Desigualdades na autoavaliacao da saude bucal em adultos

OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre autoavaliação da saúde bucal em adultos e desigualdades sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com 2.016 adultos de 20 a 59 anos de idade, de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009. A amostra foi obtida por duplo estágio (setores censitários e domicílios). Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas domiciliares face a face. O desfecho foi autoavaliação da saúde bucal. As variáveis exploratórias foram caracterizadas em blocos demográficos, socioeconômicos, de utilização de serviços e de condições bucais autorreferidas. Foi realizada análise de regressão multivariável de Poisson e estimadas as razões de prevalências e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS A prevalência de autoavaliação negativa da saúde bucal foi de 33,2% (IC95% 29,8;36,6). Idade avançada, referir-se como pardo, possuir menor escolaridade, ter consultado o dentista há três anos ou mais, ter realizado a última consulta em consultório público, possuir menos de dez dentes naturais presentes em pelo menos um arco, perceber necessidade de tratamento odontológico, apresentar sensação de boca seca e dificuldade de alimentação em virtude dos dentes foram associados à autoavaliação negativa da saúde bucal na análise ajustada. CONCLUSÕES A autoavaliação da saúde bucal reflete as desigualdades em saúde e está relacionada às piores condições socioeconômicas, menor uso de serviços de saúde e pior condição bucal autorreferida.

Fatores associados às dificuldades de adultos na mastigação

OBJETIVO : Estimar a prevalência de dificuldade de adultos na mastigação, segundo sexo, e analisar os fatores associados. MÉTODOS : Estudo transversal de base populacional com adultos de 20 a 59 anos de idade (n = 2.016), de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009, por meio de amostragem em dois estágios, setores censitários e domicílios. A dificuldade na mastigação foi investigada por meio de pergunta sobre dificuldade de mastigação devida a problemas com os dentes ou dentadura. Analisaram-se os fatores  demográficos, socioeconômicos, utilização dos serviços de saúde para consulta odontológica e condição bucal autorreferida. Foi realizada regressão logística multivariável, estratificada por sexo. RESULTADOS : A taxa de resposta foi de 85,3% (n = 1.720). A prevalência de dificuldade na mastigação foi de 13,0% (IC95% 10,3;15,8) e 18,0% (IC95% 14,6;21,3) em homens e em mulheres, respectivamente. Mulheres e homens com 50 anos ou mais, aqueles com dez dentes naturais ou menos e os que manifestaram dor dentária tiveram mais chance de apresentar dificuldade na mastigação. O efeito conjunto da perda e da dor na dificuldade na mastigação foi cerca de quatro vezes maior entre as mulheres. CONCLUSÕES : A magnitude das associações entre variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de condição bucal autorreferidas foi diferente para homens e mulheres, em geral maiores para as mulheres, destacando-se a dor dentária. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto das condições bucais varia segundo o sexo.

Model for the evaluation of drug-dispensing services in primary health care

OBJECTIVE To develop a model for evaluating the efficacy of drug-dispensing service in primary health care. METHODS An efficacy criterion was adopted to determine the level of achievement of the service objectives. The evaluation model was developed on the basis of a literature search and discussions with experts. The applicability test of the model was conducted in 15 primary health care units in the city of Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, in 2010, and data were recorded in structured and pretested questionnaires. RESULTS The model developed was evaluated using five dimensions of analysis for analysis. The model was suitable for evaluating service efficacy and helped to identify the critical points of each service dimension. CONCLUSIONS Adaptations to the data collection technique may be required to adjust for the reality and needs of each situation. The evaluation of the drug-dispensing service should promote adequate access to medications supplied through the public health system.

Implementação de sistema de reutilização de águas residuais urbanas para rega de zonas verdes com elevado contacto humano

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Sanitária

A guerra numa sociedade democrática em crise: Atenas no final do Séc. V a.C.

Falar sobre a Guerra do Peloponeso é falar sobre a guerra que dividiu a Grécia, opondo Esparta e Atenas, com conseqüências gravíssimas para esta última cidade. Simultaneamente, foi o fim da mais conhecida experiência democrática da antiga Grécia. No entanto, o nosso objectivo não é falar sobre essa experiência, ou sobre as conseqüências da Guerra do Peloponeso, mas sobre o modo como ela foi encarada pelos Atenienses. Importa, em primeiro lugar, recordar a situação de Atenas no início da guerra, o que significa ter em conta dois aspectos: a estrutura política de Atenas e o seu domínio marítimo. Desde Sôlon e das suas reformas, que Atenas caminhava no sentido da consolidação de uma estrutura política que respeitasse os direitos dos seus cidadãos e o aumento da sua participação nos órgãos deliberativos da polis. Em 462 a.C, Efialtes (com o apoio de Péricles) reduziu os poderes do Areópago, privando-o de quaisquer funções legislativas e judiciais e deixando- -Ihe apenas o direito de superintender nos casos de homicídio e nos delitos de caracter religioso. Na verdade, Efialtes e Péricles consideravam que, sendo o Areópago constituído por membros vitalícios provenientes das classes mais elevadas, a concentração nele de tais poderes judiciários era contrária ao espírito democrático, afastando assim da constituição ateniense os últimos vestigios de privilégios da aristocracia.

