旌节花科的分类和系统学研究

旌节花科是东亚特有科，仅有旌节花属1属。本文研究了该科植物的生活习性、外部形态、花粉形态和外壁超微结构以及花器官发生，并根据多个DNA区段的序列探讨了科的系统位置和属下关系。在此基础上，综合各方面的证据，对旌节花科进行了全面的分类学修订，完善了该科的分类系统。主要内容包括： 　　1、习性和外部形态学 　　结合室内标本和野外考察，对旌节花科植物的生活习性、叶、花序、花和果实各个性状的变异式样、变异幅度、变异规律及其相关性进行了深入研究，并讨论了它们的分类学价值。结果表明：叶片形状、叶缘齿、花序下的叶片是否宿存以及花序是否具花序梗等性状在种间变异非常大，单个性状对旌节花属属下分类意义不大;而叶片毛被、脉序和结构，花序长度，花的大小和颜色以及果实大小等性状通常较稳定，可作为旌节花属划分种和变种的重要依据。 　　2、花粉形态学和外壁超微结构 　　在透射电镜下研究了旌节花属5个代表种和1个外类群（Crossosoma californicum）的花粉外壁超微结构，并在扫描电镜下研究了外类群Crossosomataceae 1个代表种（Crossosoma californicum）的花粉形态学特征，结合前人的研究，探讨了上述性状的分类学意义。结果表明：旌节花属植物花粉形态的共同特征是：花粉粒球形或近球形，三孔沟;外壁具穴状纹饰，穴较细小;外壁内壁分层明显，容易区分（柳叶旌节花除外），覆盖层光滑，几无附属物，柱状层明显，穿孔较少，不形成半覆盖层。各种植物花粉外壁超微结构的特征在旌节花属两个组中较一致，但其差异可作为探讨属下种的分类和系统学关系的依据。此外，对旌节花科和Crossosomataceae花粉表面纹饰和外壁超微结构的研究结果提示：这两个科与省沽油科和山茶科厚皮香亚科有较近缘的关系，而不支持这两个科的姐妹群关系。 　　3、花器官发生 　　首次对旌节花属常绿组和落叶组共2个代表种的花器官发生进行了研究，结果表明：该科植物花为功能性单性花，雌雄异株，花发育过程长达10个月，其中2-3个月是冬季休眠期。在花发育早期，雄花和雌花的发育没有差异，花性别的分化发生在花发育后期，即每年春天花开前后的2-3天，雌花中雌蕊的子房开始膨大，柱头伸长，胚珠多数，能育，而雄蕊逐渐干瘪收缩直至最后花粉不育;此时雄花的雄蕊发育良好，花丝粗壮发达，花药饱满，花粉能育，而雌蕊发育逐渐停滞直至败育。花器官发生方式为向心式，发生顺序为：苞片—外轮萼片—内轮萼片—花瓣—外轮雄蕊—内轮雄蕊—雌蕊。花萼4枚，两轮，交互对生，花瓣和雄蕊均4枚一轮几乎同时发生，花瓣覆瓦状排列。旌节花属常绿组和落叶组植物的花器官发生发育过程没有差别。 　　4、基于多个DNA区段序列的系统发育分析 　　首次选取进化速率较快的5个DNA区段：核核糖体ITS区和叶绿体rps16, ndhF，trnL-F及trnS-G-G区段，对旌节花属分别代表常绿组和落叶组的10种2变种及外类群Crossosomataceae和省沽油科3种植物的相关序列进行测定，并将上述序列合并构建系统树。研究结果表明：旌节花科作为一个单系群得到很好的支持。旌节花属落叶组和常绿组的划分在基于ITS、叶绿体4个区段单独分析及联合分析得到的系统树中没有得到支持，表现在该联合分析得到的树的两个分支与该属植物的习性和外部形态特征无关，而与它们的地理分布密切相关：其中一支主要分布在东亚的偏北部，另一支主要分布在东亚的南部地区，常绿和落叶的种类则混合在这两支中。此外，分子序列分析的结果对该属植物的分类、系统关系、起源和该科的系统位置均有重要意义。系统树显示出分布于台湾的S. sigeyosii与分布于日本的早春旌节花聚成稳定的一支，说明前者与后者，而不是与西域旌节花关系密切。叶绿体基因树与核基因树存在冲突，表明该属经历过网状进化。推测变种披针叶旌节花与云南旌节花可能是杂交起源。根据叶绿体rbcL序列得出的系统树显示旌节花科与产北美的Crossosomataceae的姊妹群关系支持率低于50%。基于最大似然树，运用罚分似然法推算出这两个科分化时间为68.25 ± 10.36 MYA，这两者共同与省沽油科近缘。 　　5、分类学研究 　　综合上述研究结果，对旌节花属进行了分类学修订。属下不设立组;确认该属植物有6种6变种，其中中国特有种3个，变种3个。5种5变种被作为新异名，新组合3个，其中2个改级新组合。对西域旌节花、云南旌节花和滇缅旌节花等进行了模式指定。本文还给出了分种和变种检索表、各类群的形态学描述、地理分布图、标本引证和讨论等。 　　

