Exploring the benefits of using multi-touch devices in performing information search tasks: An analysis in terms of performance, cognitive load and task engagement

Over the last decade, multi-touch devices (MTD) have spread in a range of contexts. In the learning context, MTD accessibility leads more and more teachers to use them in their classroom, assuming that it will improve the learning activities. Despite a growing interest, only few studies have focused on the impacts of MTD use in terms of performance and suitability in a learning context.However, even if the use of touch-sensitive screens rather than a mouse and keyboard seems to be the easiest and fastest way to realize common learning tasks (as for instance web surfing), we notice that the use of MTD may lead to a less favorable outcome. More precisely, tasks that require users to generate complex and/or less common gestures may increase extrinsic cognitive load and impair performance, especially for intrinsically complex tasks. It is hypothesized that task and gesture complexity will affect users’ cognitive resources and decrease task efficacy and efficiency. Because MTD are supposed to be more appealing, it is assumed that it will also impact cognitive absorption. The present study also takes into account user’s prior knowledge concerning MTD use and gestures by using experience with MTD as a moderator. Sixty university students were asked to perform information search tasks on an online encyclopedia. Tasks were set up so that users had to generate the most commonly used mouse actions (e.g. left/right click, scrolling, zooming, text encoding…). Two conditions were created: MTD use and laptop use (with mouse and keyboard) in order to make a comparison between the two devices. An eye tracking device was used to measure user’s attention and cognitive load. Our study sheds light on some important aspects towards the use of MTD and the added value compared to a laptop in a student learning context.

The use of YouTube Analytics of Video Lecture Capture as a Teaching and Learning Performance Enhancer

Do patterns in the YouTube viewing analytics of Lecture Capture videos point to areas of potential teaching and learning performance enhancement? The goal of this action based research project was to capture and quantitatively analyse the viewing behaviours and patterns of a series of video lecture captures across several computing modules in Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland. The research sought to establish if a quantitative analysis of viewing behaviours coupled with a qualitative evaluation of the material provided from the students could be correlated to provide generalised patterns that could then be used to understand the learning experience of students during face to face lectures and, thereby, present opportunities to reflectively enhance lecturer performance and the students’ overall learning experience and, ultimately, their level of academic attainment.

Griots cosmopolitas : mobilidade e performance de artistas mandingas entre Lisboa e Guiné-Bissau

Tese de doutoramento, Antropologia (Antropologia da Etnicidade e do Político), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 2014

Student’s Engagement in School: Conceptualization and relations with Personal Variables and Academic Performance

This article reviews the literature regarding Student’s Engagement in School (SES), its relationship with personal variables, as well as with academic performance. Although SES’ conceptualization may vary across studies, there is general agreement concerning the multidimensional nature of this construct, encompassing three dimensions – cognitive, affective and behavioural. It is seen as an antecedent of several required outcomes, at academic level, but also as a valorous construct itself, both as mediator and product. More particularly, this concept has been the focus of debate concerning academic success and school dropout. There can also be found a significant number of studies which suggest that personal (self-efficacy, self-concept), as well as contextual (peers, school, family) factors are related with school engagement; additionally, the lack of engagement is linked with low academic performance, behavioural problems and school dropout. Thus, Student’s Engagement in School is perceived as a potentially effective response to the problems affecting schools and their students, and an aspect to be considered in preventing problematic patterns related to scholary contexts.

Research into the Impact of School Leadership on Pupil Outcomes: Policy and Research Contexts

This paper extends the introduction to the authors’ study of successful school leadership and how it influences pupil outcomes begun in the Editorial introduction. Critical to an appreciation especially of the external validity of their results is an understanding of the policy context in which the English leaders in their study found themselves; this is a policy context dominated by concerns for external accountability and increases in the academic performance of pupils. In addition to describing this context, the paper summarises the conceptual and methodological framework that guided the early stage of their research and outlines their mixed-methods research design.

