Imine von Formyl-[2.2]paracyclophanen und ihre Anwendung in der enantioselektiven Katalyse

Kohlenhydrate wurden bislang nur selten zur Darstellung chiraler Liganden verwendet. Sie gelten als zu polyfunktionell und konformativ zu flexibel, um daraus mit vertretbarem Aufwand Liganden zu synthetisieren, die die Anforderungen an ein leistungsfähiges Katalysatorsystem - die spezifische Komplexierung des Metalls in einer konformativ möglichst rigiden Umgebung - erfüllen.rnDas Element der planaren Chiralität erwies sich in vielen asymmetrischen, katalytischen Prozessen als entscheidend für die Erzielung hoher Enantioselektivitäten.rnDie vorliegende Arbeit baut auf den Kohlenhydratliganden-Synthesen mit Glycosylaminen auf, die über geeignete komplexierende Zentren verfügen, um damit andere als die bisher mit Kohlenhydraten bekannten enantioselektiven Katalysen durchführen zu können. Zur Synthese stickstoffhaltiger chiraler Verbindungen haben sich besonders perpivaloylierte Glycosylamine vom Typ des 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-β-D-galactopyranosylamins bewährt. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden Schiff-Basen aus pivaloyliertem Galactosylamin bzw. verschiedenen anderen Galactosylamin-Bausteinen als chiralem Rückgrat, und einem Aldehyd auf der Basis von planar chiralem [2.2]Paracyclophan dargestellt. Die neuen N-Galactosylimine wurden außerdem in asymmetrischen Ugi-Reaktionen und in Tandem Mannich-Michael-Reaktionen zu N-Galactosyl-dehydropiperidinonen untersucht. Bei der Spaltung der dargestellten N-Galactosylimine von Paracyclophan-aldehyden unter mineralsauren Bedingungen sollten die entsprechenden mono- und di-substituierten Formyl- [2.2]paracyclophane in enantiomerenreiner Form erhalten werden. Die erhaltenen Verbindungen wurden als potentielle N,O-Liganden in der asymmetrischen Strecker Reaktion, in die enantioselektiven Epoxidierungen und in der Addition von Diethylzink an aromatische und aliphatische Aldehyde untersucht.rn

Synthesis and organocatalyzed enantioselective transfer-hydrogenation of beta-amino nitroolefins

The importance of the β-amino nitroalkanes is due to their high versatility allowing a straightforward entry to a variety of nitrogen-containing chiral building blocks; furthermore obtaining them in enantiopure form allows their use in the synthesis of biologically active compounds or their utilization as chiral ligands for different uses. In this work, a reaction for obtaining enantiopure β-amino nitroalkanes through asymmetric organocatalysis has been developed. The synthetic strategy adopted for the obtainment of these compounds was based on an asymmetric reduction of β-amino nitroolefins in a transfer hydrogenation reaction, involving an Hantzsch ester as hydrogen source and a chiral thiourea as organic catalyst. After the optimization of the reaction conditions over the β-acyl-amino nitrostyrene, we tested the reaction generality over other aromatic compound and for Boc protected substrate both aromatic and aliphatic. A scale-up of the reaction was also performed.

Novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(ethylene imine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) for potential biomedical application: synthesis, stability, cytotoxicity and MR imaging

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have found application as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as switchable drug delivery vehicles. Their stabilization as colloidal carriers remains a challenge. The potential of poly(ethylene imine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGPEI) as stabilizer for iron oxide (γ-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles was studied in comparison to branched poly(ethylene imine) (PEI). Carrier systems consisting of γ-Fe₂O₃-PEI and γ-Fe₂O₃-PEGPEI were prepared and characterized regarding their physicochemical properties including magnetic resonance relaxometry. Colloidal stability of the formulations was tested in several media and cytotoxic effects in adenocarcinomic epithelial cells were investigated. Synthesized γ-Fe₂O₃ cores showed superparamagnetism and high degree of crystallinity. Diameters of polymer-coated nanoparticles γ-Fe₂O₃-PEI and γ-Fe₂O₃-PEGPEI were found to be 38.7 ± 1.0 nm and 40.4 ± 1.6 nm, respectively. No aggregation tendency was observable for γ-Fe₂O₃-PEGPEI over 12 h even in high ionic strength media. Furthermore, IC₅₀ values were significantly increased by more than 10-fold when compared to γ-Fe₂O₃-PEI. Formulations exhibited r₂ relaxivities of high numerical value, namely around 160 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹. In summary, novel carrier systems composed of γ-Fe₂O₃-PEGPEI meet key quality requirements rendering them promising for biomedical applications, e.g. as MRI contrast agents.

