猕猴精浆纤溶酶原激活因子的来源及在精子获能中的作用

猕猴附睾、前列腺和精囊均表达tPA、uPA和PAI-1 mRNAs。加入uPA能维持精子的活力,使精子产生超激活运动,诱导顶体反应的发生,并使精子获得激活卵子的能力。这说明猕猴精浆PA除来源于睾丸外,可能主要来源于附睾及附性腺;在体外,uPA,而不是tPA,可能诱导精子获能。

纤溶酶原激活因子与猕猴精子运动力的关系及其在附睾和附性腺中的表达调节

原位杂交的结果表明11酸睾酮诱导少精子症和弱精子症,tPA mRNA的表达在附睾头、精囊及前列腺减少,而在附睾体升高,附睾尾表达基本无变化;uPA mRNA的表达在附睾头、附睾体、前列腺减少,而在精囊升高,附睾尾表达基本无变化;PAI-1 mRNA的表达在附睾头、附睾体、精囊下降,而在前列腺升高,附睾尾表达无显著变化。单侧隐睾手术不影响tPA、uPA和PAI-1 mRNA的表达。结果提示附睾头和附睾体分泌的uPA可能与精子前向运动能力的获得相关。tPA、uPA和PAI-1 mRNA在猕猴附睾头部和体部、前列腺和精囊中的表达可能受睾酮的调节,但不受睾丸分泌因子及温度的影响,且在不同部位睾酮的调节具不同的特征,而附睾尾tPA、uPA和PAI-1的表达则可能是组成性表达。

THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR IN LUTEOLYSIS OF RHESUS-MONKEY

Changes of plasminogen activators (PA) during different stages of development of the corpus luteum, and their possible physiological role in luteolysis were studied in rhesus monkeys. It was demonstrated for the first time that monkey corpus luteal cells not only produce PA, but that the function of the corpus luteum is also closely related to the activity of this enzyme system. Generally, the life span for a corpus luteum in monkey is approximately 14-16 days, its demise beginning thereafter. In the present study, we found that urokinase in the corpus luteum is higher on day 5 and day 10 after human chorionic gonadotrophin injection, while the tissue type (t) PA is mainly produced on day 13 when luteolysis may take place. Progesterone production remained high on day 5 and day 10 and decreased dramatically from day 13, indicating the important role of tPA but not urokinase (u) PA in suppressing luteal function. When purified tPA (but not uPA) monoclonal antibody was added to luteal cell culture to neutralize endogenously produced tPA activity, progesterone production in the cells was increased significantly. Interestingly, prolactin alone was capable of increasing PA production by luteal cells; prolactin together with luteinizing hormone, however, had a synergistic luteotrophic effect.

Effects of exogenous double-stranded RNA on the basonuclin gene expression in mouse oocytes

In plants and less-advanced animal species, such as C.elegans, introduction of exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into cells would trigger degradation of the mRNA with homologous sequence and interfere with the endogenous gene expression. It might represent an ancient anti-virus response which could prevent the mutation in the genome that was caused by virus infection or mobile DNA elements insertion. This phenomenon was named RNA interference, or RNAi. In this study, RNAi was used to investigate the function of basonuclin gene during oogenesis. Microinjection of dsRNA directed towards basonuclin into mouse germinal-vesicle-intact (GV) oocytes brought down the abundance of the cognate mRNA effectively in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This reduction effect was sequence-specific and showed no negative effect on other non-homologous gene expression in oocytes, which indicated that dsRNA can recognize and cause the degradation of the transcriptional products of endogenous basonuclin gene in a sequence-specific manner. Immunofluorescence results showed that RNAi could reduce the concentration of basonuclin protein to some extent, but the effect was less efficient than the dsRNA targeting towards tPA and cMos which was also expressed in oocytes. This result might be due to the long half life of basonuclin protein in oocytes and the short reaction time which was posed by the limited life span of GV oocytes cultured in vitro. In summary, dsRNA could inhibit the expression of the cognate gene in oocytes at both mRNA and protein levels. The effect was similar to Knock-out technique which was based on homologous recombination. Furthermore, hairpin-style dsRNA targeting basonuclin gene could be produced by transcription from a recombinant plasmid and worked efficiently to deplete the cognate mRNA in oocytes. This finding offered a new way to study the function of basonuclin in the early stage of oogenesis by infection of primordial oocytes with the plasmid expressing hairpin-style basonuclin dsRNA.

