Residential Mobility: a Sociological Concern

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical-conceptual approach to residential mobility, in general, and residential trajectories, in particular. It seeks to understand how from the unequal distribution and appropriation of social resources —both material and symbolic— different trajectories are developed and how socio-territorial structures constrain, shape and enable interactions between families, their members and the various contexts of action towards meeting their housing needs. From sociological contributions of different traditions, we present a scheme that pays attention to articulating the relationship between structural factors, position in social structure and decisions elating to changes of residence. We conclude that mobility patterns are relational patterns that are defined in dialogue with the opportunities and limitations that are set up around the housing stock and new or vacant land, the land market dynamics and housing, the labor market, the provision of nfrastructure services and social facilities, etc.

A Reabilitação face à Sustentabilidade : Casa Burguesa do Porto

Os centros históricos são o resultado de um parque habitacional corrente, com uma grande uniformidade, coerência construtiva e espaços urbanos de modo a proporcionar uma identidade própria. Um dos grandes problemas urbanos são as vastas áreas degradadas do ponto de vista arquitetónico como também social, cultural e económico. Conhecidos os principais problemas dos edifícios de habitação e suas causas, para sua resolução existe necessidade de adaptar o processo de reabilitação tradicional ao conceito de sustentabilidade. Estes dois assuntos conjugados são atualmente emergentes, devido à necessidade de reabilitação do parque habitacional, nomeadamente centros históricos. A casa burguesa do Porto apresenta um elevado grau de degradação, porém apesar de existentes as ações de intervenção que sobre ela reincidem, não são proporcionais à necessidade atual. A cidade do Porto é marcada, maioritariamente, pelas Casas Burguesas, das quais foram executadas segundo padrões de conforto e de utilização da época. É, então, fundamental um estudo pormenorizado da casa burguesa do Porto, avaliando o contexto em que esta se encere (na cidade e na respetiva habitação), os subsistemas construtivos e as praticas de reabilitação.

Introducing assistive technology into the existing homes of older people: Feasibility, acceptability, costs and outcomes

We examined how far, and at what cost, the housing stock could be modified to accommodate the assistive technology (AT) necessary to enable older people to remain in their own homes. A multidisciplinary team devised seven hypothetical user profiles for 10 case study areas, with five local authorities and five housing associations in England and Wales. Each profile was considered at two times, five years apart, with the users' functional abilities deteriorating in between. In addition, in-depth interviews were carried out with a sample of 67 older people in the case study areas about their use and experience of a wide range of AT. The interviews showed the need to listen to older people and that they welcomed AT when it addressed a perceived need. The results showed that the extent of adaptation required of buildings to accommodate a user's needs varied greatly. It was also found that there was confusion about the terminology of AT, including the idea of the 'smart house'. The study shows that the adaptability of the housing depends on a range of factors and costs.

Developing temporary manufacturing facilities for residential building: a case of the modern flying factory

The building industry is often berated for its short comings in meeting up with the demand for the provision of new housing. Addressing the need for new housing stock is a challenge that has led to debates among professional bodies, the construction sector, housing industry and government. The introduction of new manufacturing technologies is often offered as a solution, but the challenges of increasing the amount of off-site construction in residential building are well known and well-rehearsed. The modern flying factory (MFF) is a concept that involves the manufacture of specific components or modules in temporary off- or near- site locations using relatively simple and quick to set up and dismantle technologies and processes. The aim is to produce short batches and hence achieve some of the benefits of off-site manufacture on a much smaller scale than in dedicated factory environments. A case study of a modern flying factory being set up to produce pre-assembled utility cupboards for a large residential development in London is presented, involving participant observation and informal interviews with key actors on the design and operationalising of the process. The case reveals that although there are costs, efficiency and health and safety benefits to using MFF approaches, there are also challenges to overcome over the time required to set up and establish the process for relatively short runs, and in evaluating whether the MFF or traditional site based production is most effective for particular aspects of projects.

