Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea‐level. The oceans are also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have taken up ∼40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake is exported via the four ocean ‘carbon pumps’ (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result of a strong ice–ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next century will be underestimated.

Ocean acidification has different effects on the production of DMS and DMSP measured in cultures of Emiliania huxleyi and a mesocosm study: a comparison of laboratory monocultures and community interactions

The human-induced rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution has led to increasing oceanic carbon uptake and changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, resulting in lowering of surface water pH. In this study we investigated the effect of increasing CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) on concentrations of volatile biogenic dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), through monoculture studies and community pCO2 perturbation. DMS is a climatically important gas produced by many marine algae: it transfers sulfur into the atmosphere and is a major influence on biogeochemical climate regulation through breakdown to sulfate and formation of subsequent cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Overall, production of DMS and DMSP by the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain RCC1229 was unaffected by growth at 900 matm pCO2, but DMSP production normalised to cell volume was 12% lower at the higher pCO2 treatment. These cultures were compared with community DMS and DMSP production during an elevated pCO2 mesocosm experiment with the aim of studying E. huxleyi in the natural environment. Results contrasted with the culture experiments and showed reductions in community DMS and DMSP concentrations of up to 60 and 32% respectively at pCO2 up to 3000 matm, with changes attributed to poorer growth of DMSP-producing nanophytoplankton species, including E. huxleyi, and potentially increased microbial consumption of DMSand dissolvedDMSPat higher pCO2.DMSandDMSPproduction differences between culture and community likely arise from pH affecting the inter-species responses between microbial producers and consumers.

Flavian laws, the railway, the newspaper and Loring’s breads

It is abound the research on the formation, rise and failure of the financial and industrial network undertaken by the Loring-Heredia-Larios triangle, bourgeois families who introduced the Industrial Revolution in the south of Andalusia. On the contrary, there are almost nonexistent studies from the perspective of the mentality that sustained their business, social and ethical model in the algid decades of their action (1850-1860). In this paper we propose some hypotheses about the ideological structures of bourgeois group and point out some keys, clues and signs for a future reconstruction of this kind, which so far has not been incardinated that early and failed malaguenan industrial revolution in streams thinking of that time.

When did Britain industrialise? The sectoral distribution of the labour force and labour productivity in Britain, 1381-1851

Britain's labour force industrialised early. The industrial and service sectors already accounted for 40% of the labour force in 1381, and a substantial further shift of labour out of agriculture occurred between 1522 and 1700. From the early seventeenth century rising agricultural labour productivity underpinned steadily increasing employment in industry and services, so that by 1759 agriculture's share of the labour force had shrunk to 37% and industry's grown to 34%. Thereafter, industry's output acceleration during the Industrial Revolution owed more to gains in labour productivity consequent upon mechanisation than the expansion of employment.

Harvest Shortfalls, Grain prices, and Famines in Preindustrial England

The frequency of bad harvests and price elasticity of demand are measured using new data on English grain yields 1268–1480 and 1750–1850 and a revised price series. The analysis shows that major harvest shortfalls were a significant component of most historical subsistence crises, as back-to-back shortfalls were of the worst famines. Although serious harvest shortfalls long remained an unavoidable fact of economic life, by c.1800 yields had become less variable and prices less harvest sensitive. By the eve of the Industrial Revolution, England had become effectively famine-free.

High-resolution reconstruction of atmospheric deposition of trace metals and metalloids since AD 1400 recorded by ombrotrophic peat cores in Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium

The objective of our study was to determine the trace metal accumulation rates in the Misten bog, Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium, and assess these in relation to established histories of atmospheric emissions from anthropogenic sources. To address these aims we analyzed trace metals and metalloids (Pb, Cu, Ni, As, Sb, Cr, Co, V, Cd and Zn), as well as Pb isotopes, using XRF, Q-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively in two 40-cm peat sections, spanning the last 600 yr. The temporal increase of metal fluxes from the inception of the Industrial Revolution to the present varies by a factor of 5–50, with peak values found between AD 1930 and 1990. A cluster analysis combined with Pb isotopic composition allows the identification of the main sources of Pb and by inference of the other metals, which indicates that coal consumption and metallurgical activities were the predominant sources of pollution during the last 600 years.