花楸属的系统学初步研究

花楸属隶属于蔷薇科苹果亚科，全世界约有100种左右，主要分布在北半球的亚洲、欧洲和北美洲。广义的花楸属包括下述六个亚属，即Subg. Aria, Subg. Chamaemespilus, Subg. Micromeles, Subg. Torminalis, Subg. Cormus, Subg. Sorbus。由于缺乏野外工作和标本不够丰富等原因，部分亚属的分类处理尚不能令人满意。同时，该属的范围及其属下部分类群的系统位置存在一定的争议。本文对广义花楸属的属下类群进行了研究，通过分支分析和表征分析以及分子系统学两方面的研究，对该属的属下类群的系统位置进行了探讨。 1、分支分析和表征分析 选取了广义花楸属（Sorbus L.）属下6个亚属的34种植物作为研究对象，并以Pyrus, Crataegus, Photinia, Malus和Cotoneaster作为外类群来研究花楸属属下类群的分类关系，对该属典型的30个形态性状数据进行编码，进行了分支分析和表征分析。结果表明，广义花楸属是一个非单系类群，外类群完全镶嵌于其中。广义花楸属属下的6个亚属各自也不能形成单系，只有花楸亚属（Subg. Sorbus）形成不严格的单系。因此，我们初步认为，花楸属应该仅包含复叶类群（Subg. Sorbus），或者还会有Subg. Cormus。由于其余的4个亚属尚不能形成规则的单系或聚类，因此进一步的研究宜采用分类群的更多性状或运用分子系统学的途径。 2、分子系统学 通过对花楸属23个种类的两个DNA片段：核nrDNA的ITS和叶绿体cpDNA的trnL-F进行简约分析，构建了广义花楸属5个亚属及其与近缘属的系统发育树。结果显示，由于外类群大多镶嵌于广义花楸属中，故花楸属不能形成一个单系。其中单叶类群Subg. Aria聚类较明显，并且得到了很高的支持率，而且该亚属与外类群Crataegus和Cotoneaster的关系要比它与其它亚属的关系更近，至于其是否是独立的属还有待进一步的研究。该属中的复叶类群Subg. Sorbus在图中并不能形成严格的单系，其分类位置值得重新考虑。

紫堇属的系统学研究

紫堇属（Corydalis DC.），广义罂粟科Papaveraceae的最大属，隶属于荷包牡丹亚科Fumarioideae的紫堇族Corydaleae，属内440余种，广布于北温带地区。我国产300余种，大部分种类为特有且狭域分布。本属形态多变，且网状进化明显，分类上十分困难。首先，鉴于对本属的系统划分及组间关系上所存较多争论，我们期望通过本研究获取一更自然的分类系统并追述真实的属下辐射进程。 研究内容包括两部分：分子系统学及孢粉学。 选取紫堇属100余种，几乎包括各组代表，通过测取叶绿体rps 16及matK序列信息，重建本属系统发育，实验获得98种rps16和78种的matK序列数据。分析显示，两个序列信息分别构建的系统树拓扑结构一致，支持5个分支结构。一些组的系统位置得以确定，一些类群的分类等级被界定，组间发育关系与传统观点差异显著。 根据对130余种，几含全部组代表的孢粉学研究观察，其结果支持分子系统学所得的多数结论，其它部分结论如下：1. 大叶紫堇组及高紫堇组所具的孢粉形态为次生性状，是由更原始的近光滑型及穿孔型演化而来;2. 糙果紫堇组，曲花紫堇组，鳞茎紫堇组做为近缘组，孢粉形态复杂而特化，组内个别系的孢粉形态与其它系的差异大于属下组间，如：Sect. Rupiferae Ser. Feddeana 该系种类外壁纹饰更近于穿孔型。3.刻叶紫堇组是一不自然的类群，支持其中个别种类与毛茎紫堇组这一单型组近缘。此外，也探讨了本属植物孢粉形态的演化趋势。 综合考虑两项研究的结果，结合形态信息，主要结论有： 其一：直茎黄堇组所代表的形态特征，如：植株具主根;叶羽状;花具短距，黄色;花柱柱头简单，乳突不为双生等, 具稀穿孔的近光滑孢粉外壁纹饰等为本属的原始形态特征。 其二：个别形态上一致的种类，实源于趋同进化，系统发育上即非一自然类群，化归为一类也无法真正体现属下真实的网状进化及形态趋同过程，如糙果组及鳞茎组两者的部分种类应并入曲花紫堇组，并且，后者应至少分立出大海黄堇组，并属于不同的亚属;同时，多叶紫堇组与钩距黄堇组近缘;大叶紫堇组与高紫堇组近缘;空根紫堇组与叠生延胡索组等块茎类关系极为密切。 其三：与传统处理不同，主张划分本属为5亚属，即：直茎亚属Subg. Cremnocapnos;黄堇亚属Subg. Sophorocapnos;延胡索亚属Subg. Corydalis;曲花亚属Subg. Rapiferae (C.Y.Wu et H. Chuang) Y. W. Wang stat. nov.;簇根亚属Subg. Fasciculatae (Maxim.) Y. W. Wang stat. nov.。 其四：推测本属植物在其演化历史上发生过至少两次较大规模的分化，第一次发生在晚白垩纪，期间适应各种气候类型的多年生原始种类出现;至第三纪早期开放的白令海峡允许不具长距离扩散能力的陆地植物类群扩散到北美;第二次发生在喜马拉雅隆升过程中，区域的气候变化使须根类群迅速发展，并形成该属位于青藏高原及横断山区的现代分布中心。