Hot cognition and activation of the medial prefrontal cortex: Self-regulating in contexts involving motivational pressures

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in performance-monitoring and has been implicated in the generation of several electrocortical responses associated with self-regulation. The error-related negativity (ERN), the inhibitory Nogo N2 (N2), and the feedback-related negativity (FRN) are event-related potential (ERP) components which reflect mPFC activity associated with feedback to behavioural (ERN, N2) and environmental (FRN) consequences. Our main goal was to determine whether or not rnPFC activation varies as a function of motivational context (e.g., those involving performance-related incentives) or the use of internally versus externally generated feedback signals (i.e., errors). Additionally, we assessed medial prefrontal activity in relation to individual differences in personality and temperament. Participants completed a combination of tasks in which performance-related incentives were associated with task performance and feedback generated from internal versus external responses. MPFC activity was indexed using both ERP scalp voltage peaks and intracerebral current source density (CSD) of dorsal and ventral regions. Additionally, participants completed several questionnaires assessing personality and temperament styles. Given previous studies have shown that enhanced mPFC activity to loss (or negative) feedback, we expected that activity in the mPFC would generally be greater during the Loss condition relative to the Win condition for both the ERN and N2. Also, due to the evidence that the (vmPFC) is engaged in arousing contexts, we hypothesized that activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) would be greater than activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), especially in the Loss condition of the GoNogo task (ERN). Similarly, loss feedback in the BART (FRN) was expected to engage the vmPFC more than the dmPFC. Finally, we predicted that persons rating themselves as more willing to engage in approach-related behaviours or to exhibit rigid cognitive styles would show reduced activity of the mPFC. Overall, our results emphasize the role of affective evaluations of behavioural and environmental consequences when self-regulating. Although there were no effects of context on brain activity, our data indicate that, during the time of the ERN and N2 on the MW Go-Nogo task and the FRN on the BART, the vrnPFC was more active compared to the dmPFC. Moreover, regional recruitment in the mPFC was similar across internally (ERN) and externally (FRN) generated errors signals associated with loss feedback, as reflected by relatively greater activity in the vmPFC than the dmPFC. Our data also suggest that greater activity in the mPFC is associated with better inhibitory control, as reflected by both scalp and CSD measures. Additionally, deactivation of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and lower levels of self-reported positive affect were both related to increased voluntary risk-taking on the BART. Finally, persons reporting higher levels of approach-related behaviour or cognitive rigidity showed reduced activity of the mPFC. These results are in line with previous research emphasizing that affect/motivation is central to the processes reflected by mediofrontal negativities (MFNs), that the vmPFC is involved in regulating demands on motivational/affective systems, and that the underlying mechanisms driving these functions vary across both individuals and contexts.

Influence du financement sur la performance des systèmes de soins

La thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence du financement des soins de santé sur la performance des systèmes de soins compte tenu des caractéristiques organisationnelles sanitaires des systèmes. Elle s’articule autour des trois objectifs suivants : 1) caractériser le financement des soins de santé à travers les différents modèles émergeant des pays à revenu élevé ; 2) apprécier la performance des systèmes de soins en établissant les divers profils apparaissant dans ces mêmes pays ; 3) examiner le lien entre le financement et la performance en tenant compte du pouvoir modérateur du contexte organisationnel des soins. Inspirée du processus de circulation de l’argent dans le système de soins, l’approche a d’abord consisté à classer les pays étudiés – par une analyse configurationnelle opérationnalisée par les analyses de correspondance multiples (ACM) et de classification hiérarchique ascendante (CHA) – dans des modèles types, chacun représentant une configuration particulière de processus de financement des soins de santé (article 1). Appliquée aux données recueillies auprès des 27 pays de l’OCDE à revenu élevé via les rapports Health Care in Transition des systèmes de santé des pays produits par le bureau Européen de l’OMS, la banque de données Eco-Santé OCDE 2007 et les statistiques de l’OMS 2008, les analyses ont révélé cinq modèles de financement. Ils se distinguent selon les fonctions de collecte de l’argent dans le système (prélèvement), de mise en commun de l’argent collecté (stockage), de la répartition de l’argent collecté et stocké (allocation) et du processus de paiement des professionnels et des établissements de santé (paiement). Les modèles ainsi développés, qui vont au-delà du processus unique de collecte de l’argent, donnent un portrait plus complet du processus de financement des soins de santé. Ils permettent ainsi une compréhension de la cohérence interne existant entre les fonctions du financement lors d’un éventuel changement de mode de financement dans un pays. Dans un deuxième temps, nous appuyant sur une conception multidimensionnelle de la performance des systèmes, nous avons classé les pays : premièrement, selon leur niveau en termes de ressources mobilisées, de services produits et de résultats de santé atteints (définissant la performance absolue) ; deuxièmement, selon les efforts qu’ils fournissent pour atteindre un niveau élevé de résultats de santé proportionnellement aux ressources mobilisées et aux services produits en termes d’efficience, d’efficacité et de productivité (définissant ainsi la performance relative) ; et troisièmement, selon les profils types de performance globale émergeant en tenant compte simultanément des niveaux de performance absolue et relative (article 2). Les analyses effectuées sur les données collectées auprès des mêmes 27 pays précédents ont dégagé quatre profils de performance qui se différencient selon leur niveau de performance multidimensionnelle et globale. Les résultats ainsi obtenus permettent d’effectuer une comparaison entre les niveaux globaux de performance des systèmes de soins. Pour terminer, afin de répondre à la question de savoir quel mode – ou quels modes – de financement générerait de meilleurs résultats de performance, et ce, dans quel contexte organisationnel de soins, une analyse plus fine des relations entre le financement et la performance (tous définis comme précédemment) compte tenu des caractéristiques organisationnelles sanitaires a été réalisée (article 3). Les résultats montrent qu’il n’existe presque aucune relation directe entre le financement et la performance. Toutefois, lorsque le financement interagit avec le contexte organisationnel sanitaire pour appréhender le niveau de performance des systèmes, des relations pertinentes et révélatrices apparaissent. Ainsi, certains modes de financement semblent plus attrayants que d’autres en termes de performance dans des contextes organisationnels sanitaires différents. Les résultats permettent ainsi à tous les acteurs du système de comprendre qu’il n’existe qu’une influence indirecte du financement de la santé sur la performance des systèmes de soins due à l’interaction du financement avec le contexte organisationnel sanitaire. L’une des originalités de cette thèse tient au fait que très peu de travaux ont tenté d’opérationnaliser de façon multidimensionnelle les concepts de financement et de performance avant d’analyser les associations susceptibles d’exister entre eux. En outre, alors que la pertinence de la prise en compte des caractéristiques du contexte organisationnel dans la mise en place des réformes des systèmes de soins est au coeur des préoccupations, ce travail est l’un des premiers à analyser l’influence de l’interaction entre le financement et le contexte organisationnel sanitaire sur la performance des systèmes de soins.

