basata su: protocollo SSH2 oppure sfruttando la libreria LOS.

Realizzazione di un data-set ad alta risoluzione (30 secondi d'arco) di precipitazioni mensili su un'area ad orografia complessa (Trentino Alto-Adige)

In questa tesi si presenta la realizzazione di un data-set ad alta risoluzione (30 secondi d'arco) di precipitazioni mensili (per il periodo 1921-2014), per la regione del Trentino-Alto Adige. Esso è basato su una densa rete di stazioni con osservazioni di lunga durata, sottoposte ai necessari controlli di qualità. La tecnica di interpolazione si basa sull'assunzione che la configurazione spazio-temporale del campo di una variabile meteorologica su una certa area possa essere descritta con la sovrapposizione di due campi: i valori normali relativi a un periodo standard (1961-1990), ossia le climatologie, e le deviazioni da questi, ossia le anomalie. Le due componenti possono venire ricostruite tramite metodologie diverse e si possono basare su data-set indipendenti. Per le climatologie bisogna avere un elevato numero di stazioni (anche se disponibili per un lasso temporale limitato); per le anomalie viceversa la densità spaziale ha un rilievo minore a causa della buona coerenza spaziale della variabilità temporale, mentre è importante la qualità dei dati e la loro estensione temporale. L'approccio utilizzato per le climatologie mensili è la regressione lineare pesata locale. Per ciascuna cella della griglia si stima una regressione lineare pesata della precipitazione in funzione dell'altitudine; si pesano di più le stazioni aventi caratteristiche simili a quelle della cella stessa. Invece le anomalie mensili si ricavano, per ogni cella di griglia, grazie a una media pesata delle anomalie delle vicine stazioni. Infine la sovrapposizione delle componenti spaziale (climatologie) e temporale (anomalie) consente di ottenere per ogni nodo del grigliato una serie temporale di precipitazioni mensili in valori assoluti. La bontà dei risultati viene poi valutata con gli errori quadratici medi (RMSE) e i coefficienti di correlazione di Pearson delle singole componenti ricostruite. Per mostrare le potenziali applicazioni del prodotto si esaminano alcuni casi studio.

Farming Systems and Resilience Building in a Changing Climate On-Farm Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Cocoa Cultivation in Alto Beni, Bolivia

Resilience research has been applied to socioeconomic as well as for agroecological studies in the last 20 years. It provides a conceptual and methodological approach for a better understanding of interrelations between the performance of ecological and social systems. In the research area Alto Beni, Bolivia, the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), is one of the main sources of income. Farmers in the region have formed producers’ associations to enhance organic cocoa cultivation and obtain fair prices since the 1980s. In cooperation with the long-term system comparisons by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) in Alto Beni, aspects of the field trial are applied for the use in on-farm research: a comparison of soil fertility, biomass and crop diversity is combined with qualitative interviews and participatory observation methods. Fieldwork is carried out together with Bolivian students through the Swiss KFPE-programme Echanges Universitaires. For the system comparisons, four different land-use types were classified according to their ecological complexity during a preliminary study in 2009: successional agroforestry systems, simple agroforestry systems (both organically managed and certified), traditional systems and conventional monocultures. The study focuses on interrelations between different ways of cocoa cultivation, livelihoods and the related socio-cultural rationales behind them. In particular this second aspect is innovative as it allows to broaden the biophysical perspective to a more comprehensive evaluation with socio-ecological aspects thereby increasing the relevance of the agronomic field studies for development policy and practice. Moreover, such a socio-ecological baseline allows to assess the potential of organic agriculture regarding resilience-building face to socio-environmental stress factors. Among others, the results of the pre-study illustrate local farmers’ perceptions of climate change and the consequences for the different crop-systems: all interviewees mentioned rising temperatures and/or an extended dry season as negative impacts more with regard to their own working conditions than to their crops. This was the case in particular for conventional monocultures and in plots where slash-and-burn cultivation was practised whereas for organic agroforestry systems the advantage of working in the shade was stressed indicating that their relevance rises in the context of climate change.

Agroecosystem resilience and farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts on cocoa farms in Alto Beni, Bolivia

Cocoa-based small-scale agriculture is the most important source of income for most farming families in the region of Alto Beni in the sub-humid foothills of the Andes. Cocoa is grown in cultivation systems of varying ecological complexity. The plantations are highly susceptible to climate change impacts. Local cocoa producers mention heat waves, droughts, floods and plant diseases as the main impacts affecting plants and working conditions, and they associate these impacts with global climate change. From a sustainable regional development point of view, cocoa farms need to become more resilient in order to cope with the climate change related effects that are putting cocoa-based livelihoods at risk. This study assesses agroecosystem resilience under three different cocoa cultivation systems (successional agroforestry, simple agroforestry and common practice monocultures). In a first step, farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts were assessed and eight indicators of agroecological resilience were derived in a transdisciplinary process (focus groups and workshop) based on farmers’ and scientists’ knowledge. These indicators (soil organic matter, depth of Ah horizon, soil bulk density, tree species diversity, crop varieties diversity, ant species diversity, cocoa yields and infestation of cocoa trees with Moniliophthora perniciosa) were then surveyed on 15 cocoa farms and compared for the three different cultivation systems. Parts of the socio-economic aspects of resilience were covered by evaluating the role of cocoa cooperatives and organic certification in transitioning to more resilient cocoa farms (interviews with 15 cocoa farmers combined with five expert interviews). Agroecosystem resilience was higher under the two agroforestry systems than under common practice monoculture, especially under successional agroforestry. Both agroforestry systems achieved higher cocoa yields than common practice monoculture due to agroforestry farmers’ enhanced knowledge regarding cocoa cultivation. Knowledge sharing was promoted by local organizations facilitating organic certification. These organizations were thus found to enhance the social process of farmers’ integration into cooperatives and their reorientation toward organic principles and diversified agroforestry.