促性腺激素诱导猕猴排卵周期中卵巢纤溶酶原激活因子与抑制因子的变化

由促性腺激素诱导出的猕猴卵巢tPA(纤蛋白溶酶原激活因子)活性的增加与 排卵密切相关, 排卵前达到高峰, 排卵后明显下降; uPA只在排卵后的颗粒细胞 大量出现; PA的抑制因子PAI-1分泌高峰比tPA峰值早出现12-24h; 排卵来临时, tPA的明显上升导致PAI-1的空然下降。 结果说明: 卵巢中tPA和PAI-1活性的这 种平衡性的变化可能在排卵机制和维持卵巢的正常生理功能中起重要作用, 而uPA 或许与黄体形成的调节有某些关系。图4参17

HORMONAL-REGULATION OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR AND PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1 IN CULTURED MONKEY SERTOLI CELLS

Sertoli cells play a central role in the control and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Isolated Sertoli cells of mouse and rat testes have been shown to secrete plasminogen activator (PA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in culture. In this study, we have investigated the hormonal regulation of PA and PAI-1 activities in cultured monkey Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells (5x10(5) cells/well) isolated from infant rhesus monkey testes were preincubated at 35 degrees C for 16 h in 24-well plates precoated with poly(D-lysine) (5 mu g/cm(2)) in 0.5 mi McCoy's 5a medium containing 5% of fetal calf serum and further incubated for 48 h in 0.5 mi serum-free medium with or without various hormones or other compounds, PA as well as PAI-1 activities in the conditioned media were assayed by fibrin overlay and reverse fibrin autography techniques respectively. The Sertoli cells in vitro secreted only tissue-type PA (tPA), no detectable amount of urokinase-type PA (uPA) could be observed, Monkey Sertoli cells were also capable of secreting PAI-1, Immunocytochemical studies indicated that both tPA and PAI-1 positive staining localized in the Sertoli cells, spermatids and residual bodies of the seminiferous epithelium; Northern blot analysis further confirmed the presence of both tPA and PAI-1 mRNA in monkey Sertoli cells. Addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives or cAMP-generating agents and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or phorbol ester (PMA) to the cell culture significantly increased tPA activity. PAI-1 activity in the culture was also enhanced by these reagents except 8-bromo-dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (MIX) which greatly stimulated tPA activity, whereas decreased PAI-1 activity, implying that neutralization of PAI-1 activity by tile high level of tPA in the conditioned media may occur. These data suggest that increased intracellular signals which activate protein kinase A (PKA), or protein kinase C (PKC) can modulate Sertoli cell tPA and PAI-1 activities, The concomitant induction of PA and PAI-1 by the same reagents in the Sertoli cells may reflect a finely tuned regulatory mechanism in which PAI-1 could limit the excession of the proteolysis.

Localization and distribution of tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators and their inhibitors type 1 and 2 in human and rhesus monkey fetal membranes

Fetal membranes consist of 10 distinct layers including components of amnion, chorion and decidua, the latter being of maternal origin. They form mechanically integrated sheets capable of retaining amniotic fluid and play an essential role in protecting fetal growth and development in the pregnant uterus. The extracellular matrix, substrate for plasminogen activators (PAs), is an important supportive framework of the fetal membranes. :Fetal membranes from women with preterm premature rupture of membranes may differ in their protease activity compared with normal membranes. To identify the presence of PAs and their inhibitors (PAI) and their possible role in the process of fetal membrane rupture, this study in investigated the distribution and localization of both protein and mRNA for tissue (t) and urokinase (u) PA and their inhibitors type 1 (PAI-1) and type 2 (PAI-2) in amniochorion of human and rhesus monkey using conventional and. confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the distribution and localization of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-I and PAI-2 were similar in the fetal membranes of human and rhesus monkey; no obvious species difference was observed. Evidence of tPA mRNA was detected in amniotic epithelium, trophoblast cells and nearly all cells of the decidual layer. Strong expression of uPA mRNA was noted in the decidual cells which increased in intensity as the abscission point was approached. Weak staining in chorion laeve trophoblast was also detected. In situ hybridization experiments showed PAI-1 mRNA to be concentrated mainly in the decidual cells, some of which were interposed into the maternal-facing edge of the chorion laeve. Maximal labelling of the decidua occurred towards the zone of abscission. Weak expression of PAI-1 mRNA nas also noted in some cells of the chorion laeve. The distribution of PAI-2 mRNA in amniochorion was also concentrated in the cells of the decidual layer, maximum expression of the mRNA was in the level of abscission. No detectable amount of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 was found in the fibroblast, reticular and spongy layers. Distribution of the proteins of tPA, uPA and PAI-1 in the fetal membranes of these two species was consistent with the distribution of their mRNA. Anti-PAI-2 immunofluorescence was found to be strongly concentrated in the amniotic epithelium, but PAI-2 mRNA was negative in this layer, suggesting that the epithelium-associated PAI-2 is not of epithelial origin. These findings suggest that a local fibrinolysis in fetal membranes generated by precisely balanced expression of PAs and their inhibitors via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms may play an essential role in fetal membrane development, maturation and in membrane rupture. Following an analysis of the distribution and synthesis of activators and inhibitors it was found that they may play a role in abscission during the third stage of labour. (C) 1998 W. B. Saunders Company Ltd.