A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector of major Canadian cities

One of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada is the buildings sector, with over 30% of national energy end-use occurring in buildings. Energy use must be addressed to reduce emissions from the buildings sector, as nearly 70% of all Canada’s energy used in the residential sector comes from fossil sources. An analysis of GHG emissions from the existing residential building stock for the year 2010 has been conducted for six Canadian cities with different climates and development histories: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. Variation across these cities is seen in their 2010 GHG emissions, due to climate, characteristics of the building stock, and energy conversion technologies, with Halifax having the highest per capita emissions at 5.55 tCO2e/capita and Montreal having the lowest at 0.32 tCO2e/capita. The importance of the provincial electricity grid’s carbon intensity is emphasized, along with era of construction, occupancy, floor area, and climate. Approaches to achieving deep emissions reductions include innovative retrofit financing and city level residential energy conservation by-laws; each region should seek location-appropriate measures to reduce energy demand within its residential housing stock, as well as associated GHG emissions.

Os efeitos do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida para a população de baixa renda em Marília-SP: a construção de uma ilusão

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Vila Universitária

The student residence is a subject widely discussed throughout Brazil. Academics across the country needing assistance. The evasion in universities is still large. IBGE data show that the most needy students coming from public schools, have attended higher education in private universities through programs that facilitate their entry, but still, has made difficult their permanence. The place of living variable, before access to the university, is the most important determinant in academic life, as many move from their family background to enter university. The city of Mogi das Cruzes, strongly presents the problem in question, mainly concerning student housing, where despite a high housing stock and the rest of the country, these are not available to students in general, much less needy because not with the presence of specific houses, and when yes, these are very distant and / or have poor conditions, and a high cost, fully weakening these students to remain in the city. So, is based on this student body and student assistance mainly in affirmative action that include programs in academic life, but do not guarantee its permanence, the present work aims to propose a new proposed student accommodation, which through programs, spaces and actions, consistent with the integrated academic life services, can provide a financial support of these needy students in relation to the costs of their stays at the university, and also benefit the university, since it does not invest in the project without a guaranteed return

Flat roofs renovation: a life cycle approach for environmental impact assessment and economic effectiveness

The high energy consumption caused by the building sector and the continuous growth and ageing of the existing housing stock show the importance of housing renovation to improve the quality of the environment. This research compares the environmental performance of flat roof systems (insulation, roofing membrane and covering layer) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The aim is to give indications on how to improve the environmental performance of housing. This research uses a reference building located in the Netherlands and considers environmental impacts related to materials, energy consumption for heating and maintenance activities. It indicates impact scores for each material taking into account interconnections between the layers and between the different parts of the life cycle. It compares the environmental and economic performances of PV panels and of different materials and thermal resistance values for the insulation. These comparisons show that PV panels are convenient from an environmental and economic point of view. The same is true for the insulation layer, especially for materials as PIR (polyisocyanurate) and EPS (expanded polystyrene). It shows that energy consumption for heating causes a larger share of impact scores than production of the materials and maintenance activities. The insulation also causes larger impact scores comparing to roofing membrane and covering layer. The results show which materials are preferable for flat roof renovation and what causes the largest shares of impact. This gives indication to the roofers and to other stakeholders about how to reduce the environmental impact of the existing housing stock.

Integrated planning for ecological urban regeneration

Considering that the vast majority of housing stock existing in 2011 will be used to satisfy residential needs in the year 2020 and beyond, ecological urban regeneration appears clearly as the key issue in relation to global urban sustainability for the most part of this century. Thus, if the 1992 Rio Summit identified the urban environment as the main arena where the global environmental crisis should be fought, 20 years later we must emphasize that it is mainly to the real cities and territories around us now where we should address our attention

Patrones de infrautilización del parque residencial en las ciudades españolas

Resumen: La infrautilización del parque de viviendas en España se ha convertido en un problema que puede agravarse con las situaciones sobrevenidas tras el estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria. En este contexto, el artículo aborda el análisis detallado de la dimensión y localización de dicho parque en el ámbito urbano aportando información que permita mejorar la gestión del existente y ajustar las previsiones del planeamiento a corto y medio plazo. Abstract: The significant unused housing stock in Spain has become a problem that may be aggravated by situations occurred after the burst of the housing bubble. In this context, the article discusses the detailed analysis of the size and location of the dwelling stock in urban areas providing information to improve the management of existing stock and adjust planning forecasts in short and medium term.