Un modèle global et intégré de la performance : application à l’urgence d’un hôpital au Mexique

À cause de la nature complexe et non linéaire de leurs opérations, les salles d’urgence (SU) constituent des entités organisationnelles uniques dans le domaine de la santé. Les SU subissent des pressions accrues résultant des dynamiques des sociétés contemporaines et de leurs systèmes de santé, et font face ainsi à des défis uniques comme l’engorgement. Contrairement aux croyances dominantes sur le phénomène, le présent travail de recherche établit que ce problème est en réalité une manifestation de pauvre performance systémique plutôt qu’une faillite opérationnelle. Alors, pour les SU, la performance organisationnelle relève une importance incontestable. En effet, l’étude de la performance organisationnelle est un sujet de recherche qui intéresse de nombreux chercheurs des services de santé. Il s’agit, néanmoins, d’un concept historiquement difficile à définir à cause de son caractère complexe, multidimensionnel et paradoxal. Le modèle EGIPSS, basé sur la théorie de l’action sociale de Parsons, est capable de saisir cette complexité et constitue un cadre conceptuel robuste et exhaustif, pouvant s’adapter à des contextes divers. Ce mémoire adopte le modèle EGIPSS pour présenter un outil global et intégré d’évaluation de la performance organisationnelle de la salle d’urgences de l’Hôpital Général Régional 46 à Guadalajara, au Mexique. Cet instrument est conçu pour prendre en compte spécifiquement les particularités propres des SU, ainsi que les caractéristiques organisationnelles uniques de l'Hôpital Général Régional 46. Enfin, le développement de ce projet de mémoire contribue aux efforts d’amélioration continue de la performance de cet établissement, et enrichit les connaissances sur les urgences en tant qu’unités organisationnelles.

Comparaison de la performance de deux hôpitaux psychiatriques situés l’un en Colombie et l’autre au Québec

Les problèmes de santé mentale représentent un pourcentage important du fardeau de morbidité mondiale. Cela, ajouté aux ressources limitées disponibles pour le fonctionnement des établissements, encourage l’intérêt pour l’évaluation de leur performance. Ce projet propose d’utiliser le modèle ÉGIPSS pour évaluer la performance de deux hôpitaux psychiatriques dans deux systèmes de santé différents, le « Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle » (HPUV) situé en Colombie et l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale Douglas au Québec. Le modèle a été choisi en raison de la richesse des dimensions qu’il comprend et son caractère global. Les données ont été recueillies à travers des entrevues et de la documentation disponible dans les établissements. L’analyse des résultats montre que le Douglas a une meilleure performance générale, même tenant compte qu’il se trouve dans un pays à haut revenu avec des standards d’évaluation supérieures. De vingt-et-une sous-dimensions évaluées, l’HPUV a présente six avec un état préoccupante et le Douglas aucune. L’analyse des résultats a aussi servi pour identifier des facteurs de causalité critiques des problèmes de performance, soit l’organisation à l’intérieur des établissements, la communication interne, les plans de santé mentale et la disponibilité des professionnels. La comparaison a permis apprécier l’influence de ces éléments dans les deux contextes.

