改善生态与富民增收是黄土高原生态建设的中心

黄土高原发展要以生态建设为核心 ,寓富民增收于生态建设之中 ,把恢复植被作为突破口 ,带动土地利用结构调整 ,开发替代产业 ,实现黄土高原可持续发展。通过科学问题研究、关键技术开发、典型试验示范和推广 (RDDE) ,为黄土高原生态建设提供科学依据与技术支撑

大尺度流域不同地貌类型区水土保持减水效益分析

趋势分析结果显示 ,河源涧区、风沙区、丘陵区各代表流域年径流量均在 1970年前后发生一致性改变 ,即从 1970年以来开始有明显的减少趋势 ,平均减流幅度 (与 195 9～ 196 9年径流相比 )以河源涧区 (大理河 )和丘陵区 (小理河 )最大 ,分别为 36 .33%和 36 .2 1% ,风沙区 (海流兔河 )最小 (2 0 .6 1% )。减流幅度的大小是各类型区下垫面状况、水土保持措施和治理程度、降雨量变化等多种因素综合作用的结果。借助适合于黄土高原降雨 -产流特性的月水量平衡改进模型 ,计算天然状态下降雨应有的产流量与同期实测径流量求得减水效果。结果表明 ,3个地貌类型区 70年代的减水效益没有明显差异 ,而在 80年代减水效果差异显著 ,丘陵区 (小理河 ,2 4.99% ) >风沙区 (海流兔河 ,17.2 8% ) >河源涧区 (大理河 ,13.13% )。上述结论为定量评价黄土高原生态环境建设对黄河水资源及水环境演变的影响提供了数据基础。

造林学与水土保持学专家侯庆春研究员

侯庆春先生 ,研究员。194 3年出生于吉林省吉林市 ,196 5年毕业于东北林学院林学系 ,同年分配到中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所工作至今。30多年来一直在黄土高原从事森林生态学和造林学方面的研究工作 ,研究领域涉及到黄土高原造林的诸多领域 ,先后对黄土高原林草地土壤水分特征及区域分布、飞机播种造林种草技术 ,抗旱防风集流造林技术 ,区域林业 ,小流域综合治理 ,低产林改造等方面进行了深入系统的研究。先后主持和参加过多项国家科技攻关课题如“神木水蚀、风蚀交错带生态环境整治与试验示范研究”,中国科学院西部行动专项研究“黄土高原植被营造模式与快速绿化技术研究”“黄土高原水土流失区重大共性关键问题研究”和“黄土高原丘陵区中尺度生态农业建设研究”、“束鸡沟水土保持工程与规划”等。中国科学院重点基金项目“黄土高原小老树成因及其改良研究”等多项课题 ,先后获得了省部级科技进步一等奖 2项 ,二等奖 1项和三等奖 2项 ,参编学术专著 4部 ,参与主编《黄土高原地区农林牧业综合发展与合理布局》;参编《黄土高原杏子河流域自然资源与水土保持》、《黄土高原植被建设与持续发展》、《黄土高原水土流失与治理模式》等 ,形成了较为完...

噬菌体呈现技术筛选抗黑色素瘤单链抗体

目的 :制备黑色素瘤单抗的单链可变区片段 ,用于肿瘤的诊断或靶向治疗。方法 :从杂交瘤细胞提取总RNA,分别扩增出轻重链可变区基因(variableregionofheavychain,VH和variableregionoflightchain,VLDNA) ,连接形成单链抗体 (singlechainfragmentvariableregion,ScFv)DNA,将ScFv与载体pCANTAB5E的连接产物转化大肠杆菌TG1 ,经M13K07超感染后 ,获得噬菌体抗体ScFvcDNA文库 ,用黑色素瘤细胞LiBr对重组的噬菌体抗体进行3轮吸附 -洗脱 -扩增亲和筛选后 ,随机挑选克隆经ELISA筛选鉴定。结果:VH、VL和ScFv分别约为360、330、750bp,从随机筛检的30个克隆中获得10个高亲和性噬菌体呈现型ScFv单克隆。结论:用噬菌体呈现技术制备的黑色素瘤ScFv ,可为肿瘤的诊断和靶向治疗奠定基础

中国东北植被生态学研究中的焦点问题

中国东北植被经过半个多世纪的系统研究 ,但有关植被生态学一些争论性问题尚未统一 .本文仅就作者近年来研究工作涉及到的内容和关注的问题 ,提出一些看法 :1)中国东北植被地带性分布规律可用Kira的温暖指数 (WI)、寒冷指数 (CI)和作者的湿度指数 (HI)进行定量解释 .2 )大兴安岭北部山地 ,在海拔14 0 0m以上存在冻原植被 ,是作者于 196 3年首次发现的我国第三块冻原植被 ,其WI <15℃·月 .3)大小兴安岭植被分界线是我国植被区划中第一级分区界线 ,其位置在爱辉 -果松沟 -嫩江以南附近 ,WI为 4 5℃·月 .4 )大兴安岭植被地带性分异显著 ,南段、中段为典型草原地带和森林草原地带 ,北段为针叶林地带 ,HI值分别为 3 5～ 5 5、5 5～ 7 5、>7 5mm/℃·月 .大兴安岭东麓阔叶林是森林草原带上的森林植被类型 .5 )东北东部山地岳桦林是山地植被垂直带谱重要组成部分之一 ,是山地森林垂直分布林线 ,WI为 2 0～ 15℃·月为地带性植被类型 ,而WI>2 0℃·月为非地带性植被类型 .6 )内蒙古浑善达克沙地云杉林是陆地上非常罕见的森林生态系统类型 ,但这种云杉林究竟是哪一树种组成 ,在中国植物分类上一直是个争论性问题 ,作者通过核型分析和同工酶实验进一步证明是一个新种即沙地云杉Piceamongolica(H .Q .Wu)W .D .