Methodology proposal for the life cycle sustainability assessment applied to retrofitting in a local context

In the European context of upgrading the housing stock energy performance, multiple barriers hinder the wide uptake of sustainable retrofitting practices. Moreover, some of these may imply negative effects often disregarded. Policy makers need to identify how to increase and improve retrofitting practices from the comprehensive point of view of sustainability. None of the existing assessment tools addresses all the issues relevant for sustainable development in a local situation from a life cycle perspective. Life cycle sustainability assessment methodology, or LCSA, analyzes environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The environmental part is quite developed, but the socioeconomic aspect is still challenging. This work proposes socioeconomic criteria to be included in a LCSA to assess retrofitting works in the specific context of Brussels-Capital Region. LCSA feasibility and challenging methodology aspects are discussed.

Fuel poverty analysis in three spanish autonomous regions. Some retrofitting policy considerations

A person is to be regarded as living ‘in fuel poverty’ if he is a member of a household living on a lower income in a home which cannot be kept warm at a reasonable cost. This situation is mainly triggered by three factors: low household income, lack of energy efficiency and high energy invoices. Some European countries have already made some advantages towards officially defining fuel poverty in their countries. Nevertheless, in Spain only some research has been done and an official definition of the term is yet to come. This research explores the relation among households’ income, energy expenditure and housing stock in three autonomous regions in Spain in order to evaluate the housing stock of the fuel poor as well as to identify those households more in need. The results of the research allow establishing energy retrofitting priorities of existing housing stock as well as identifying current retrofitting policies limitations on order to tackle fuel poverty.

Terremoto 2010 en Chile y vivienda social: resultados y aprendizajes para recomendación de políticas públicas

El territorio chileno esta propenso, desde antes que se constituyera como nación, al impacto del comportamiento de la naturaleza que le es inherente y que también le produce daños. Está representado en los seísmos, los más dañinos. Todavía, la sociedad chilena no termina de comprender que esos daños, son parte de un desequilibrio de una convivencia armoniosa entre ella y esa naturaleza, puesto que el ser humano que vive y habita sobre ella, también lo es. Así entonces, cada vez que el territorio y su espacio son remecidos por los seísmos, la naturaleza, manifestada en la sociedad, adquiere nuevos aprendizajes para mejorar la respuesta al próximo evento. El terremoto 2010 de 8.8° Richter, fue el segundo de mayor magnitud después del otro que hasta ahora, es el más grande del planeta, y que pudo ser medido. Aquel, fue el terremoto de Valdivia de 9,5° Richter, ocurrido el 22 de mayo de 1960. Las sociedades no son estáticas, cambian, son dinámicas. Esta vez el seísmo del 2010, ocurrió en una sociedad que hace ya 35 años, adoptó un modelo de economía de libre mercado. La pobreza que tenía a 1990, era de aproximadamente, un 40%. La del 2010, de un 14%. Durante la dictadura militar hubo otro seísmo de 7,8° Richter, recién instalándose el modelo aludido. El del 2010, permite sacar conclusiones en el contexto de este modelo económico. Los resultados aparentemente