Literacy Practices in and out of School in Karagwe : The case of primary school literacy education in rural Tanzania

This study has investigated the question of relation between literacy practices in and out of school in rural Tanzania. By using the perspective of linguistic anthropology, literacy practices in five villages in Karagwe district in the northwest of Tanzania have been analysed. The outcome may be used as a basis for educational planning and literacy programs. The analysis has revealed an intimate relation between language, literacy and power. In Karagwe, traditional élites have drawn on literacy to construct and reconstruct their authority, while new élites, such as individual women and some young people have been able to use literacy as one tool to get access to power. The study has also revealed a high level of bilingualism and a high emphasis on education in the area, which prove a potential for future education in the area. At the same time discontinuity in language use, mainly caused by stigmatisation of what is perceived as local and traditional, such as the mother-tongue of the majority of the children, and the high status accrued to all that is perceived as Western, has turned out to constitute a great obstacle for pupils’ learning. The use of ethnographic perspectives has enabled comparisons between interactional patterns in schools and outside school. This has revealed communicative patterns in school that hinder pupils’ learning, while the same patterns in other discourses reinforce learning. By using ethnography, relations between explicit and implicit language ideologies and their impact in educational contexts may be revealed. This knowledge may then be used to make educational plans and literacy programmes more relevant and efficient, not only in poor post-colonial settings such as Tanzania, but also elsewhere, such as in Western settings.

A summary of the 2004 Ohio Music Education Association research forum presented by Dr. Patricia J. Flowers.

Each year, the Research Committee of the Ohio Music Education Association sponsors a half-day Research Forum prior to the beginning of the state music education association conference. In 2004, Dr. Patricia J. Flowers, Professor of Music at the Ohio State University was the guest speaker. This article summarizes her talk on the process of becoming a music education researcher

Safe Performance Secondary School Driver Education Curriculum Demonstration Project. Annual report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Driver and Pedestrian Programs, Washington, D.C.

Statistical analysis of the driving habits, history and exposure survey for the Safe Performance Secondary School Driver Education Curriculum Demonstration Project.

DeKalb County School System, Decatur, Ga.

Comprehensive school health education programs : innovative practices and issues in setting standards.

"FIRST 93-7006"--P. [4] of cover.

The charm : a collection of Sunday school music /

Includes indexes.

Practice teaching in the School of education, University of Illinois, 1893-1911,

At head of title: University of Illinois bulletin. vol.x, no. 8.

The forest choir : a collection of vocal music for young people, embracing "Our song birds' singing school," Music for concert school and home and Songs hymns, anthems and chants, for worship /

Mode of access: Internet.