Free-space locomotion with thread formation

The paper presents a new concept of locomotion for wheeled or legged robots through an object-free space. The concept is inspired by the behaviour of spiders forming silk threads to move in 3D space. The approach provides the possibility of variation in thread diameter by deforming source material, therefore it is useful for a wider coverage of payload by mobile robots. As a case study, we propose a technology for descending locomotion through a free space with inverted formation of threads in variable diameters. Inverted thread formation is enabled with source material thermoplastic adhesive (TPA) through thermally-induced phase transition. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technology, we have designed and prototyped a 300-gram wheeled robot that can supply and deform TPA into a thread and descend with the thread from an existing hanging structure. Experiment results suggest repeatable inverted thread formation with a diameter range of 1.1-4.5 mm, and a locomotion speed of 0.73 cm per minute with a power consumption of 2.5 W. © 2013 IEEE.

Large-payload climbing in complex vertical environments using thermoplastic adhesive bonds

Despite many approaches proposed in the past, robotic climbing in a complex vertical environment is still a big challenge. We present here an alternative climbing technology that is based on thermoplastic adhesive (TPA) bonds. The approach has a great advantage because of its large payload capacity and viability to a wide range of flat surfaces and complex vertical terrains. The large payload capacity comes from a physical process of thermal bonding, while the wide applicability benefits from rheological properties of TPAs at higher temperatures and intermolecular forces between TPAs and adherends when being cooled down. A particular type of TPA has been used in combination with two robotic platforms, featuring different foot designs, including heating/cooling methods and construction of footpads. Various experiments have been conducted to quantitatively assess different aspects of the approach. Results show that an exceptionally high ratio of 500% between dynamic payloads and body mass can be achieved for stable and repeatable vertical climbing on flat surfaces at a low speed. Assessments on four types of typical complex vertical terrains with a measure, i.e., terrain shape index ranging from -0.114 to 0.167, return a universal success rate of 80%-100%. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

In situ thermoplastic thread formation for robot built structures

We demonstrate autonomous construction of structures using a robot arm that can fabricate threads of TPA (Thermoplastic Adhesive) in free space on the fly. TPA has many important material properties that help to greatly simplify the otherwise complex task of building structures in complex environments. We present a model for the formation of TPA strings based on plastic deformation which also includes the temperature dependent material properties which change significantly as the thread is formed and cools. Experiments of drawing TPA show that drawing forces due to the viscosity of the TPA are more dominated by the speed of drawing than the changes in viscosity due to temperature. The load bearing capacity of individual strings is also modelled and measured and structures are built using the TPA strings which due to the adhesiveness can be anchored to a wide range surfaces as well as to other strings. © 2013 IEEE.