son interesantes en cuanto a que hubo pocas víctimas pero por otra parte, hubo un gran daño económico. La tesis profundiza en el impacto del seísmo en la dimensión del parque habitacional construido y de la vivienda social y en los habitantes más pobres y vulnerables. Es la primera investigación sobre seísmos y vivienda social en Chile. Se asume la hipótesis que ciertas variables por una parte, y una cultura antisísmica por otra, están presentes y han penetrado en los sectores populares durante los últimos 50 años y que ello, podría estar en la base de los resultados obtenidos. Se plantea una suerte de “matrimonio bien avenido” entre el habitante y políticas públicas en vivienda. De ello, se derivan recomendaciones para mejorar los avances en el problema investigado que se contextualizan en referencia al marco teórico elaborado. Sin embargo, y no obstante lo investigado, lo ya avanzado no garantiza buenos resultados en el próximo evento, Por ello, los aprendizajes nutren a otros, nuevos, que acompañarán a la sociedad chilena en su esencia e identidad como nación. ABSTRACT Long before its establishment as an independent nation, the Chilean territory has been prone to the impact of nature, which is an inherent and damaging feature of this land. Such an impact is represented by earthquakes, which are regarded as the most damaging natural disasters. Today, the Chilean society is still unable to understand that these impacts are part of an unbalanced coexistence between individuals and nature since human beings, who live and inhabit this space, are also an element of nature. Therefore, each time this territory is hit by earthquakes, nature —represented by society— learns new lessons in order to provide a better response to future events. The 2010 earthquake, which rated 8.8 on the Richter scale, was the second largest earthquake after the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. Such an event was the Valdivia earthquake of May 22, 1960, which rated 9.5 on the Richter scale. Societies are not static as they are changing and dynamic. The 2010 earthquake took place within a context in which society operated under a free market economy model that had been running for 35 years. As of 1990, 40 per cent of the population lived in poverty; in 2010, such a figure was reduced to 14 per cent. Likewise, a magnitude 7.8 quake struck the country during the military regime period in the early days of the above model. The 2010 earthquake allows us to draw some conclusions within the context of this economic model. Results are interesting since there were few fatalities but significant economic loss. This thesis provides insights into the impact of the 2010 earthquake on the housing stock, social housing and those living in poverty and vulnerability. This is the first research on earthquakes and social housing conducted in Chile. The hypothesis is that certain variables and anti-seismic culture have permeated popular segments of the population over the last 50 years. The latter may be at the basis of the results obtained during this research. Likewise, this study proposes a certain “happy marriage” between the inhabitant and public policies on housing. The above offers some recommendations intended to further explore this issue; these suggestions are contextualized according to the theoretical framework developed in this research. However, current progress on this matter does not ensure positive results in the event of an earthquake. This is why these lessons will serve as models for future events, which are intrinsically tied to local society and Chilean identity.