Transnational connections in European crime film series (1908–1914)

This article addresses the issue of ‘European popular cinema’ by discussing a very specific phenomenon, i.e. the crime series produced in the years immediately preceding World War I (e.g. Victorin Jasset’s Nick Carter, Viggo Larsen’s Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock, Ubaldo Maria del Colle’s Raffles, il ladro misterioso, Louis Feuillade’s Fantômas, George Pearson’s Ultus). On the one hand, the transnational circulation of these films is seen as the result of the development of the European cultural industries since the late nineteenth century; on the other hand, the rapid decline of this genre testifies of the historical peculiarity of this production. In particular, the popular heroic figure of the ‘gentleman thief’ seems to express at the same time the liberating, anti-hierarchial ethos of modernization and the dream of a quiet conciliation of the new and the traditional values: as a consequence, it might be regarded as a telling example of the economical, social and ideological transformations of that crucial phase in European history, when the development of the second industrial revolution and the first phase of ‘globalization’ pointed at the birth of a supranational sphere before the outbreak of World War I, which would temporarily stop this process.

Metodologia de selecção de materiais em design: base de dados nacional

Desde a Pré-História que a escolha de materiais esteve relacionada com a Arte. Mais tarde, durante a Idade Moderna vai ganhando uma importância cada vez maior. Atingida que foi a Idade Contemporânea, nomeadamente após a Revolução Industrial e durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, devido ao aumento do número de materiais disponíveis, é que se pode falar de uma verdadeira seleção de materiais. É também após a Revolução Industrial que se clarificam as relações entre a evolução dos materiais e os movimentos e correntes das Artes Plásticas. Neste contexto, estudaram-se as interligações entre o processo de design e as metodologias de seleção, assim como as diversas tipologias de ferramentas existentes para esse efeito. Deste estudo, consideradas as respetivas vantagens e limitações, foi possível identificar bases de dados essencialmente técnicas, ou ao invés, ferramentas para inspiração com muitas imagens e pouca informação sobre as propriedades dos materiais. Para completar este levantamento crítico sobre processos e ferramentas de seleção, inquiriram-se cinquenta e três profissionais que trabalhavam em diferentes gabinetes de design portugueses. As perguntas dirigidas aos designers portugueses versaram sobre problemas relacionados com a escolha de materiais, abrangendo o tipo de matériasprimas empregues, processos utilizados e a qualidade da informação obtida. Na sequência deste estudo, verificou-se a existência de diversas lacunas relativamente aos meios disponíveis, rotinas de seleção, qualidade da informação existente e metodologias utilizadas. Foi neste contexto que se iniciou o projeto de criação de uma nova metodologia suportada por uma ferramenta digital. Os principais aspetos inovadores são: uma melhor interligação entre a metodologia de design e o processo de seleção de materiais e a sua sincronização; a informação necessária em cada etapa e o destaque dos fatores catalisadores da seleção de materiais. Outro elemento inovador foi a conjugação de três formas deferentes de seleção de materiais numa só ferramenta (a geral, a visual e a específica) e a hipótese de aceder a diferentes graus de informação. A metodologia, no contexto dos recursos disponíveis, foi materializada sob a forma de ferramenta digital (ptmaterials.com). O protótipo foi aferido com testes de usabilidade de cariz heurístico, com a participação de dezanove utilizadores. Foram detetadas diversas falhas de interação que condicionaram a liberdade e o controlo da navegação no seio da interface. Os utilizadores também mencionaram a existência de lacunas na prevenção de erros e a ligação do sistema à lógica habitual de outras aplicações já existentes. No entanto, também constituiu um estímulo a circunstância da maioria dos designers avaliarem o sistema como eficaz, eficiente, satisfatório e confirmarem o interesse da existência dos três tipos de seleção. Posteriormente, ao analisar os restantes resultados dos testes de usabilidade, também foram evidenciadas as vantagens dos diferentes tipos de informação disponibilizada e a utilidade de uma ferramenta desta natureza para a Indústria e Economia Nacionais. Esta ferramenta é apenas um ponto de partida, existindo espaço para melhorar a proposta, apesar da concretização de uma ferramenta digital ser um trabalho de grande complexidade. Não obstante se tratar de um protótipo, esta ferramenta está adequada aos dias de hoje e é passível de evoluir no futuro, tendo também a possibilidade de vir a ser preferencialmente utilizada por outros países de língua portuguesa.

Cultivo de Eucalyptus urograndis em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2: mudanças no proteoma cloroplastidial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Syngas production by water electrolysis: preliminary tests on methane production

Master Thesis to obtain the Master degree in Chemical Engineering - Branch Chemical Processes

Roberta "Bobbie" Styran fonds, 1707-2013, n.d.