云杉属的分子系统学与生物地理学研究

云杉属植物是非常重要的森林树种，广泛分布于北半球的寒温带、温带高山和亚高山地带。该属为松科中仅次于松属和冷杉属的第三大属，约有 28-56 种。自云杉属建立以来，其属于松科没有任何疑议。然而，由于云杉属物种间频繁杂交、形态趋同和取样困难，尽管已经有基于形态学、细胞学、化学成份、叶绿体 DNA RFLP 等方面的研究，该属的属下分类仍然存在诸多争议。本文利用父系遗传的叶绿体基因和母系遗传的线粒体基因序列重建了云杉属的系统发育关系，探讨了云杉属生物地理格局的形成过程。在此基础上，我们研究了低拷贝核 CAD 基因在云杉属的进化式样。另外，我们还对裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的内含子分布和进化进行了初步研究。 1． 云杉属的系统发育和生物地理学研究 我们选择了 Farjon (1990) 确定的 34 个种中的 33 种 (另一个种在 Flora of China 未得到承认)，共 103 个个体，对这些个体的叶绿体 DNA 片段 trnC-trnD 和 trnT-trnF 以及线粒体基因 nad5 的第一个内含子进行了序列测定。在两个叶绿体基因片段联合分析构建的系统发育树上，北美西部的 P. breweriana 和 P. sitchensis 位于最基部。其余的物种分为三支：第一支由北美的两个物种组成;第二支包括分布于喜马拉雅-横断山区及其周围地区的八个种、台湾的 P. morrisonicola、西亚的 P. orientalis、日本的两个种及北美的 P. chihuahuana;第三支中，北美的 P. pungens 位于基部，亚洲东北部的种 (除 P. maximowiczii 和 P. torano 外)、P. retroflexa 和欧洲的 P. abies 构成一个单系群，并与北美的 P. mariana 和 P. rubens 及来自巴尔干半岛的 P. omorika 形成姐妹支。所有样品的 nad5 第一个内含子序列可分为 A、B、C、D 和 E 5 种单倍型，北美的物种拥有前 4 种，而且 A、B 和 C 单倍型为北美所特有;欧亚的物种仅含 D 和 E 两种单倍型。 上述结果结合 MacClade 和 DIVA 分析及化石证据，我们推断云杉属起源于北美，至少两次经白令陆桥扩散至亚洲，然后从亚洲扩散至欧洲。亚洲东北部的绝大多数物种和欧洲云杉 P. abies 的种间遗传变异非常低，而且线粒体单倍型均为 D，可能来源于一次近期的辐射分化。云杉属的现代分布中心之一喜马拉雅-横断山区的物种可能不是一次起源，日本的物种同样如此，这可能与第三纪气候变冷和第四纪冰川导致的物种迁移有关。此外，我们发现目前用于云杉属分类的一些形态性状（如叶扁平、菱形等）在系统发育树上位于不同的位置，说明这些性状可能不是一次起源或是祖征在不同支系中的保留，用于云杉属的系统划分须慎重。 2． 云杉属 CAD 基因的进化研究 裸子植物的多倍体特别少，且以基因组庞大而著称。被子植物中的很多单拷贝基因在裸子植物中以低拷贝或多拷贝基因家族的方式存在。CAD 基因在木质素单体合成的最后一步起作用，在松属中只发现了一种 CAD 基因拷贝，在欧洲云杉中却发现了三种拷贝，而且 Southern 杂交和子代分离鉴定结果表明这三种拷贝至少位于两个位点上。然而，对云杉属三个物种 (包括欧洲云杉) 构建的遗传图谱却都只发现了一个 CAD 基因位点。由于云杉属 CAD 基因的数目和分布存在很大争议，我们根据构建的叶绿体基因树，选择了不同支上的 20 个物种、29 个样品研究该基因的进化式样。结果表明：云杉属不同物种中 CAD 基因的拷贝数为 1-4 种，多数为 2-3 种。系统发育分析发现有些物种的所有 CAD 基因拷贝聚成一支，另有一些物种的 CAD 基因拷贝位于不同位置。此外，我们对 GenBank 中云杉属三个物种 CAD 基因的 EST 序列分析后发现：EST 序列的差异主要发生在 3’-UTR 区，表现为序列长短的不同，这有可能是进行体外反转录时引物结合于不同的位置所致。因此，结合前人研究（包括遗传图谱分析），我们推测 CAD 基因在云杉属内发生了多次重复，重复拷贝很可能呈串联排列。 3. 裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的进化研究 线粒体基因内含子的获得/丢失已经被广泛应用于系统发育研究。rps3 为分布最广的线粒体核糖体蛋白基因，一般含一个内含子，前人研究显示其在裸子植物中多了一个第二类内含子 rps3i2，并将这个内含子作为区分裸子植物和其它植物类群的标志之一。然而，该研究只选择了苏铁和银杏作为裸子植物的代表，取样代表性不足。在本研究中，我们对裸子植物每个科至少选择一个物种作为代表，通过 DNA 序列和部分物种的 RT-PCR 分析，探讨 rps3 基因在裸子植物中的进化。结果表明 rps3 基因内含子的分布与裸子植物系统发育关系相吻合：Conifer II、松科的落叶松属和黄杉属及百岁兰科不仅不含 rps3i2，而且丢失了第一个内含子;金钱松属缺失第二个内含子。我们推断在 Conifer II 的祖先和百岁兰科中分别一次性丢失了两个内含子;在松科中则发生了两次单独的丢失事件，一次是在落叶松属和黄杉属的祖先中丢失了两个内含子，一次是在金钱松属中丢失了第二个内含子。另外，在 Ephedra 中没有扩增出 rps3 基因，Gnetum 中具有第二个内含子，倪藤科的 rps3i2 似乎支持松科与倪藤纲的关系更近。对 rps3i2 的进一步分析发现，其序列结构与松科的系统发育关系非常吻合。根据上述结果和 mRNA 编辑位点分析，我们认为 Conifer II等类群中的两个rps3内含子丢失可能是反转录酶介导的 cDNA 反转录造成的。Psuedolarix 的内含子丢失也可能为相同机制，但因缺乏材料而未能进一步研究。