Prefrontal cortical-ventral striatal interactions involved in affective modulation of attentional performance: implications for corticostriatal circuit function

Anatomically segregated systems linking the frontal cortex and the striatum are involved in various aspects of cognitive, affective, and motor processing. In this study, we examined the effects of combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC) in opposite hemispheres (disconnection) on a continuous performance, visual attention test [five-choice serial reaction-time task (5CSRTT)]. The disconnection lesion produced a set of specific changes in performance of the 5CSRTT, resembling changes that followed bilateral AcbC lesions while, in addition, comprising a subset of the behavioral changes after bilateral mPFC lesions previously reported using the same task. Specifically, both mPFC/AcbC disconnection and bilateral AcbC lesions markedly affected aspects of response control related to affective feedback, as indexed by perseverative responding in the 5CSRTT. These effects were comparable, although not identical, to those in animals with either bilateral AcbC or mPFC/AcbC disconnection lesions. The mPFC/AcbC disconnection resulted in a behavioral profile largely distinct from that produced by disconnection of a similar circuit described previously, between the mPFC and the dorsomedial striatum, which were shown to form a functional network underlying aspects of visual attention and attention to action. This distinction provides an insight into the functional specialization of corticostriatal circuits in similar behavioral contexts.

Implementing innovation in construction: Contexts, relative boundedness and actor-network theory

Theoretical understanding of the implementation and use of innovations within construction contexts is discussed and developed. It is argued that both the rhetoric of the 'improvement agenda' within construction and theories of innovation fail to account for the complex contexts and disparate perspectives which characterize construction work. To address this, the concept of relative boundedness is offered. Relatively unbounded innovation is characterized by a lack of a coherent central driving force or mediator with the ability to reconcile potential conflicts and overcome resistance to implementation. This is a situation not exclusive to, but certainly indicative of, much construction project work. Drawing on empirical material from the implementation of new design and coordination technologies on a large construction project, the concept is developed, concentrating on the negotiations and translations implementation mobilized. An actor-network theory (ANT) approach is adopted, which emphasizes the roles that both human actors and non-human agents play in the performance and outcomes of these interactions. Three aspects of how relative boundedness is constituted and affected are described; through the robustness of existing practices and expectations, through the delegation of interests on to technological artefacts and through the mobilization of actors and artefacts to constrain and limit the scope of negotiations over new technology implementation.

L2 performance and context of language learning: a comparative study of learners in Tehran and London

The importance of learning context has stirred debates in the field of second language acquisition over the past two decades since studying a second language (L2) abroad is believed to provide authentic opportunities that facilitate L2 acquisition and development. The present paper examines whether language performance of learners studying English in a formal language classroom context at home (AH) is different from performance of learners who study English abroad (SA) where they would have to use English for a range of communicative purposes. The data for this comparative study is part of a larger corpus of L2 performance of 100 learners of English, 60 in Tehran and 40 in London, on four oral narrative tasks. The two groups’ performances are compared on a range of different measures of fluency, accuracy, syntactic complexity and lexical diversity. The results of the analyses indicate that learners in the two contexts are very similar with respect to the grammatical accuracy and aspects of the oral fluency of their performance. However, the SA group appears to have benefited from living and studying abroad in producing language of higher syntactic complexity and lexical diversity. These results have significant implications for language teaching in AH contexts.

Team leadership across contexts: a qualitative study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare leadership functions from different team contexts considering context characteristics that contribute to team effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study was conducted. Seven leaders of multidisciplinary child protection teams (MDTs) and nine managers of an information technology (IT) company took part in semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using content analysis with ATLAS.ti. Findings – Results showed that the two types of teams used different performance criteria, with teams from non-profit contexts lacking defined performance criteria. The results also showed that transition leadership functions are more frequently mentioned by IT than by MDT leaders. Moreover, interpersonal leadership functions emerged as independent functions that may occur in both the transition and action phases. Research limitations/implications – Context is paramount for performance criteria definition and for the relevance of certain team leadership functions over others. It also presents some suggestions for improvement to the model of Morgeson et al. (2010a). Practical implications – The results support the idea that there are differences in the leadership functions that are most valued by leaders, depending on the specific team’s context. Results also showed that some non-profit and less task-structured teams lack the specific performance criteria that could help them make more successful interventions. Originality/value – This paper reviews context literature, it shows that the emphasis on team leadership functions can vary across contexts and to the knowledge it is the first that compares the model of Morgeson et al. (2010a) in different contexts.