毛细管电泳电化学发光的药物及生物分析研究

本论文主要研究了毛细管电泳电化学发光分离检测技术在药物及生物分析中的应用，包括以下五个方面的内容： 1. 利用毛细管电泳电化学发光连用技术分离检测临床药物丙吡胺，详细考察了影响分离和检测的各种因素，在优化的实验条件下，此方法的检测限达到2.5×10-8 mol L-1 (S/N = 3)，优于已报导的各种检测方法。该方法简单快速、高效灵敏。采取一种简单易行的液液萃取预处理，可成功用于实际加标尿样的分析。2. 发展了手性毛细管电泳电化学发光连用技术，成功实现了实际加标血浆中外消旋丙吡胺药物的手性分离。该工作首次将毛细管电泳手性分离与电化学发光检测结合起来，有一定的创新意义。与传统手性分离模式不同的是，该“非传统”手性分离模式中的毛细管进样端和出口端的缓冲溶液在种类、组成、离子强度及pH值等参数上均存在差异，不仅达到了理想的分离效果，同时实现了高灵敏的检测。3. 研究了毛细管电泳电化学发光连用技术中出现的诱导峰的成因，考察了影响诱导峰峰强度和峰位置的各种因素，提出了一种合理的机理进行成因解释。诱导峰的出现不是由于化学络合作用，而是分离缓冲溶液和注入的样品中的某些组分在动态电泳过程中所发生的物理作用导致的。4. 合成了钌配合物的电化学发光探针，基于亲和素修饰电极和蛋白质的电化学发光标记和生物素化的双重标记，实现了蛋白质的定量检测。利用碳纳米管对蛋白质强的吸附作用以及在缩合试剂存在的条件下羧酸功能化的碳纳米管可与蛋白质共价键和的双重特点，使亲和素固定到玻碳电极上；经生物素化和电化学发光探针双重标记的蛋白质分子（BSA）通过亲和素-生物素特异性相互作用结合到电极表面，在TPA存在的条件下并施加合适的扫描电位，所得到的ECL强度与蛋白质浓度在一定范围内成线性关系，从而实现蛋白质的定量测定。此普适性的方法也可成功用于溶菌酶的定量检测。5. 基于适配子的“三明治”模式和DNA的电化学发光标记，发展了一种新型的电化学发光适配子传感器，结合金纳米放大效应和巧妙的自组装过程设计，实现了凝血酶的灵敏、经济实效的检测。首先，金纳米溶胶标记的捕获适配子1固定到ITO电极上，结合上目标分子凝血酶后，另一种标记有电化学发光探针的探针适配子2也与凝血酶产生强的特异性相互作用，从而结合到电极表面上。在给定的条件下，所得ECL信号与目标分子凝血酶浓度相关，进行ECL检测，所得到的信号-浓度曲线很好地满足“三明治”反应模式的特点，检测限约为10nM。特异性考察说明此电化学发光适配子传感器对于alfa-凝血酶有着极好的选择性，而对bata，gamma-凝血酶基本无响应。

高分子空穴传输材料的合成与性能研究

本论文以改善有机／高分子电致发光器件的载流子注入与传输平衡为目的，以具有良好成膜性、热稳定性及氧化还原性的氮硫共扼聚合物为母体，通过在氮上引入不同的侧基来研究所得聚合物的空穴传输性能，发光性能及其在电致发光器件中佩的应用。1．设计与合成出一系列不同链长的烷基取代的氮硫共扼聚合物，所得聚合物具有规整的结构，高的分子量，可溶于常见的有机溶剂且具有良好的成膜性。电化学研究表明，它们具有良好的氧化还原可逆性及稳定性，其HOMO值在5.02一5.16eV之间，与阳极ITO具有较好的匹配，说明它们有着良好的空穴注入性能。通过对“hole-only"器件（ITO/PPSA-R/C u )的研究表明随着烷基侧链的增长，所得聚合物的空穴传输能力逐渐下降。双层器件(TO/PPSA-R/Alq3几佩F/AI）研究结果表明与传统的高分子空穴传输材料聚乙烯咔叫含(PVK)相比，器件的启动电压降低，发光效率明显提高，说明烷基取代氮硫共扼聚合物具有优良的空穴传输性能。2.设计与合成出侧链悬挂有三芳胺类空穴传输小分子的氮硫共辆单体，在强酸体系下聚合后，通过核磁表征发现由于醚键断裂导致部分三芳1}5}小分子脱落，聚合物中三芳胺小分子含量降低。电化学研究表明它们具有良好的氧化还原可逆性，其HOMO值在-5.18eV左右，大于未引入二芳服时的氮硫共扼聚合物。双层器件(ITO/PPSA-TPA/Alq3/LiF/Al)研究结果表明，与未引入三芳l}}C的氮硫共扼聚合物相比，器件的启动电压升高，发光效率降低。3.设计与合成出侧链悬挂有高荧光效率的蓝色发光二苯葱小分子的氮硫单体，并通过其与可合成出高性能的空穴传输材料一的乙基取代的氮硫单体以不同比例共聚获得一系列新型的主链传输空穴而侧链发光的聚合物。它们具有高的热稳定性，良好的溶解性及成膜性，电化学研究表明它们具有良好的氧化还原可逆 性及低的起始氧化电位。通过对其发光性质的研究，我们发现在溶液荧光光谱中短波长的发射归结于二苯葱单体的发射，而长波长的发射则归结于分子内或分子间受激分子的发射；在固体膜的荧光光谱中，主要表现为激基缔合物发光，并随着二苯葱基元含量的减少光致发光亮度增加，且发光蓝移。4.设计与合成出含有N一烷基咔吟或N一芳基咔畔和不同发光中心的小分子发光材料，我们发现含葱环的发光小分子发光颜色向长波移动，含联苯结构的发光小分子的发光颜色则向短波移动。电化学研究表明，11卜畔的存在提高了发光小分子的空穴传输性能。通过将含有电子传输层的发光小分子双层器件与单层器件对比，我们发现双层器件的各项性能远高于单层器件，进一步说明了发光小分子传输性能的改善。