山茶属茶组植物分子系统学初步研究

山茶科植物的叶绿体基因和nrDNA基因分别为母系和双亲遗传，二者的联合分析为系统发育重建，特别是揭示网状进化过程提供了便利条件。茶组(Sect. Thea (L.) Dyer )属山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属(Camellia)，除茶（C. sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze）为广布种外，其余种主要分布在我国云南、广西、贵州和四川等地。自从W. T. Dyer（1874）建立茶组以来，该组作为一个自然类群，不存在大的争议，但是组下系统分类至今在国内外学术界中争议颇多。 本文选择来自于叶绿体的2个DNA片段，通过序列分析对茶组的28个种进行了系统发育重建。主要结果如下： (1) 叶绿体DNA rpS12-rpL20和trnS-G的序列分析 2个叶绿体DNA片段联合分析，将茶组植物分为两大支，部分种之间的系统发育关系得到了分辨。该叶绿体基因的分析结果支持茶组植物为一个单系类群，但与以往将茶组分为子房五室类群和三室类群的观点不相吻合。 (2) 茶组nrDNA ITS区研究结果 选用14个种茶组植物，对其nrDNA ITS区进行序列分析。茶组植物nrDNA ITS区扩增比较困难，且存在种内多态性，因而在测序之前需要对PCR产物进行克隆。

A phylogeny of Chinese leaf monkeys using mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene sequences

The phylogeny of Chinese leaf monkeys, especially the snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), has not been thoroughly investigated using molecular sequence data, perhaps due to their rarity in the wild and their poor representation in institutional collections. Despite several proposed classifications, systematic relationships of these species remain poorly defined and this has hindered their conservation. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the leaf monkey clade in China, we sequenced the mitochondrial ND3, ND4L, ND4, tRNA(Arg), tRNA(His), tRNA(Ser), and tRNA(Leu) genes for Rhinopithecus bieti, R. roxellana, Trachypithecus francoisi, T. f. leucocephalus, and T. phayrei as well as Pygathrix nemaeus and Colobus guereza. We included a rotal of 2252 characters for each individual, excluding gaps in primary sequences. Our interpretation of the results from character- and distance-based phylogenetic analyses suggest that (1) Pygathrix nemaeus is sister to Rhinopithecus rather than to Trachypithecus though it is quite divergent from the former; (2) the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus bieti, represents a valid species; (3) the white-headed leaf monkey is not a distinct species, but instead is a subspecies of Trachypithecus francoisi (T. f. leucocephalus), though it should still be considered a separate evolutionarily significant unit (ESU); and (4) because two individuals of the Phayrei's leaf monkey, T. phayrei, are genetically distinct from one another, a more extensive revision of the taxonomy of this putative species in China is needed. These results, plus ongoing work on the molecular systematics of the entire Asian leaf monkey radiation, can provide a sound basis for identifying the appropriate units of conservation for this endangered group of primates.