Propuesta metodológica de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España: indicadores para la rehabilitación de viviendas

La pobreza energética es un fenómeno que afecta a un número cada vez mayor de hogares de la Unión Europea. Es por ello que resulta urgente el desarrollo de definiciones de pobreza energética adaptadas a las condiciones regionales que recojan no sólo los distintos niveles de renta de los hogares de cada país, sino también las significativas diferencias constructivas y climáticas existentes entre el norte y el sur, de modo que incorporen los problemas de sobrecalentamiento y las necesidades de climatización que además se verán exacerbadas por el incremento de temperaturas provocado por el cambio climático. En este contexto, se plantea esta investigación cuyo objetivo fundamental es desarrollar un método de evaluación de la pobreza energética de los hogares en el contexto español que incorpore las particularidades climáticas, edificatorias y socioeconómicas del país. Este método debe servir como herramienta en la identificación de los hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética, así como el grado de necesidad de los mismos. Además de esto, y dado que la calidad de las viviendas es, junto con el nivel de renta y el precio de la energía, una de las causas principales de la pobreza energética, el método constituye una ayuda en la toma de decisiones de cara al desarrollo de políticas y actuaciones de rehabilitación energética de viviendas. La propuesta de un nuevo método de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España surge de las limitaciones encontradas en las metodologías actuales para detectar correctamente los hogares en situación de pobreza energética, debido a las particularidades de las distintas regiones del país. Así, a partir de las carencias detectadas, se propone un método basado en el enfoque de ingresos y gastos, en el que además se incorpora el parámetro de la pobreza monetaria. En este método también se contempla el concepto de vulnerabilidad frente a la pobreza energética, de modo que, no sólo clasifica a los hogares como pobres energéticos o no, sino que valora el potencial de un hogar de caer en una situación de pobreza energética. El método permite, por tanto, la clasificación de los hogares en distintos grupos en función de su situación de pobreza energética y/o monetaria teniendo también en cuenta su grado de vulnerabilidad frente a las mismas. Gracias a esta división por grupos, es posible, en primer lugar, detectar aquellos hogares sobre los que resulta prioritario intervenir, así como el tipo de intervención que se debe acometer. Además de esto, la detección de grupos vulnerables permite prever posibles futuras situaciones de pobreza energética y por tanto tomar las medidas necesarias para que éstas no se produzcan. El desarrollo del método se ha realizado a través de una serie de ajustes, los cuales han ido modificándolo mediante la aplicación del mismo a distintas escalas y muestras de datos. A lo largo de la investigación que ha permitido la definición de este método, se ha establecido la incidencia de la pobreza energética en Castilla y León, la Comunidad de Madrid y Andalucía, las tres comunidades autónomas seleccionadas como casos de estudio, pudiendo delimitar aquellos hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética. También se ha establecido la relación entre la pobreza energética y la pobreza monetaria y las sinergias que se producen entre éstas y el parque de viviendas en el que habitan los hogares más desfavorecidos, el cual también se ha caracterizado y definido. Por último, mediante la selección de una muestra representativa de este parque de viviendas, se han establecido, mediante la utilización de criterios de bienestar adaptativo, las condiciones mínimas de habitabilidad que este parque debe proporcionar y las necesidades energéticas y de gasto asociados a este parque. ABSTRACT Fuel poverty affects an increasing number of households in the European Union. It is urgent the development of fuel poverty definitions adapted to regional conditions that gather not only different income levels but important construction and climatic differences between Northern and Southern countries. Furthermore, these definitions must include overheating problems and subsequent cooling needs that will likely be exacerbated by temperature increase due to climate change. In this context, the present research is aimed at developing a method for evaluating fuel poverty within the Spanish context that gathers climatic, building and socioeconomic particularities of the country. This method must constitute a useful tool for the identification of the fuel poor as well as the degree of the required need. Given that dwelling energy quality is, with income levels and energy prices, one of the main causes of fuel poverty, the method poses an aid in the decision making processes related to policy development and dwelling energy retrofitting actions. The proposal of a new method for evaluating fuel poverty in Spain relies on the limitations detected in existing methods in order to adequate delimit the fuel poor, due to the existing differences across Spanish regions. Grounded on these shortfalls, a new method is proposed; based on the income and expenditure approach, it also incorporates the parameter of monetary poverty. The concept of vulnerability towards fuel poverty is reflected too, so households can be classified as being fuel poor or not as well as their potential to fall under fuel poverty. The method allows the classification of households into different groups according to their situation regarding fuel or monetary poverty, also taking into account their vulnerability degree towards them. This division by groups enables establishing retrofitting intervention priorities of some groups over the others as well as the most appropriate type of intervention. Besides that, the detection of vulnerable groups helps to foresee possible situations of fuel poverty in the future and thus to take actions to prevent them. The development of the method was carried out through several adjustments. The modification of the method through these adjustments was the result of the analysis of different scale and source data. Along with the development of the method, the incidence of fuel poverty was established for the three Autonomous Regions selected as study cases; Castilla y León, the Autonomous Region of Madrid and Andalucía. The relation between fuel and monetary poverty was determined as well as the interactions amongst these two parameters and the housing stock where the fuel poor live in. This housing stock was characterized and a representative sample of it was selected. Minimal thermal habitability conditions that should be guaranteed for the fuel poor were determined based on adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Accordingly, energy needs and expenditure of this housing stock derived from these minimum requirements were appraised.

Caracterización de la ventilación en la edificación residencial existente. Conciliación entre calidad del aire interior y eficiencia en la rehabilitación energética