毛细管电泳电化学发光的研究

毛细管电泳以其强大的分离能力日益受到重视，特别是成功完成人类基因组计划的测定工作，随着微全分析系统的深入研究，毛细管电泳的理论和技术在各方面都需要突破，其中毛细管电泳检测器是制约发展毛细管电泳更广泛地用于实际工作的因素之一。本论文以发展新型的毛细管电泳电化学发光检测技术为出发点，在以下几个方面作了研究。1．三联吡啶钌在玻碳电极上的阴极电化学发光我们首次发现了一种新型的基于溶液中氧的还原引发的三联毗淀钉（TBR）阴极电化学发光，结果表明，这种阴极电化学发光的发光电位仅为-0.4V，从而大大地降低了电化学发光的激发电位。所有能够增强阳极电化学发光的物质如三丙胺（TPA）都能够增强阴极电化学发光。阴极电化学发光光谱证实，阴极发光是激发态的TBR跃迁回到基态所产生的发光行为，我们认为在电极上氧还原所产生的活性氧氧化了TBR分子和发光增强剂从而导致了阴极发光。一些不能够增强阳极电化学发光的物质如柠檬酸，也能够增强阴极电化学发光，从而扩展了电化学发光的检测范围。采用阴极电化学方法对TPA和柠檬酸根的检测结果表明，对TPA在1*10~（-7）-1*10~（-5）M之间的检测呈较好线性相关性，相关系数为0.9994，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为7.5*10-8M，对柠檬酸根在1*10~（-5）-1*10~（-4）M之间呈较好的线性关系，相关系数为0.999，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为1.2*10~（-6）M。2．毛细管电泳直接电化学发光离柱检测技术的研究研究在没有场分离器的情况下高压电场对电化学发光检测器的影响。基于此目的我们采用75件m内径的毛细管为分离柱，300μm直径的铂丝为工作电极，以不同电导率的溶液作为电泳流动相。在高压电场的影响下，动态循环伏安和与此相对应的电化学发光表明电泳电流并不会引起电化学发光信号的淬灭，高压电场只会导致电化学发光激发电位向更正方向的偏移。进一步的研究表明，毛细管与工作电极之间的间距是影响电化学发光信号和理论塔板数的重要因素。基于以上的认识，我们发展了无需电场分离器的毛细管电泳一电化学发光检测系统，从而大大地简便了毛细管电泳一电化学发光检测系统。以三丙胺（TPA）作为分析对象，对该系统进行了表征，该系统对TPA的检测在1*10~（-10）-1*10~（-5）mol/L之间的线性相关系数为0.998，峰高的相对标准偏差为5．6％，检测限（S加＝3）达到5.0*10~(-11)mol/L。采用这一方法对尿样中的利多卡因进行了分析，在5.0*10~(-8)-1.0*10~(-5) mo/L之间的相关系数为：0.998，最低检测限（S/N＝3）为2.0*10-8mo／L。3．毛细管电泳一固态电化学发光检测器检测的研究我们首次报道将TBR固定在聚苯乙烯磺酸-溶胶-凝胶-接枝共聚物构成的膜中，采用旋涂的方法涂敷在铂电极的表面，制备用于毛细管电泳的固态电化学发光检测器，以TPA和脯氨酸作为研究对象表征了毛细管电泳-固态电化学发光检测系统的特征，该系统可以稳定工作24小时，完全可以满足实际应用的需要。