A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHWESTERN CHINA IN THE AFRO-PALEARCTIC LINEAGE OF THE HORSESHOE BATS (RHINOLOPHUS)

A new species of horseshoe bat (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) is described from southwestern China. The presence of a wedge-shaped sella and pointed connecting process of the nose leaf aligns the new species to the landeri group in the Afro-Palearctic lineag

Reconsideration of Phylogenetic Relationships of the Subclass Peritrichia (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences, with the Establishment of a New Subclass Mobilia Kahl, 1933

Based on its characteristic oral apparatus, the ciliate subclass Peritrichia has long been recognized as a monophyletic assemblage composed of the orders Mobilida and Sessilida. Following the application of molecular methods, the monophyly of Peritrichia has recently been questioned. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the peritrichous ciliates based on four further complete small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences of mobilids, namely Urceolaria urechi, Trichodina meretricis, Trichodina sinonovaculae, and Trichodina ruditapicis. In all phylogenetic trees, the mobilids never clustered with the sessilids, but instead formed a monophyletic assemblage related to the peniculines. By contrast, the sessilids formed a sister clade with the hymenostomes at a terminal position within the Oligohymenophorea. We therefore formally separate the mobilids from the sessilids (Peritrichia sensu stricto) and establish a new subclass, Mobilia Kahl, 1933, which contains the order Mobilida Kahl, 1933. We argue that the oral apparatus in the mobilians and sessilid peritrichs is a homoplasy, probably due to convergent evolution driven by their similar life-styles and feeding strategies. Morphologically, the mobilians are distinguished from all other oligohymenophoreans by the presence of the adhesive disc, this character being a synapomorphy for the Mobilia.

Bead-probe complex capture a couple of SINE and LINE family from genomes of two closely related species of East Asian cyprinid directly using magnetic separation

Background: Short and long interspersed elements (SINEs and LINEs, respectively), two types of retroposons, are active in shaping the architecture of genomes and powerful tools for studies of phylogeny and population biology. Here we developed special protocol to apply biotin-streptavidin bead system into isolation of interspersed repeated sequences rapidly and efficiently, in which SINEs and LINEs were captured directly from digested genomic DNA by hybridization to bead-probe complex in solution instead of traditional strategy including genomic library construction and screening. Results: A new couple of SINEs and LINEs that shared an almost identical 3'tail was isolated and characterized in silver carp and bighead carp of two closely related species. These SINEs (34 members), designated HAmo SINE family, were little divergent in sequence and flanked by obvious TSD indicated that HAmo SINE was very young family. The copy numbers of this family was estimated to 2 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) per haploid genome by Real-Time qPCR, respectively. The LINEs, identified as the homologs of LINE2 in other fishes, had a conserved primary sequence and secondary structures of the 3'tail region that was almost identical to that of HAmo SINE. These evidences suggest that HAmo SINEs are active and amplified recently utilizing the enzymatic machinery for retroposition of HAmoL2 through the recognition of higher-order structures of the conserved 42-tail region. We analyzed the possible structures of HAmo SINE that lead to successful amplification in genome and then deduced that HAmo SINE, SmaI SINE and FokI SINE that were similar in sequence each other, were probably generated independently and created by LINE family within the same lineage of a LINE phylogeny in the genomes of different hosts. Conclusion: The presented results show the advantage of the novel method for retroposons isolation and a pair of young SINE family and its partner LINE family in two carp fishes, which strengthened the hypotheses containing the slippage model for initiation of reverse transcription, retropositional parasitism of SINEs on LINEs, the formation of the stem loop structure in 3'tail region of some SINEs and LINEs and the mechanism of template switching in generating new SINE family.

Mitochondrial d-loop sequence variation and phylogeny of gobiobotine fishes

The mitochondrial DNA control region is amplified and sequenced from 8 genera and 10 species of gobiobotine fishes. The phylogenetic tree of Gobiobotinae and some representative species of other Cyprinid subfamilies obtained by the method of neighborhood joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony with Danio rerio as an outgroup indicates that Gobiobotinae fishes are a monophyletic group which is close to Gobioninae subfamily. Gobiobotinae should be included into subfamily Gobioninae in terms of phylogenetic analysis. The research result supports that Gobiobotinae can be divided into genus Xenophysogobio and Gobiobotia. Xenophysogabio is the most primitive genera in the subfamily.

Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae, In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.