Interesting results of catalytic hydrogenation of 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-isoxazoles and 3-(nitro-substituted-phenyl)-2-isoxazolines

The Pd-C-assisted hydrogenolysis of substituted 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-isoxazoles, irrespective of substitution on the isoxa-zole ring, invariably leads to reduction of nitro to amino group with concomitant regiospecific ring closure to yield substituted 4-quinolinamines. In contrast similar hydrogenation of 3-(nitro substituted phenyl)-2-isoxazolines results in reduction of the nitro group only with conservation of isoxazoline ring to yield 3-(amino substituted phenyl)-2-isoxazolines.

Studies on the catalytic hydrogenation of Baylis Hillman derivatives of substituted isoxazolecarbaldehydes

Results of the catalytic hydrogenation of Baylis-Hillman adducts obtained from substituted 3-, 4- and 5-isoxazolecarbox-aldehydes and their corresponding acetates in the presence of Raney-Ni and Pd-C are presented. The hydrogenation of Baylis-Hillman adducts of substituted 5-isoxazolecarbaldehydes and 3-isoxazolecarbaldehydes in the presence of Raney-Ni furnishes diastereoselectively syn enaminones over anti and in the presence of boric acid as an additive further enhancement of diastereoselectivity in favor of syn isomer is observed. The Pd-C-promoted hydrogenation of these substrates is also diastereoselective in favor of syn isomer but occurs without the hydrogenolysis of isoxazole-ring. The presence of boric acid as additive in this hydrogenation exhibits no pronounced effect on diastereoselectivity. The Raney-Ni-mediated hydrogenation of Baylis-Hillman adducts of substituted 4-isoxazolecarbaldehydes yield pyridone derivatives and Pd-C-promoted hydrogenation of the same substrate is diastereoselective to afford the anti isomer of the resulting products. The enaminones derived from Baylis-Hillman adducts of 3- and 5-isoxazolecarbaldehydes serve as versatile precursors for '-hydroxy-1, 3-diketones, which undergo acid-catalyzed ring-closure reaction to afford the furanone derivatives in excellent yields

Exponential decay of spin-spin correlation between distant defect states produced by contour hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules

The first few low-lying spin states of alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules of several shapes showing defect states induced by contour hydrogenation have been studied both by ab initio methods and by a precise numerical solution of Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) interacting model. In accordance with Lieb's theorem, the ground state shows a spin multiplicity equal to one for balanced molecules, and it gets larger values for imbalanced molecules (that is, when the number of π electrons on both subsets is not equal). Furthermore, we find a systematic decrease of the singlet-triplet splitting as a function of the distance between defects, regardless of whether the ground state is singlet or triplet. For example, a splitting smaller than 0.001 eV is obtained for a medium size C46H28 PAH molecule (di-hydrogenated [11]phenacene) showing a singlet ground state. We conclude that π electrons unbound by lattice defects tend to remain localized and unpaired even when long-range Coulomb interaction is taken into account. Therefore they show a biradical character (polyradical character for more than two defects) and should be studied as two or more local doublets. The implications for electron transport are potentially important since these unpaired electrons can trap traveling electrons or simply flip their spin at a very small energy cost.

Metal and precursor effect during 1-heptyne selective hydrogenation using an activated carbon as support

Palladium, platinum, and ruthenium supported on activated carbon were used as catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of 1-heptyne, a terminal alkyne. All catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TPR and XPS suggest that the metal in all catalysts is reduced after the pretreatment with H2 at 673 K. The TPR trace of the PdNRX catalyst shows that the support surface groups are greatly modified as a consequence of the use of HNO3 during the catalyst preparation. During the hydrogenation of 1-heptyne, both palladium catalysts were more active and selective than the platinum and ruthenium catalysts. The activity order of the catalysts is as follows: PdClRX > PdNRX > PtClRX ≫ RuClRX. This superior performance of PdClRX was attributed in part to the total occupancy of the d electronic levels of the Pd metal that is supposed to promote the rupture of the H2 bond during the hydrogenation reaction. The activity differences between PdClRX and PdNRX catalysts could be attributed to a better accessibility of the substrate to the active sites, as a consequence of steric and electronic effects of the superficial support groups. The order for the selectivity to 1-heptene is as follows: PdClRX = PdNRX > RuClRX > PtClRX, and it can be mainly attributed to thermodynamic effects.

Synthesis of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Amines by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)Imines

We thank the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN; grant no. CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010-CSD2007-00006, CTQ2007-65218 and CTQ11-24151), the Generalitat Valenciana (Grant No. PROMETEO/2009/039 and FEDER), and the University of Alicante for generous and continuous financial support, as well as MEDALCHEMY S.L. for a gift of chemicals. O. P. thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Educación for a predoctoral fellowship (Grant no. AP-2008-00989).

Synthesis of γ-, δ-, and ε-Lactams by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)iminoesters

Highly enantiomerically enriched γ- and δ-lactams have been prepared by a simple and very efficient procedure that involves the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)iminoesters followed by desulfinylation of the nitrogen atom and spontaneous cyclization to the desired lactams during the basic workup procedure. Five- and six-membered ring lactams bearing aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic substituents have been obtained in very high yields and ee’s up to >99%. A slight modification of the procedure also allowed the preparation of ε-lactams in good yields and very high enantioselectivities. Both enantiomers of the final lactams could be prepared with equal efficiency by changing the absolute configuration of the sulfinyl chiral auxiliary.