典型农区秸秆资源利用及其影响因素探析

简析了安徽省蒙城县和吉林省德惠市典型农区秸秆资源利用现状以及影响秸秆资源利用率的因素,并提出进一步提高秸秆利用效率的途径。

High-sensitivity determination of lead and cadmium based on the Nafion-graphene composite film

Graphene nanosheets, dispersed in Nafion (Nafion-G) solution, were used in combination with in situ plated bismuth film electrode for fabricating the enhanced electrochemical sensing platform to determine the lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The electrochemical properties of the composite film modified glassy carbon electrode were investigated. It is found that the prepared Nafion-G composite film not only exhibited improved sensitivity for the metal ion detections, but also alleviated the interferences due to the synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets and Nafion. The linear calibration curves ranged from 0.5 mu g L-1 to 50 mu g L-1 for Pb2+ and 1.5 mu g L-1 to 30 mu g L-1 for Cd2+. respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were estimated to be around 0.02 mu g L-1 for Pb2+ and Cd2+. The practical application of the proposed method was verified in the water sample determination.

Kinetic study of DNA/DNA hybridization with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The hybridization of immobilized oligonucleotides probe strands with solution phase targets is the underlying principle of microarraybased techniques for the analysis of DNA variation. To study the kinetics of DNA/DNA hybridization, target DNA is often prior labeled with markers. A label-free method of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) for study the hybridization in process was reported. The Langmuir model was used to determine the association rate constant (K-on), the dissociation rate constant (K-off) and the affinity rate constant (K-A), for perfect matched DNA hybridization. The results show that, EIS is a successful technique possessing high effectivity and sensitivity to study DNA/DNA hybridization kinetics. This work can provide another view on EIS for the studying of DNA/DNA hybridization.

Long lasting phosphorescence in Eu3+ and Ce3+ co-doped strontium borate glasses

Long lasting phosphorescence (LLP) was observed in Eu2+, Ce3+ co-doped strontium borate glasses prepared under the reducing atmosphere due to the emission of both Eu2+ and Ce3+. The methods of photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and phosphorescence were used to study the samples, and possible mechanism was suggested. The co-doping of Ce3+ ions poisoned the phosphorescence emission of Eu2+ because of the competition to obtain the trapped electron. The phosphorescence of Ce3+ in the sample decays more quickly than that of Eu2+, which is suggested for the reason that the emission energy of Ce3+ is higher or the distance between Ce3+ and electron traps of the glasses is longer.

The luminescence of CaYBO4 : RE3+ (RE=Eu, Gd, Tb, Ce) in VUV-visible region

Phosphors CaYBO4:RE3+ (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb, Ce) were synthesized with the method of solid-state reaction at high temperature, and their vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-visible luminescent properties in VUV-visible region were studied at 20 K. In CaYBO4, it is confirmed that there are two types of lattice sites that can be substituted by rare-earth ions. The host excitation and emission peaks of undoped CaYBO4 are very weak, which locate at about 175 and 350-360nm, respectively. The existence of Gd3+ can efficiently enhance the utilization of host absorption energy and result in a strong emission line at 314 nm. In CaYBO4, Eu3+ has typical red emission with the strongest peak at 610 nm; Tb3+ shows characteristic green emission, of which the maximum emission peak is located at 542 nm. The charge transfer band of CaYBO4:Eu3+ was observed at 228 nm; the co-doping of Gd3+ and Eu3+ can obviously sensitize the red emission of Eu3+. The fluorescent spectra of CaYBO4:Ce3+ is very weak due to photoionization; the co-addition of Ce3+-Tb3+ can obviously quench the luminescence of Tb3+.

基于电化学电容检测的新型钙离子传感器

通过金-硫共价键,将巯基十六羧酸以自组装的方式固定到金电极表面。再通过EDC、NHS的活化作用,对钙调蛋白的氨基与巯基十六羧酸暴露于自组装层外的羧基进行共价键和,从而将钙调蛋白固定到电极表面,制成一种新型的钙离子电容传感器。首先对传感器进行了等效电路分析,并分别考察了不同浓度电解质溶液对基底电容的影响,确定了进行实验所需的合适电解质浓度。用本实验室自行开发研制的电化学电容分析仪研究了该传感器对钙离子的响应能力,并进一步考察了其再生能力及稳定性。实验结果表明,在10-8~3×10-6mol/L的较宽范围内,钙离子浓度的对数值与总电容信号值之间呈线性关系,而且检出限可以达到10-9mol/L。制备好的传感器浸泡在0.02 mol/L,pH 7.0的磷酸缓冲溶液中在4℃冰箱中可以保存一个月而其对钙离子的响应能力未发现有显著的下降,说明其具有良好的稳定性。使用过的传感器用EDTA进行再生后基底电容的变化不超过0.3%,说明其具有良好的再生可...