中国柳叶藓科植物某些属的分子系统学研究

柳叶鲜科植物是侧茹蓟类中的一个大科，其系统位置介于羽醉科和青醉科之间，在全世界分布很广。柳叶蓟科植物全世界先后报道有39属，约300余种，中国己记载26属。该科的种类众多，配子体和抱子体形态、生活习性呈多样化，根据不同形状研究其系统发育往往差异较大。目前柳汗卜蓟科科内属间和属内种间的系统位置存有许多争议。本研究对中国柳叶鲜科植物的RJ气PD分析，从DNA水平上对它们的亲缘关系和分类问题加以研究，为它们的分类学研究和亲缘关系提供分子证据。研究的主要结果有：1．苔醉植物中酚类化合物含量高，DNA提取和纯化非常困难，本研究采用改良CTAB法提取基因组DNA。从试验结果看出：改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA的纯度较大，浓度较高，且稳定性、完整性都比较好。2．采取正交设计方法，建立了柳叶鲜科植物RAPD扩增的优化体系，反应体系主要成分为：模板DNA100ng、dNTPo．lmmol／L·Taq酶0．75U、引物0.20μmol／L、Mg2＋浓度2.00mmol／1：反应体系总体积为25林L。反应程序为：94℃预变性5min，94℃lmin，36.5℃min，72℃90see，进行35个循环，最后一次延伸72℃10min，冷却至4℃保存。3．利用RAPD技术分析柳叶鲜科植物12个属26个种，用14个随机引物进行扩增，共得到171条清晰稳定的多态片段，Nei遗传相似系数分析结果表明：柳仆卜鲜属和薄网蓟属明显聚合在一起，可以合并为柳叶蓟属。传统上定义很广的细湿醉属（包括狭义的细湿蓟属、嗜湿龄属和偏叶鲜属）和水灰鲜属在聚类图中不聚合在一起，说明广义细湿鲜属和水灰鲜属不是一个很自然的分类类群，而应分为更细的属。且三洋蓟属、范氏辞属和湿原蓟属的关系较近。4－采用RAPD技术构建了9份牛角蓟标本的指纹图谱，结果表明：9份牛角鲜标本的形态特征差异虽然非常大，但通过RAPD分析表明其为同一种。通过RAPD分析不同意Ochyra（1989）将牛角鲜属单独成牛角鲜科，仍将牛角鲜属归于柳叶鲜科，包括1种1变种。