Synthesis of Nitrogenated Heterocycles by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)haloimines

Highly optically enriched, protected, nitrogenated heterocycles with different ring sizes have been synthesized by a very efficient methodology consisting of the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)haloimines followed by treatment with a base to promote an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution process. N-Protected aziridines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, and azepanes bearing aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic substituents have been obtained in very high yields and diastereomeric ratios up to >99:1. The free heterocycles can be easily obtained by a simple and mild desulfinylation procedure. Both enantiomers of the free heterocycles can be prepared with the same good results by changing the absolute configuration of the sulfur atom of the sulfinyl group.

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetophenone using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrochemical Reactor

The use of a solid polymeric electrolyte, spe, is not commonly found in organic electrosynthesis despite its inherent advantages such as the possible elimination of the electrolyte entailing simpler purification processes, a smaller sized reactor and lower energetic costs. In order to test if it were possible to use a spe in industrial organic electrosynthesis, we studied the synthesis of 1-phenylethanol through the electrochemical hydrogenation of acetophenone using Pd/C 30 wt% with different loadings as cathode and a hydrogen gas diffusion anode. A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrochemical Reactor, PEMER, with a fuel cell structure was chosen to carry out electrochemical reduction with a view to simplifying an industrial scale-up of the electrochemical process. We studied the influence of current density and cathode catalyst loading on this electroorganic synthesis. Selectivity for 1-phenylethanol was around 90% with only ethylbenzene and hydrogen detected as by-products.

Chiral rhodium complexes covalently anchored on carbon nanotubes for enantioselective hydrogenation

Chiral rhodium hybrid nanocatalysts have been prepared by covalent anchorage of pyrrolidine-based diphosphine ligands onto functionalized CNTs. This work constitutes the first attempt at covalent anchoring of homogeneous chiral catalysts on CNTs. The catalysts, prepared with two different chiral phosphines, were characterized by ICP, XPS, N2 adsorption and TEM, and have been tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of two different substrates: methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate and α-acetamidocinnamic acid. The hybrid nanocatalysts have shown to be active and enantioselective in the hydrogenation of α-acetamidocinnamic acid. A good recyclability of the catalysts with low leaching and without loss of activity and enantioselectivity was observed.

Microwave-Enhanced Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)imines

Microwave irradiation has considerably enhanced the efficiency of the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)imines in isopropyl alcohol catalyzed by a ruthenium complex bearing the achiral ligand 2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol. In addition to shortening reaction times for the transfer hydrogenation processes to only 30 min, the amounts of ruthenium catalyst and isopropyl alcohol can be considerably reduced in comparison with our previous procedure assisted by conventional heating, which diminishes the environmental impact of this new protocol. This methodology can be applied to aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)ketimines, leading, after desulfinylation, to the expected primary amines in excellent yields and with enantiomeric excesses of up to 96 %.

Ultrasound-assisted selective hydrogenation of C-5 acetylene alcohols with Lindlar catalysts

The selective hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) was performed in the presence of Lindlar catalyst, comparing conventional stirring with sonication at different frequencies of 40, 380 and 850 kHz. Under conventional stirring, the reaction rates were limited by intrinsic kinetics, while in the case of sonication, the reaction rates were 50–90% slower. However, the apparent reaction rates were found to be significantly frequency dependent with the highest rate observed at 40 kHz. The original and the recovered catalysts after the hydrogenation reaction were compared using bulk elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The studies showed that sonication led to the frequency-dependent fracturing of polycrystalline support particles with the highest impact caused by 40 kHz sonication, while monocrystals were undamaged. In contrast, the leaching of Pd/Pb particles did not depend on the frequency, which suggests that sonication removed only loosely-bound catalyst particles.

Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles over graphite oxide and carbon nanotubes by reduction in ethylene glycol and their catalytic performance on the chemoselective hydrogenation of para-chloronitrobenzene

Pd nanoparticles have been synthesized over carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphite oxide (GO) by reduction with ethylene glycol and by conventional impregnation method. The catalysts were tested on the chemoselective hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene and the effect of the synthesis method and surface chemistry on their catalytic performance was evaluated. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K, TEM, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ICP-OES. It was observed that the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles employing ethylene glycol resulted in metallic palladium particles of smaller size compared to those prepared by the impregnation method and similar for both supports. The presence of oxygen groups on the support surface favored the activity and diminished the selectivity. It seems that ethylene glycol reacted with the surface groups of GO, this favoring the selectivity. The activity was higher over the CNT-based catalysts and both catalysts prepared by reduction in ethylene glycol were quite stable upon recycling.