Analysis of critical excavation depth for a jointed rock slope using a face-to-face discrete element method

The critical excavation depth of a jointed rock slope is an important problem in rock engineering. This paper studies the critical excavation depth for two idealized jointed rock slopes by employing a face-to-face discrete element method (DEM). The DEM is based on the discontinuity analysis which can consider anisotropic and discontinuous deformations due to joints and their orientations. It uses four lump-points at each surface of rock blocks to describe their interactions. The relationship between the critical excavation depth D-s and the natural slope angle alpha, the joint inclination angle theta as well as the strength parameters of the joints c(r) ,phi(r) is analyzed, and the critical excavation depth obtained with this DEM and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) is compared. Furthermore, effects of joints on the failure modes are compared between DEM simulations and experimental observations. It is found that the DEM predicts a lower critical excavation depth than the LEM if the joint structures in the rock mass are not ignored.

不对称射流——另一种新的煤粉火焰稳定燃烧的空气动力学原理

本文提出了利用不对称射流稳定和强化燃烧低质煤粉和水煤浆的空气动力学原理。根据这个原理,研制了一种一次风偏置并且稍有倾斜的新型预燃室。在预燃室的上半部不对称射流产生一个大的回流区。煤粉颗粒和水煤浆能够被直接送入该回流区中。特定的三维空气动力场和煤粉浓度的分布对点火、稳燃和消除灰渣是十分有利的。这类偏置射流预燃室已被证明能够燃烧挥发分10％,灰分30％的低质煤粉和挥发分10％,水分30％的难燃水煤浆。在燃烧过程中预燃室内不积灰不结渣。目前它已被成功地用于工业锅炉和电站锅炉的点火启动和低负荷(50％)稳燃、并且收到了大幅度节油的效果。

生物力学进展和趋向(续)

<正> 三、运动关节力学 运动关节(diarthrodial joint)的功能在于使动物能灵巧地运动肢体。译成力学术语就是:传递载荷,吸收冲击、振动,承受相当高的应力,且运动时摩擦系数很小。L.L.Malcom曾精细地测量过牛肱关节的摩擦系数,在正应力1—20kg/cm~2的范围内,动摩擦系数为0.0025—0.0040,而最好的工程材料的摩擦系数为0.01—0.05,整整差一个量级。

A self-closed system of equations of damage evolution

This paper introduces a statistical mesomechanical approach to the evolution of damage. A self-closed formulation of the damage evolution is derived.

Statistical description of pattern evolution in damage-fracture

A model of dynamical process and stochastic jump has been put forward to study the pattern evolution in damage-fracture. According to the final states of evolution processes, the evolution modes can be classified as globally stable modes (GS modes) and evolution induced catastrophic modes (ElC modes); the latter are responsible for fracture. A statistical description is introduced to clarify the pattern evolution in this paper. It is indicated that the appearance of fracture in disordered materials should be depicted by probability distribution function.

Initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal

Fatigue tests were performed using a purpose designed triangular shaped specimen to investigate the initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal. It was observed that short fatigue cracks evolved from slip bands and were predominantly within ferrite grains. As the test progressed, the short crack density increased with minor changes in crack length. The growth of short cracks, in the early stage resulted mainly from coalescence with other existing cracks. The mechanism of short crack behaviour is discussed.

爆炸容器内冲击波系演化及壳体响应的数值研究

对中心装药爆炸后冲击波的产生、传播和壳体动态响应全过程进行了数值研究。认为RDX瞬时爆炸，爆炸近场采用自相似解；冲击波传播和波系演化采用PPM(the Piecewise Parabolic Method)格式求解Euler方程；壳体响应采用有限元方法求解拉氏坐标系下由虚功原理得到的动力学方程。壳体内壁面边界条件分别采用强耦合和弱耦合方法处理。结果表明：（1）当装药量相同时，薄壁壳体振型比厚壁宙体复杂得多，振幅也大；（2）当装药量不同，壳体厚度相同时，爆炸场冲击波的演化过程不同；（3）对少量装药，产生的冲击波强度低，壳体变形小，是否考虑内边界运动，对计算结果的影响不大；（4）在本文条件下，爆炸容器封头顶点所受的载荷最大，是取易发生破坏的地方，侧壁与爆点所在横截面的交线，也易破坏。

微桥结构铜膜杨氏模量和残余应力研究

采用MEMS(MicroelectromechanicalSystems)技术研制了铜 (Cu)膜微桥结构试样 ,应用陶瓷压条为承力单元 ,并与纳米压痕仪XP系统的Berkovich三棱锥压头相结合 ,解决了较宽Cu膜微桥加载问题。测量了微桥载荷与位移的关系 ,并结合微桥力学理论模型得到了Cu膜微桥的杨氏模量及残余应力 ,其值分别为 115 .2GPa和 19.3MPa ,与应用纳米压痕仪直接测得的带有Si基底的Cu膜杨氏模量 110± 1.6 7GPa相吻合。

A rational fraction polynomials model to study vertical dynamic wheel-rail interaction

This paper presents a model designed to study vertical interactions between wheel and rail when the wheel moves over a rail welding. The model focuses on the spatial domain, and is drawn up in a simple fashion from track receptances. The paper obtains the receptances from a full track model in the frequency domain already developed by the authors, which includes deformation of the rail section and propagation of bending, elongation and torsional waves along an infinite track. Transformation between domains was secured by applying a modified rational fraction polynomials method. This obtains a track model with very few degrees of freedom, and thus with minimum time consumption for integration, with a good match to the original model over a sufficiently broad range of frequencies. Wheel-rail interaction is modelled on a non-linear Hertzian spring, and consideration is given to parametric excitation caused by the wheel moving over a sleeper, since this is a moving wheel model and not a moving irregularity model. The model is used to study the dynamic loads and displacements emerging at the wheel-rail contact passing over a welding defect at different speeds.