Roberta “Bobbie” Styran was born and rasied in Fredericton, N.B. She graduated from McMaster University with a B.A. (1962) and M.A. (1964), before furthering her studies at the University of Toronto, where she received a Ph. D in History. From 1967 to 1978, she taught Medieval History at Brock University, where she developed an interest in the Welland Canal. She began a collaboration with Prof. Robert R. Taylor of the History Department at this time, researching the history of the Welland Canals. She later moved to Toronto and worked for the Ministry of Education, but returned to St. Catharines in 1988 to facilitate her work with Prof. Taylor. The two have co-authored several books, including The Welland Canals: the Growth of Mr. Merritt’s Ditch; Mr. Merritt’s Ditch: A Welland Canals Album; The Great “Swivel Link”: Canada’s Welland Canal and This Great National Object: Building the Nineteenth-Century Welland Canals. Bobbie travelled extensively, visiting many canal and industrial revolution sites in Great Britain and the United States. She was active in many canal associations, including the Canadian Canal Society (where she served as president and editor of the Society’s newsletter), the American Canal Society, and the Council of Inland Waterways International. She also helped to found the Welland Canals Preservation Association and organized and chaired the 2004 World Canals Conference at Brock University. In 2009, she received the W. Gordon Plewes Award from the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, an award that recognized her services to Canadian engineering history.

La "révolution agraire" de l’Écosse, 1755-1815 : une construction historiographique? : étude de cas sur l’Aberdeenshire

L’Écosse du XVIIIe siècle connaît de grands changements qui seront à l’aune des transformations socio-économiques sous-tendant sa Révolution industrielle. L’historiographie sur le sujet est divisée entre deux visions du développement – nommées pour le bienfait de cette étude traditionnelle et révisionniste – à savoir si ces transformations valident la notion d’une « révolution agraire ». Cette étude propose une recension de ces deux courants et propose d’appliquer leur analyse sur une région circonscrite, l’Aberdeenshire. À l’aide de l’Old Statistical Account, source majeure pour l’étude de l’histoire moderne écossaise, nous tenterons de démontrer que le caractère particulier du développement des régions ne correspond pas à l’application des conclusions nationales. Nous accorderons une attention spéciale à la propriété foncière, à l’impact des enclosures et à la temporalité des changements. De par ses spécificités, et son retard de modernisation agraire et agricole, nous croyons que la région suit le schéma dressé par les historiens révisionnistes, c.-à-d. des changements structurels s’étendant sur un temps long et ne s’inscrivant pas directement dans la période 1755-1815, traditionnellement désignée comme « révolution agraire ». Il s’agirait plutôt d’une adaptation partielle et originale des nouvelles idées mises de l’avant par les protagonistes de la modernisation.

Étude du pouvoir d’ordonnance du ministre de l’environnement en matière de décontamination des sites au Québec

La protection de l’environnement est un enjeu capital de la société contemporaine. Suite à la révolution industrielle, la contamination de l’environnement a pris divers chemins pour se retrouver dans notre eau, notre atmosphère et, de manière parfois moins évidente, dans nos sols. Considérant le nombre de sites contaminés répertoriés par le ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, on peut s’interroger sur l’efficacité des dispositions prévues à la section IV.2.1 de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui prévoit des pouvoirs d’ordonnance de caractérisation et de réhabilitation pouvant viser de manière rétroactive non seulement le pollueur et celui ayant permis la contamination, mais également, dans certains cas, le gardien, à quelque titre que ce soit, du terrain. En 2003, le cadre réglementaire en matière d’ordonnances de décontamination a fait l’objet d’une réforme majeure, dont les grandes lignes sont rapportées dans la première partie de cette étude. Toutefois, l’application de ces mesures relève d’un pouvoir de nature discrétionnaire pour le ministre, cette discrétion faisant l’objet de développements dans la deuxième partie de notre mémoire. Le nombre d’ordonnances rendues par le ministre en matière de décontamination des sites est si peu élevé qu’on ne peut éviter de traiter, dans la dernière partie de notre étude, de l’éventuelle responsabilité de l’État en lien avec la contamination des sols, considérant les principes de développement durable et surtout, d’équité intergénérationnelle qui, selon nous, devraient se refléter dans l’application des pouvoirs d’ordonnance du ministre de l’Environnement.