SEROLOGIC SURVEY ON HANTAVIRUS IN BLOOD DONORS FROM THE STATE OF SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

Emergent diseases such as Hantavirus Cardio-pulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) are able to create a significant impact on human populations due to their seriousness and high fatality rate. Santa Catarina, located in the South of Brazil, is the leading state for HCPS with 267 reported cases from 1999 to 2011. We present here a serological survey on hantavirus in blood donors from different cities of the state of Santa Catarina, with an IgG-ELISA using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein from Araraquara hantavirus as an antigen. In total, 314 donors from blood banks participated in the study, geographically covering the whole state. Among these, 14 individuals (4.4%) had antibodies to hantavirus: four of 50 (8% positivity) from Blumenau, four of 52 (7.6%) from Joinville, three of 50 (6%) from Florianópolis, two of 50 (4%) from Chapecó and one of 35 (2.8%) from Joaçaba. It is possible that hantaviruses are circulating across almost the whole state, with important epidemiological implications. Considering that the seropositive blood donors are healthy individuals, it is possible that hantaviruses may be causing unrecognized infections, which are either asymptomatic or clinically nonspecific, in addition to HCPS. It is also possible that more than one hantavirus type could be circulating in this region, causing mostly benign infections.

Repensar a politíca : acerca da dissidência e da antipolítica no pensameno politíco de Václav Havel

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais.

A Parceria para a Regeneração Urbana “Margens do Ave”

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Práticas Culturais para Municípios

Marine toxins in bivalves: accumulation, kinetics and subcellular responses

Sociedade Polis Litoral Ria Formosa,Projects Quasus and Project Toxigest financed by PROMAR (2007-2013)

Eclectic feeding behavior of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, state of Paraná, Brazil

Introduction The blood meal source of sandflies provides valuable information about the vector/host interaction and allows for an understanding of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia in an endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil's State of Paraná using a precipitin test. Methods Sandflies were collected in the rural locality of Epitácio Pessoa within the City of Adrianópolis, State of Paraná, in southern Brazil. A total of 864 female sandflies were captured, and 862 (99.8%) were identified as L. intermedia species. However, two unidentified specimens were considered to be part of the genus Lutzomyia. Results Among the females examined, 396 specimens presented reactions to a certain type of tested antiserum, and most (67.9%) reacted to the simple type. These sandflies fed mainly on the blood of birds, opossums, and rodents, but specimens that fed on the blood of humans, dogs, horses, cattle, and cats were also found. Among the cross-reactions found (32.1%), bird/rodent, bird/opossum, bird/dog, bird/human, and horse/dog cross-reactions were the most common. Conclusions These results demonstrate a tendency in the eclectic feeding behavior of L. intermedia and support its potential role as a vector for ACL in the study area.

Prevalence and factors associated with lipodystrophy in AIDS patients

Introduction: The published literature shows an increased occurrence of adverse events, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, that are associated with the continuous use of antiretroviral therapy. This study was performed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with lipodystrophy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between October 2012 and February 2013. The sample consisted of patients with AIDS who attended the Outpatient Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases at Nereu Ramos Hospital, Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. We collected information on demographics, lifestyle, HIV infection, and clinical aspects of the disease. Self-reported signs of lipodystrophy and body measurements were used for lipodystrophy diagnosis. Results: We studied 74 patients (mean age 44.3±9.2 years; 60.8% men). Among the patients, 45.9% were smokers, 31.1% consumed alcoholic beverages, and 55.4% were sedentary. The prevalence of lipodystrophy was 32.4%, and sedentary subjects had a higher prevalence of lipodystrophy compared with physically active individuals. Conclusions: The prevalence of lipodystrophy was 32.4%. Physical activity was considered an independent protective factor against the onset of HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis in a sample of students from southeastern Brazil and a comparison of microscopy with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of infections with Entamoeba sp.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies on amebiasis have been reassessed since Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar were first recognized as distinct species. Because the morphological similarity of these species renders microscopic diagnosis unreliable, additional tools are required to discriminate between Entamoeba species. The objectives of our study were to compare microscopy with ELISA kit (IVD®) results, to diagnose E. histolytica infection, and to determine the prevalence of amebiasis in a sample of students from southeastern Brazil. Methods: In this study, diagnosis was based on microscopy due to its capacity for revealing potential cysts/trophozoites and on two commercial kits for antigen detection in stool samples. Results: For 1,403 samples collected from students aged 6 to 14 years who were living in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, microscopy underestimated the number of individuals infected with E. histolytica/E. dispar (5.7% prevalence) compared with the ELISA kit (IVD®)-based diagnoses (15.7% for E. histolytica/E. dispar). A comparison of the ELISA (IVD®) and light microscopy results returned a 20% sensitivity, 97% specificity, low positive predictive value, and high negative predictive value for microscopy. An ELISA kit (TechLab®) that was specific for E. histolytica detected a 3.1% (43/1403) prevalence for E. histolytica infection. Conclusions: The ELISA kit (IVD®) can be used as an alternative screening tool. The high prevalence of E. histolytica infection detected in this study warrants the implementation of actions directed toward health promotion and preventive measures.