采用该系统实现了对TPA和脯氨酸的同时检测，对TPA和脯氨酸检测的相对标准偏差分别为8.7％和7.5％，分离的理论塔板数分别为70000和16000，对TPA和脯氨酸的测定的最低检测限分别为0.002μM和2μM。4．离散小波分析去除毛细管电泳电化学发光检测信号的噪音毛细管电泳电化学发光检测信号因为TBR与溶液中的氢氧根的化学发光反应使得信号的噪音变得很大，从而影响了峰的定量，降低了检测灵敏度。这里我们采用离散小波'分析技术去除电泳中的噪音。对一些典型的小波基如HaaroDaublets，Coiflets和Symmlets去除噪音的效果作了比较。各种不同的计算阀值的方法和确定阀值的技术导致的去噪结果的差异作了比较。结果表明，采用Symmlet 4小波基和启发式无偏向风险估算法-软阀门确定阀值是最优的去噪方案，采用这一策略对毛细管电泳电化学发光电泳信号的去噪结果表明，噪音成功地得到了去除，同时电泳的峰型和轮廓得到了保留，该去噪技术明显地优于通常的SG和FT去噪技术。5．毛细管电泳柱端电化学发光同时检测尿样中的曲马多和利多卡因曲马多和利多卡因是手术中常用的镇静剂和麻醉剂，部分药物以原形从肾脏排除，我们研究了简单、快速的采用毛细管电泳柱端电化学发光同时检测曲马多和利多卡因的方法。我们使用25μm内径的毛细管作为分离柱，由于使用的毛细管内径很小，从而大大地降低了分离电压对检测器的影响，因此毛细管与电化学发光检侧器直接连接而无需电场分离器。使用300μm直径的铂盘电极作为工作电极，使得在毛细管的出口有足够的氧化态的TBR存在。为消除尿样中的离子强度对分析造成的影响，样品在分析前经萃取分离，以TPA为内标，采用两步萃取寻去对尿中的曲马多和利多卡因的测定回收率分别为94-96％和93-97％。在1.0*10-7to 1.0*10-4的浓度范围内曲马多和利多卡因的检测的线性相关系数为0.998，检测的相对标准偏差分别为2.9％和2.7％，对尿中曲马多和利多卡因测定的最低检测限（S/N=3）分别为6.0*10~(-8)mol/L和4.5*10~(-8)mol/L。应用该方法对临床两例术后病人尿样中的曲马多和利多卡因的代谢进行了测定。6．毛细管电泳电化学发光检测尿样中的利血平提出了一种快速、简便的毛细管电泳电化学发光法测定尿样中的利血平的方法。我们以25拼m内径的毛细管为分离柱，不用场分离器直接与300μm直径的铂二〔作电极连接，为提高检测的灵敏度和克服尿样中的离子强度对检测的影响，我于门采用场放大电动进样的技术用于毛细管电泳的直接进样和分离，样品不经任何预处理。由于利血平是中性分子，采用毛细管区带电泳不能将利血平与中性的干扰物分离出，因此我们在电泳流动相中加入十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS），成功地将利血平与中性干扰物质分离开。该方法对尿样中的利血平检测范围在l*10~(-6)~(-1)*10~(-4)mol/L 比的线性相关系数为0.996，相对标准偏差为4.3％，最低检测限为7.0*10~(-8)mol/L。