Carbon stocks, tree diversity, and the role of organic certification in different cocoa production systems in Alto Beni, Bolivia

This study compares aboveground and belowground carbon stocks and tree diversity in different cocoa cultivation systems in Bolivia: monoculture, simple agroforestry, and successional agroforestry, as well as fallow as a control. Since diversified, agroforestry-based cultivation systems are often considered important for sustainable development, we also evaluated the links between carbon stocks and tree diversity, as well as the role of organic certification in transitioning from monoculture to agroforestry. Biomass, tree diversity, and soil physiochemical parameters were sampled in 15 plots measuring 48 × 48 m. Semi-structured interviews with 52 cocoa farmers were used to evaluate the role of organic certification and farmers’ organizations (e.g., cocoa cooperatives) in promoting tree diversity. Total carbon stocks in simple agroforestry systems (128.4 ± 20 Mg ha−1) were similar to those on fallow plots (125.2 ± 10 Mg ha−1). Successional agroforestry systems had the highest carbon stocks (143.7 ± 5.3 Mg ha−1). Monocultures stored significantly less carbon than all other systems (86.3 ± 4.0 Mg ha−1, posterior probability P(Diff > 0) of 0.000–0.006). Among shade tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum, Centrolobium ochroxylum, and Anadenanthera sp. accumulated the most biomass. High-value timber species (S. amazonicum, C. ochroxylum, Amburana cearensis, and Swietenia macrophylla) accounted for 22.0 % of shade tree biomass. The Shannon index and tree species richness were highest in successional agroforestry systems. Cocoa plots on certified organic farms displayed significantly higher tree species richness than plots on non-certified farms. Thus, expanding the coverage of organic farmers’ organizations may be an effective strategy for fostering transitions from monoculture to agroforestry systems.

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1238 - Dominica VI. post Trinit. : Liebet eure Feinde; segnet die euch fluchen ; a canto, alto, tenore, basso con i ripieni, 2 violini, 2 hautbois, viola, violoncello,violono, bassono ed organo

di Telemann

La contribución de la producción del cacao orgánico a la resiliencia socio-ecológica en el contexto del cambio climático en el Alto Beni – La Paz

El cultivo del cacao en pequeña escala, sustento básico de muchas familias del Alto Beni, es afectado por los impactos del cambio climático. Para el desarrollo sostenible, es necesario que las fincas adquieran resiliencia: la capacidad de un sistema para reducir su sensibilidad hacia factores de estrés y perturbaciones, manteniendo su productividad, capacidad auto-organizativa, de aprendizaje y adaptación al cambio. Investigamos las diferencias en la resiliencia entre las fincas orgánicas y no orgánicas de cacao, y los rasgos significativos que inciden en la resiliencia socio-ecológica de los sistemas agrícolas del cacao. Definimos indicadores de resiliencia con expertos locales y productores durante un taller y con grupos focales. Los indicadores de la capacidad de amortiguación fueron: materia orgánica de los suelos, densidad aparente del suelo, e infestación con Moniliophthora perniciosa, diversidad arbórea, diversidad de cultivos, hormigas y fuentes de ingresos de las familias productoras. Los indicadores de auto-organización fueron: afiliación a organizaciones productoras, nivel de subsistencia, rendimientos de cacao e ingreso familiar anual. La capacidad de adaptación se evaluó indagando la cantidad de capacitaciones en que participaron las familias y la cantidad de fuentes de información que poseían. Entrevistamos 52 hogares: 30 orgánicos, 22 no orgánicos. Las fincas orgánicas en el área eran más diversificadas y rendían más. El ingreso familiar anual de las fincas orgánicas era sustancialmente mayor al de las no orgánicas. Probablemente el mayor rendimiento se debió principalmente a que los productores orgánicos participaron en más capacitaciones debido a su pertenencia a las organizaciones locales. Concluimos que las organizaciones locales de agricultura orgánica contribuyeron a crear resiliencia proporcionando servicios de extensión mediante el establecimiento de parcelas, creación de capacidades y seguros sociales

Mus Hs 1629 - Missae II : 1 ex db, 2 ex Gb : canto, alto, tenore, basso, 2 violini, alto viola, 2 corni, tympani et organo

Besetzung: Coro S, Coro A, Coro T, Coro B, Vl 1 2, Va, Trp 1 2, Timp, Org

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1453 - Dominica II post Trinitatis : Weil ich denn ruffe, und ihr weigert euch p ; a canto, alto, tenore, basso con i ripieni, 2 violini, 2 hautbois, 1 viola, violoncello, violono, bassono ed organo

di Georgio Philippo Telemann

Ms. Ff. Mus. 937 - Dominica XIII. post Trinitatis : Du solt lieben Gott deinen Herrn ; a canto, alto, tenore, basso, 2 violini, viola, 2 hautbois, violoncello, violono, bassono ed organo

di Telemann

Farm resilience in organic and nonorganic cocoa farming systems in Alto Beni, Bolivia

Cocoa production in Alto Beni, Bolivia, is a major source of income and is severely affected by climate change impacts and other stress factors. Resilient farming systems are, thus, important for local families. This study compares indicators for social–ecological resilience in 30 organic and 22 nonorganic cocoa farms of Alto Beni. Organic farms had a higher tree and crop diversity, higher yields and incomes, more social connectedness, and participated in more courses on cocoa cultivation. Resilience was enhanced by local farmers’ organizations, providing organic certification and supporting diversified agroforestry with seedlings and extension, going beyond basic organic certification requirements.