Eco-epidemiologic study of emerging fungi related to the work of babaçu coconut breakers in the State of Maranhão, Brazil

Introduction: There are more than 300,000 extractors using the babaçu coconut as a source of income in the States of Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins and Piauí, and this activity is associated with fungal infections. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of emergent fungi in the conjunctiva, nails and surface and subcutaneous injuries of female coconut breakers in Esperantinópolis, Maranhão. Additionally, soil samples and palm structures were collected. Methods: The obtained samples were cultured in Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar and chloramphenicol. The etiological agent was confirmed by a direct mycological exam and growth in culture. Results: In total, 150 domiciles were visited, and samples were collected from 80 patients. From the ground, the most frequently isolated fungus was Aspergillus niger (53. 8%). the most frequently detected fungus in babaçu coconut was Aspergillus niger (66.7%). Conjunctival fungal growth occurred in 76.3% of the women. The ocular fungal microbiota consisted of filamentous fungi (80.6%), and yeasts were present in 19.4% of cases. Onychomycosis was diagnosed in 44% (11/25) of the women. Conclusions: The identification of the genera Neosartorya, Rhizopus and Curvularia in onychomycoses shows that emergent filamentous fungi can be isolated. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Scedosporium sp. were the predominant genera found in the babaçu coconut. From ocular conjunctiva, Candida spp. were the most prevalent species isolated, and Fusarium sp. was present only in one woman. The nearly permanent exposure of coconut breakers to the external environment and to the soil is most likely the reason for the existence of a mycotic flora and fungal infections, varying according to the individual's practices and occupation.

Spatial analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Rondonópolis, in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso, from 2003 to 2012: human, canine and vector distribution in areas of disease transmission

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health and is considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization. The disease has expanded and become more prevalent in urban areas in Brazil. METHODS: Geospatial analyses were performed and thematic maps of the triad of the disease were produced for the study period (2003-2012) in the urban area of the municipality of Rondonópolis in the midwestern State of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil, TerraView 4.2.2 software was used for the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 87.9% of the 186 confirmed human cases of VL were cured. Children between the ages of 1 and 4 were the most affected. Registered deaths were predominant among adults aged 60 years or older. The urban area of the municipality consists of eight strata and 12 census districts include 237 neighborhoods. All sectors had confirmed cases of VL. During the study period, human cases of the disease were recorded in 90 neighborhoods. The 23 deaths from the disease were distributed in 21 neighborhoods. Sandflies carrying the parasite were captured in 192 out of 200 neighborhoods evaluated for the presence of the VL vector. The presence of dogs carrying the parasite was confirmed in, 140 out of 154 surveyed neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrated the endemic nature of VL, with a high percentage of infected children, a high distribution of canine infection, and a wide adaptation and dispersal of the vectors in the urban environment. These results, illustrate the process of urbanization of VL in the municipality of Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil.

Regeneração urbana de centros históricos : o caso do Alentejo Litoral

As problemáticas do espaço urbano têm suscitado uma maior atenção nos últimos anos. Após uma época de crescimento que levou à expansão das cidades para a periferia, a crise financeira afectou o sector imobiliário e permitiu um novo despertar para as questões de regeneração e reabilitação das áreas centrais das cidades. É aqui realizada uma reflexão à Regeneração Urbana e seus conceitos associados, particularmente no que concerne à sua aplicação em Centros Históricos. É feita uma retrospectiva às políticas de intervenção urbana nos Centros Históricos portugueses e são analisadas três intervenções diferentes no âmbito do programa Parcerias para a Regeneração Urbana que tiveram lugar no Alentejo Litoral, mais concretamente nas cidades de Alcácer do Sal, Santiago do Cacém e Sines.