传输型电致发光聚合物的合成与表征

高分子发光材料除应具有优良发光性能外，还需具有优良电子传输性能和空穴传输性能。本论文以此为出发点，将具有优良空穴传输性能的芳胺类化合物和具有优良电子传输性能的噁二唑类化合物，通过无规共聚合调控发光基元和两类传输基元的含量，合成了系列的传输与发光一体化的即V类高分子发光材料，并探讨了聚合物本身的基本特性。同时，设计和制备了相应的单层结构器件和掺杂器件，考察了器件的器件性能。本论文主要工作内容及结果如下：1、成功的利用三类王芳胺类双醛：4，4'-二醛基-（4-辛氧基-苯基）-二苯胺（TPA双醛）、N，N'-二（4-辛氧基一苯基）-N，N'-二（4-甲醛基-苯基）-1，4-苯二胺（PDA双醛）和N，N，-二（4-辛氧基-苯基）-N，N，-二（4-甲醛基-苯基）-4，4' 联苯二胺（TPD双醛）和wittig麟盐无规共聚，得到三个系列双极传输高分子发光材料。2、聚合物主链中同时引入三芳胺类空穴传输基团和噁二唑电子传输基团，提高了器件性能。在TPA系列中，同时含有三芳胺和噁二唑全基团的聚合物比仅含有三芳胺基团聚合物的单层器件亮度及效率分别提高29和22倍，同时使器件的启动电压从9.3V下降到2．7V。在同样比较的情况下，在PDA系列中，聚合物的器件亮度及效率要提高近8倍，同时使器件的启动电压从5.3V下降到4.5V。在TPD系列中，聚合物的器件亮度及效率要提高44和38倍，同时使器件的启动电压从7.5V下降到5.7V。3、含有噁二唑基团聚合物分子的这种D-A体系所具有的分子内电荷转移性质，导致其荧光光谱和电致发光光谱红移。其中，TPA系列和TPD系列的电致发光光谱从绿光红移到了黄绿光，而PDA系列聚合物的电致发光光谱从黄绿光红移到了橙光。4、刚性的噁二唑基团的引入提高了聚合物的热稳定性，T以系列聚合物、PDA系列聚合物和TPD系列聚合物中含有噁二唑基团的聚合物的玻璃化转变温度在112-229℃之间，其热分解温度超过420℃。5、此三个系列聚合物中同时含有空穴和电子传输基元的双极分子溶液的紫外一可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱都有明显的溶剂化效应，表现出较强的分子内电荷转移特性。6、利用TPA系列聚合物中性能最好的聚合物TPA-OXD-PV1的良好电子和空穴传输性质，构造的单层掺杂器件，实现了橙色和红色发光。

聚3-羟基烷酸酯异相成核结晶的研究

本论文以具有巨大应用前景的PHBV作为研究对象，针对PHBV结晶速率低，易产生二次结晶，从而严重影响其加工性能和力学性能的稳定性等方面的缺点，根据PHBV的分子结构和脆性的机理分析，试图采用添加成核剂的方法，提高PHBV的结晶速率和结晶度，从而缩短PHBV的加工成型周期，控制其聚集态结构，提高其制品的稳定性，改善材料的物理力学性能。并在此基础上，探讨PHBV异相成核结晶的机理，加深成核剂对聚合物有效成核机理的认识，更好的理解聚合物结晶过程。1．添加成核剂的量达到0.5wt％时，对苯二甲酸（TPA）对PHBV起到了显著的结晶成核作用。结晶起始温度提高了约20℃，结晶速率达到最大值所对应的温度T_p提高了30℃，结晶烙增加了15J/g，结晶速率提高了4.4倍。这些数据表明，TPA是一种对PHBV极为有效的成核剂。2．加入成核剂TPA的PHBV表现出典型的双熔融行为，主要原因是TPA对PHBV的结晶成核作用和PHBV的熔融再结晶。低温侧的熔融峰对应着PHBV自熔体降温过程形成的结晶，高温侧的对应着PHBV升温过程中形成的结晶。3．TPA的成核作用大大的改变了PHBV的形态结构，使PHBV的球晶尺寸明显减小，球晶数量增大。4．TPA使PHBV晶体在（110）和（020）方向上微晶尺寸变大，晶区和非晶区的电子密度差增大。5．添加0.5wt％的TPA后，PHBV的断裂伸长率从4％提高到10％。6．TPA、IPA、淀粉和山梨醇对PHBV的结晶都具有很明显的成核作用，其原因可能是化学结构上都具有极性基团。7．红外光谱研究没有能够有效的给出PHBV与TPA是否存在特殊相互作用，从而导致TPA对PHBV的结晶成核作用的证据，但是，PHBV拨基伸缩振动谱带随温度的变化却给出了TPA对PHBv的结晶成核作用始于160℃高温。