Applying 3D modelling technology to traditional craftwork : rapid prototyping in artisanal jewellery making and its impact on the perceived value of jewellery

Depuis la révolution industrielle, l’évolution de la technologie bouleverse le monde de la fabrication. Aujourd'hui, de nouvelles technologies telles que le prototypage rapide font une percée dans des domaines comme celui de la fabrication de bijoux, appartenant jadis à l'artisanat et en bouscule les traditions par l'introduction de méthodes plus rapides et plus faciles. Cette recherche vise à répondre aux deux questions suivantes : - ‘En quoi le prototypage rapide influence-t-il la pratique de fabrication de bijoux?’ - ‘En quoi influence-t-il de potentiels acheteurs dans leur appréciation du bijou?’ L' approche consiste en une collecte de données faite au cours de trois entretiens avec différents bijoutiers et une rencontre de deux groupes de discussion composés de consommateurs potentiels. Les résultats ont révélé l’utilité du prototypage rapide pour surmonter un certain nombre d'obstacles inhérents au fait-main, tel que dans sa géométrie, sa commercialisation, et sa finesse de détails. Cependant, il se crée une distance entre la main du bijoutier et l'objet, changeant ainsi la nature de la pratique. Cette technologie est perçue comme un moyen moins authentique car la machine rappelle la production de masse et la possibilité de reproduction en série détruit la notion d’unicité du bijou, en réduisant ainsi sa charge émotionnelle. Cette recherche propose une meilleure compréhension de l'utilisation du prototypage rapide et de ses conséquences dans la fabrication de bijoux. Peut-être ouvrira-t-elle la voie à une recherche visant un meilleur mariage entre cette technique et les méthodes traditionnelles.

Séquestration du carbone atmosphérique dans la biomasse racinaire de plantations de saules

Le cycle du carbone (C) est, depuis la révolution industrielle, déstabilisé par l’introduction dans l’atmosphère de C autrefois fossilisé. Certaines mesures de mitigation prometteuses impliquent la séquestration accrue du CO2 atmosphérique dans les sols via le développement du réseau racinaire des arbres. Ce projet de recherche visait à : 1) quantifier la biomasse racinaire ligneuse produite annuellement par unité de surface par le Salix miyabeana cultivé en régie intensive à courtes rotations, 2) doser la concentration en C et en N des racines de saule en fonction de leur profondeur et de leur diamètre et 3) déterminer l’influence des propriétés pédoclimatiques du milieu sur la séquestration du carbone organique (Corg) par les racines. Pour y arriver, six souches de saules ont été excavées à partir de huit sites (n=48) et neuf carottes de recolonisation ont été implantées à cinq sites (n=45) pour évaluer la productivité racinaire fine. Les échantillons séchés ont été pesés pour quantifier la biomasse racinaire produite, et ont été analysés pour le C et le N. La productivité en biomasse racinaire ligneuse du saule en plantation pour tout le réseau d'échantillonnage varie de 0,7 – 1,8 Mg/ha/an. La proportion de C dans la biomasse racinaire s’étend de 31,3% à 50,4% et sa variance dans les tissus est expliquée par le diamètre racinaire et par les conditions environnementales des sites de provenance. Les conditions climatiques constituent la principale influence sur la production de biomasse racinaire. La variance de la biomasse racinaire est significativement contrôlée (p :0,004) par la quantité de précipitation de l’été et de l’année qui contrôlent ensemble 83,4 % du r2 ajusté. La précipitation de l’été est inversement liée à la productivité racinaire puisque les protéines expansines des racines sont stimulées par les carences hydriques du sol. La production de racines fines des plantations (1,2 à 2,4 Mg/ha/an) est, elle, plus fortement contrôlée par les conditions pédologiques du site qui expliquent 36,5% de la variance de productivité des racines fines contre 37,5% de la variance expliquée par les facteurs pédoclimatiques. Le P et le N du sol ont des rôles prépondérants sur la production de racines fines. Une disponibilité en P accrue dans le sol stimule la biomasse racinaire fine alors qu’une quantité supérieure de N dans le sol limite la croissance racinaire tout en favorisant la croissance des parties aériennes de la plante. Ce projet a permis d’améliorer notre compréhension des conditions pédologiques et climatiques qui engendrent, au Québec méridional, une productivité et une séquestration en Corg accrue dans le réseau racinaire du saule.