The Acquisition of Aspect in L2 Portuguese & Spanish: Exploring Native/Non-Native Performance Differences.

This study investigates the possibility of native-like ultimate attainment by analyzing L2 knowledge of aspect as seen in the Preterit/Imperfect contrast of highly successful English L2 learners of Portuguese and Spanish. Building on innovative work by Montrul & Slabakova (2003) and Slabakova & Montrul (2003), we test knowledge of semantic entailments associated with the acquisition of [+/- perfective] features checked in higher AspP. Additionally, we investigate the possibility of a specific pattern of associated target-deviant L2 performance. We hypothesize that L2 performance can be affected by explicit positive evidence (pedagogical rules) despite otherwise demonstrable native-like competence. Indeed, the data reveal a pattern of target-deviant performance noted only in three specific contexts, all of which can be linked to traditional instruction: (a) with particular stative verbs not used in the Preterit (b) when preceded by certain adverbial phrases (e.g.,siempre) and (c) so-called semantic shifting verbs (e.g., sabía vs. supe).

Texture, realism, performance: exploring the intersection of transtexts and the contemporary sitcom

Contemporary US sitcom is at an interesting crossroads: it has received an increasing amount of scholarly attention (e.g. Mills 2009; Butler 2010; Newman and Levine 2012; Vermeulen and Whitfield 2013), which largely understands it as shifting towards the aesthetically and narratively complex. At the same time, in the post-broadcasting era, US networks are particularly struggling for their audience share. With the days of blockbuster successes like Must See TV’s Friends (NBC 1994-2004) a distant dream, recent US sitcoms are instead turning towards smaller, engaged audiences. Here, a cult sensibility of intertextual in-jokes, temporal and narrational experimentation (e.g. flashbacks and alternate realities) and self-reflexive performance styles have marked shows including Community (NBC 2009-2015), How I Met Your Mother (CBS 2005-2014), New Girl (Fox 2011-present) and 30 Rock (NBC 2006-2013). However, not much critical attention has so far been paid to how these developments in textual sensibility in contemporary US sitcom may be influenced by, and influencing, the use of transmedia storytelling practices, an increasingly significant industrial concern and rising scholarly field of enquiry (e.g. Jenkins 2006; Mittell 2015; Richards 2010; Scott 2010; Jenkins, Ford and Green 2013). This chapter investigates this mutual influence between sitcom and transmedia by taking as its case studies two network shows that encourage invested viewership through their use of transtexts, namely How I Met Your Mother (hereafter HIMHM) and New Girl (hereafter NG). As such, it will pay particular attention to the most transtextually visible character/actor from each show: HIMYM’s Barney Stinson, played by Neil Patrick Harris, and NG’s Schmidt, played by Max Greenfield. This chapter argues that these sitcoms do not simply have their particular textual sensibility and also (happen to) engage with transmedia practices, but that the two are mutually informing and defining. This chapter explores the relationships and interplay between sitcom aesthetics, narratives and transmedia storytelling (or industrial transtexts), focusing on the use of multiple delivery channels in order to disperse “integral elements of a fiction” (Jenkins, 2006 95-6), by official entities such as the broadcasting channels. The chapter pays due attention to the specific production contexts of both shows and how these inform their approaches to transtexts. This chapter’s conceptual framework will be particularly concerned with how issues of texture, the reality envelope and accepted imaginative realism, as well as performance and the actor’s input inform and illuminate contemporary sitcoms and transtexts, and will be the first scholarly research to do so. It will seek out points of connections between two (thus far) separate strands of scholarship and will move discussions on transtexts beyond the usual genre studied (i.e. science-fiction and fantasy), as well as make a contribution to the growing scholarship on contemporary sitcom by approaching it from a new critical angle. On the basis that transmedia scholarship stands to benefit from widening its customary genre choice (i.e. telefantasy) for its case studies and from making more use of in-depth close analysis in its engagement with transtexts, the chapter argues that notions of texture, accepted imaginative realism and the reality envelope, as well as performance and the actor’s input deserve to be paid more attention to within transtext-related scholarship.