隆肛蛙属Feirana种群的系统学与动物地理学研究

对隆肛蛙属的物种构成进行了订正，建立新属肛刺蛙属Yerana gen. nov.；订正后的隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种， 即隆肛蛙F. quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F. taihangnicus。运用形态学分析探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的形态差异和分类关系，通过分子系统学研究探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的分类和系统发育关系，运用动物地理学方法结合系统发育关系探讨了隆肛蛙属种群的地理分布格局成因与历史过程。主要结果和推论如下： 1．隆肛蛙属物种构成的订正及一新属建立 建立新属肛刺蛙属，将隆肛蛙属中的原叶氏隆肛蛙F. yei归隶新属肛刺蛙属并更名为叶氏肛刺蛙Y. yei，，新属建立的主要依据为：（1）雄性肛部隆起，肛孔下方有两个布满黑刺的大的白色球形隆起，具单咽下内声囊， 第一指具婚刺；（2）形态量度分析表明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的形态差异远大于后两者之间的差异；（3）叶氏肛刺蛙的分布区与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的分布区距离较远且呈隔离状态；（4）分子系统学研究资料（Jiang et al.,2005）证明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙非单系发生；叶氏肛刺蛙在第二支中位于基部。因此，隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种，即隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙。 2．隆肛蛙属种群形态学研究 对隆肛蛙属中隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的15个地理种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量，运用典型判别分析法对其分析的结果表明：（1）太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙形态差异明显，支持其为不同的物种；（2）原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群；（3）隆肛蛙不同地理种群之间形态差异明显，其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平。对隆肛蛙属量度分析的15个种群进行定性形态分析表明其分为三种形态型，对应隆肛蛙、过渡型和太行隆肛蛙，其变异特征主要为内跗褶、雄性肛部隆起及疣粒分布、第五趾外侧缘膜等，这与量度分析结果相似。 3．隆肛蛙属种群分子系统学研究 测定隆肛蛙属Feirana的2种19种群的线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因片段、ND2基因的DNA序列，比对后共计1953bps。（1）遗传多样性与距离分析：结果表明，隆肛蛙属种群具很高的遗传多样性，19个种群样品表现出19种单倍型（遗传多样性指数Hd＝1.0）； ND2基因的进化信息含量远高于12SrRNA和16SrRNA。隆肛蛙属2种群组内的种群间的遗传距离远小于两种群组间的距离，种群在不同基因上的遗传距离表现的关系与对应的系统树一致。（2）系统发育关系分析：结果表明，不同基因片断基于不同方法构建的隆肛蛙属种群系统发育树结构基本一致，基本表明隆肛蛙属种群为单系发生；它们在系统树中分为两大支，分别对应于隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙；支持中条山种群（沁水、历山和济源种群）和伏牛山种群（栾川和内乡种群）为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群，而原隆肛蛙秦岭中东段的部分种群（柞水、宁陕、长安大坝沟种群）也应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群。（3）亚种分化分析：根据遗传距离分析和系统发育关系分析结果，并考虑形态上的差异情况以及地理分布信息，隆肛蛙所隶种群组可分为2亚种，即隆肛蛙指名亚种F. quadrana quadrana包括四川盆地东缘大巴山东段-巫山-武陵山北麓种群和秦岭中段（周至板房子和长安广货街）种群，他们在系统关系树上聚为一支；安县亚种F. quadrana anxianensis包括四川盆地西缘岷山东麓-龙门山-大巴山和秦岭西段的种群（安县、青川、文县、南江和凤县种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。太行隆肛蛙所隶种群组也可分为2亚种，即太行隆肛蛙指名亚种F. taihangnicus taihangnicus包括中条山的种群（沁水、历山和济源种群）和中东秦岭的部分种群（柞水、长安大坝沟和宁陕种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支；太行隆肛蛙伏牛亚种F. taihangnicus funiuensis，为伏牛山地区的种群（栾川和内乡种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。 4．隆肛蛙属种群动物地理学研究 隆肛蛙属19种群的分歧年代分析： 以长江巫山段和黄河三门峡段的形成历史时期为参考点，根据已测隆肛蛙属19种群及其外群包括N. pleski、P. yunnanesis、P. robertingeri、F. limnocharis的1953bps DNA序列构建分子钟，获得各支系的分歧年代。结果表明：①棘蛙族在70Ma左右开始其独立演化历程，这与Roelants et al.（2004）的分析结果～60±15Ma左右开始分化基本一致，后者印证了本文的分子钟。②隆肛蛙属的起始分化年代较早，隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙两种群组的最近祖先种群大概在46Ma～50Ma左右；隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙种群组内的种群分化年代相对两种群组间晚得多， 隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为10Ma左右，而太行隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为6Ma。 隆肛蛙属种群分布格局形成过程分析： ①隆肛蛙属的系统关系与地理分布格局密切相关，大部分系统分支分级与地理距离成正比；②隆肛蛙属最近祖先种群的分化中心可能位于秦岭中部地区， 隆肛蛙属的种群分布格局的形成表现为隔离分化与扩散相结合的机制，由隔离分化产生的隆肛蛙祖先种群主要从秦岭中部向西南方向扩散，后隔离分化为两亚种；太行隆肛蛙祖先种群向东北方向扩散也分化为两亚种。 隆肛蛙属种群分布区域地质历史的探讨：本文所建分子钟和种群分化方式印证了该区域的几次主要地质事件，包括岷山-龙门山-西秦岭等地区的快速差异隆起、第四纪冰期等。 The specific composition of the genus Feirana should be revised. A new genus Yerana gen. nov.（Ranidae：Dicroglossinae）was established based on morphological data-set and molecular phylogeny, as a result, only two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus are classified into Feirana now. Morphological differences and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were investigated based on morphological and morphometric data; phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were elucidated using molecular data, and then the proceeding of the distribution pattern of populations of Feirana were discussed. The main results and conclusions and proposals were presented as following: 1. Revising of the specific composition of the genus Feirana and establishment of a new genus The new genus Yerana, only containing the type species Y. yei, was established based on the following evidences: (1) In adult male, distinct up-heaved circular vesicle presents around the anal, and under anal there are two white balls on which black spines exist, black horny spines scatter on the upper side of first finger, and internal single subgular vocal sac presents; (2) there is obvious morphometric differences between Yerana and Feirana; (3) Yerana is distributed far from Feirana; (4) evidences of molecular phylogeny（Jiang et al.,2005）suggested that Yerana take a special phylogenetic clade which is different from other genus included in the tribe Paini. As a result, there are only two species in Feirana, i.e., F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. 2. Morphological research of populations of Feirana Twenty-eight characters of 565 individuals of 15 populations of the genus Feirana were measured, the results of Canonical Discriminant analysis of the morphometric data-set indicated that: (1) there are very prominent differences between the two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. The validity of species F. taihangnicus was approved here; (2) Mt. Funiu population and Mt. Zhongtiao population should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Obvious differences exist among 12 populations of F. quadrana, the differentiation among Zhouzhi population, Anxian population, Lichuan population, and Wushan population together with the others probably reach sub-specific or specific level. Result of morphological comparison between 15 different populations show that 3 morphological types are recogenized in according with F. quadrana, F. taihangnicus and intergradation, this result conform to the result of morphometric analysis. 3. Molecular phylogenetic study on populaions of Feirana Fragment of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes, and ND2 gene of 19 populations of two species of Feirana were sequenced and aligned, from which 1953 bps were received. (1) analyses of genetic distance and hereditary diversity indicated that: genetic distance between populations in each group were less than distance between two groups of Feirana, 19 haplotypes were recognized from 19 samples of 19 populations, so the hereditary diversity of populations of Feirana was very high (Hd=1.0), phylogenetic information in ND2 gene is more than fragment sequence of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes. (2) Result of molecular phylogeny indicate that the phylogenetic trees constructed using different methods based on different sequence data sets showed the revised genus Feirana is monophyletic since the 19 populations of Feirana were firstly clustered together as one large clade, which was further clustered into two major clades, corresponding to F. quadrana(GroupⅠ) and F. taihangnicus(GroupⅡ), respectively. So populations of Qinshui and Lishan in Mt. Zhongtiao, populations of Luanchuan and Neixiang in Mt. Funiu, and populations of Zhashui, Dabagou of Chang’an and Ningshan in eastern Mt. Qinling should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Subspecific differentiation. on the basis of genetic distance, phylogenetic trees and geographical distribution, F. quadrana should have two subspecies, i.e., F. quadrana qudadrana, consisting of the populations Guanghuojie of Chang’an and Zhouzhi in Mid-Mt. Qinling, populations in Wushan area and northern Mt. Wuling (Lichuan), and F. qudadrana anxianensis, consisting of the populations in eastern Mt. Ming shan-Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Daba-western Mt. Qinling (Anxian, Qingchuan, Wenxian, Nanjiang and Fengxian); F. taihangnicus should also has two subspecies, i.e., F. taihangnicus taihangnicus, consisting of the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao and eastern Mt. Qinling, and F. taihangnicus funiuensis, consisting of the populations in Mt. Funiu. 4. Zoogeography of populaions of Feirana Analysis for divergent time of 19 populations of Feirana: Using the dates of run-through of Wushan segment of Changjiang River as the time when the population of Lichuan started differentiated from the populations of Wushan and Shennongjia, and the dates of Sanmenxia segment of Yellow River as the time when the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao started differentiated from the population of Dabagou in Chang’an, molecular clock was established using sequences with 1953 bps of 19 populations of Feirana and outgroup including N. pleski, P. yunnanesis, P. robertingeri, F. limnocharis in order to estimate divergent time of all clades. Result of that indicated that: ① the tribe Paini started to evolve independently at about 70Ma when is in consistent with that estimated by Roelants et al.（2004）with result of about ～60±15Ma, they were corroborated by each other, this confirms the validity of this molecular clock; ② divergent time for speciation of Feriana is early, ancestral populations of F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus were found about 46Ma～50Ma; differentiation of populations within species is greatly late to the divergence of the two species, divergent time for F. quadrana is 10Ma and divergent time for F. taihangnicus is 6Ma. Proceeding of distribution pattern of Feirana. Phylogenetic relationships of populations of Feirana matched quite with distribution pattern of them, the relationships among clades showed in phylogenetic trees is direct ratio to geographical distance of them; the estimated date of speciation between two species of Feirana was as early as speciation of Paa yunnanesis and Nanara pleski; middle part of Mt. Qinling is the center of speciation of Feirana, combination of mult-events of dispersal and vicariance are probably the mechanism of speciation of Feirana, F. quadrana colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in southwest direction, ancestral population of F. taihangnicus colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in northeast direction. On geological history of the distribution of Feirana. According to molecular clock and speciation model of populations of Feirana, some geological events are confirmed, including special rise of Mt. Minshan- Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Qinling, glacial age.