La edificación residencial existente en España y en Europa se encuentra abocada a una rehabilitación profunda para cumplir los objetivos marcados en la estrategia europea para el año 2050. Estos, para el sector de la edificación, se proponen una reducción del 90% de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) respecto a niveles del año 1990. Este plan a largo plazo establece hitos intermedios de control, con objetivos parciales para el año 2020 y 2030. El objetivo último es aprovechar el potencial de reducción de demanda energética del sector de la edificación, del cual la edificación residencial supone el 85% en España. Dentro de estos requerimientos, de reducción de demanda energética en la edificación, la ventilación en la edificación residencial se convierte en uno de los retos a resolver por su vinculación directa a la salud y el confort de los ocupantes de la misma, y al mismo tiempo su relación proporcional con la demanda energética que presenta el edificio asociada al acondicionamiento térmico. Gran parte de las pérdidas térmicas de la edificación residencial se producen por el aire de renovación y la infiltración de aire a través de la envolvente. La directiva europea de eficiencia energética de la edificación (EPBD), que establece las directrices necesarias para alcanzar los objetivos de este sector en cuanto a emisiones de CO2 y gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), contempla la ventilación con aire limpio como un requisito fundamental a tener en cuenta de cara a las nuevas construcciones y a la rehabilitación energética de los edificios existentes. El síndrome del edificio enfermo, un conjunto de molestias y síntomas asociados a la baja calidad del aire de edificios no residenciales que surgió a raíz de la crisis del petróleo de 1973, tuvo su origen en una ventilación deficiente y una renovación del aire interior insuficiente de estos edificios, producto del intento de ahorro en la factura energética. Teniendo en cuenta que, de media, pasamos un 58% de nuestro tiempo en las viviendas, es fundamental cuidar la calidad del aire interior y no empeorarla aplicando medidas de “eficiencia energética” con efectos no esperados. Para conseguir esto es fundamental conocer en profundidad cómo se produce la ventilación en la edificación en bloque en España en sus aspectos de calidad del aire interior y demanda energética asociada a la ventilación. El objetivo de esta tesis es establecer una metodología de caracterización y de optimización de las necesidades de ventilación para los espacios residenciales existentes en España que aúne el doble objetivo de garantizar la calidad ambiental y reducir la demanda energética de los mismos. La caracterización del parque edificatorio residencial español en cuanto a ventilación es concluyente: La vivienda en España se distribuye principalmente en tres periodos en los que se encuentran más del 80% del total de las viviendas construidas. El periodo anterior a las normas básicas de la edificación (NBE), de 1960 a 1980, el periodo desde 1980 al año 2005, con el mayor número total de viviendas construidas, guiado por la NTE ISV 75, y el periodo correspondiente a la edificación construida a partir del Código Técnico de la Edificación, en 2006, cuyo documento básico de condiciones de salubridad (DB HS3) es la primera norma de obligado cumplimiento en diseño y dimensionamiento de ventilación residencial en España. La selección de un modelo de bloque de viviendas de referencia, un valor medio y representativo, seleccionado de entre estos periodos, pero con cualidades que se extienden más allá de uno de ellos, nos permite realizar un intensivo análisis comparativo de las condiciones de calidad de aire interior y la demanda energética del mismo, aplicando las distintas configuraciones que presenta la ventilación en viviendas dependiendo del escenario o época constructiva (o normativa) en que esta fuera construida. Este análisis se lleva a cabo apoyándose en un doble enfoque: el modelado numérico de simulaciones y el análisis de datos experimentales, para comprobar y afinar los modelos y observar la situación real de las viviendas en estos dos aspectos. Gracias a las conclusiones del análisis previo, se define una estrategia de optimización de la ventilación basada fundamentalmente en dos medidas: 1) La introducción de un sistema de extracción mecánica y recuperación de calor que permita reducir la demanda energética debida a la renovación del aire y a la vez diluir los contaminantes interiores más eficazmente para mejorar, de esta forma, la calidad del ambiente interior. 