The past, present and future of phycology in China

Algae have been part of Chinese life for thousands of years. They are widely used as food and have been cited in Chinese literature as early as 2500 years ago. However, formal taxonomic studies on Chinese algae were initiated by foreign scientists only about 200 years ago, and by Chinese phycologists only about 90 years ago. This paper summarizes the history of modern phycological studies on Chinese algae and provides an overview of the achievements of phycological studies by Chinese scientists, especially on algal taxonomy, morphology, genetics, ecology and environmental research, physiology, biotechnology, algal culture, applied phycology and space phycology, in the last century. Recent development in phycological research focuses on algal floristic and molecular systematics, algal molecular biotechnology, applied phycology including micro and macroalgal cultivation and algal product development, and the roles of algae in environmental pollution control. These areas will also be the main focuses of Chinese phycological research in the foreseeable future.

Radiation and diversification within the Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio complex (Asteraceae) triggered by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio (L-C-P) complex of the Tussilagininae (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) contains more than 200 species that are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in eastern Asia. These species are morphologically distinct; however, their relationships appear complex. A phylogenetic analysis of members of the complex and selected taxa, of the tribe Senecioneae was conducted using chloroplast (ndhF and trnL-F) and nuclear (ITS) sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from individual and combined datasets of the three different sequences. All analyses suggested that Doronicum, a genus that has been included in the Tussilagininae, should be excluded from this subtribe and placed at the base of the tribe Senecioneae. In addition, the Tussilagininae should be broadly circumscribed to include the Tephroseridinae. Within the expanded Tussilagininae containing all 13 genera occurring in eastern Asia, Tussilago and NSPetasites diverged early as a separate lineage, while the remaining I I genera comprise an expanded L-C-P complex clade. We suggest that the L-C-P clade, which is largely unresolved, most likely originated as a consequence of an explosive radiation. The few monophyletic subclades identified in the L-C-P clade with robust support further suggest that some genera of Tussilagininae from eastern Asia require generic re-circumscriptions given the occurrence of subclades containing species of the same genus in different parts of the phylogentic tree due to homoplasy of important morphological characters used to delimit them. Molecular-clock analyses suggest that the explosive radiation of the L-C-P complex occurred mostly within the last 20 million years, which falls well within the period of recent major uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau between the early Miocene to the Pleistocene. It is proposed that significant increases in geological and ecological diversity that accompanied such uplifting, most likely promoted rapid and continuous allopatric speciation in small and isolated populations, and allowed fixation or acquisition of similar morphological characters within unrelated lineages. This phenomenon, possibly combined with interspecific diploid hybridization because of secondary sympatry during relatively stable stages between different uplifts, could be a major cause of high species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas of eastern Asia. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.