2) La racionalización del horario de utilización de estos sistemas, no malgastando la energía en periodos de no ocupación, permitiendo una leve ventilación de fondo, debida a la infiltración, que no incida en pérdidas energéticas cuantiosas. A esta optimización, además de aplicar la metodología de análisis previo, en cuanto a demanda energética y calidad del aire, se aplica una valoración económica integradora y comparativa basada en el reglamento delegado EU244/2012 de coste óptimo (Cost Optimal Methodology). Los resultados principales de esta tesis son: • Un diagnóstico de la calidad del aire interior de la edificación residencial en España y su demanda energética asociada, imprescindible para lograr una rehabilitación energética profunda garantizando la calidad del aire interior. • Un indicador de la relación directa entre calidad de aire y demanda energética, para evaluar la adecuación de los sistemas de ventilación, respecto de las nuevas normativas de eficiencia energética y ventilación. • Una estrategia de optimización, que ofrece una alternativa de intervención, y la aplicación de un método de valoración que permite evaluar la amortización comparada de la instalación de los sistemas. ABSTRACT The housing building stock already built in Spain and Europe faces a deep renovation in the present and near future to accomplish with the objectives agreed in the European strategy for 2050. These objectives, for the building sector, are set in a 90% of Green House Gases (GHG) reduction compared to levels in 1990. This long‐term plan has set milestones to control the correct advance of achievement in 2020 and 2030. The main objective is to take advantage of the great potential to reduce energy demand from the building sector, in which housing represents 85% share in Spain. Among this reduction on building energy demand requirements, ventilation of dwellings becomes one of the challenges to solve as it’s directly connected to the indoor air quality (IAQ) and comfort conditions for the users, as well as proportional to the building energy demand on thermal conditioning. A big share of thermal losses in housing is caused by air renovation and infiltration through the envelope leaks. The European Directive on Building energy performance (EPBD), establishes the roots needed to reach the building sector objectives in terms of CO2 and GHG emissions. This directive sets the ventilation and renovation with clean air of the new and existing buildings as a fundamental requirement. The Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), an aggregation of symptoms and annoys associated to low air quality in non residential buildings, appeared as common after the 1973 oil crisis. It is originated in defective ventilation systems and deficient air renovation rates, as a consequence of trying to lower the energy bill. Accounting that we spend 58% of our time in dwellings, it becomes crucial to look after the indoor air quality and focus in not worsening it by applying “energy efficient” measures, with not expected side effects. To do so, it is primary to research in deep how the ventilation takes place in the housing blocks in Spain, in the aspects related to IAQ and ventilation energy demand. This thesis main objective is to establish a characterization and optimization methodology regarding the ventilation needs for existing housing in Spain, considering the twofold objective of guaranteeing the air quality as reducing the energy demand. The characterization of the existing housing building stock in Spain regarding ventilation is conclusive. More of 80% of the housing stock is distributed in 3 main periods: before the implementation of the firsts regulations on building comfort conditions (Normas Básicas de la Edificación), from 1960 to 1980; the period after the first recommendations on ventilation (NTE ISV 75) for housing were set, around 1980 until 2005 and; the period corresponding to the housing built after the existing mandatory regulation in terms of indoor sanity conditions and ventilation (Spanish Building Code, DB HS3) was set, in 2006. Selecting a representative blueprint of a housing block in Spain, which has medium characteristics not just within the 3 periods mention, but which qualities extent beyond the 3 of them, allows the next step, analyzing. This comparative and intense analyzing phase is focused on the air indoor conditions and the related energy demand, applying different configurations to the ventilation systems according to the different constructive or regulation period in which the building is built. This analysis is also twofold: 1) Numerical modeling with computer simulations and 2) experimental data collection from existing housing in real conditions to check and refine the models to be tested. Thanks to the analyzing phase conclusions, an optimization strategy on the ventilation of the housing stock is set, based on two actions to take: 1) To introduce a mechanical exhaust and intake ventilation system with heat recovery that allows reducing energy demand, as improves the capacity of the system to dilute the pollutant load. This way, the environmental quality is improved. 2) To optimize the schedule of the system use, avoids waste of energy in no occupancy periods, relying ventilation during this time in a light infiltration ventilation, intended not to become large and not causing extra energy losses. Apart from applying the previous analyzing methodology to the optimization strategy, regarding energy demand and air quality, a ROI valorization is performed, based on the cost optimal methodology (delegated regulation EU244/2012). The main results from the thesis are: • To obtain a through diagnose regarding air quality and energy demand for the existing housing stock in Spain, unavoidable to reach a energy deep retrofitting scheme with no air quality worsening. • To obtain a marker to relate air quality and energy demand and evaluate adequateness of ventilation systems, for the new regulations to come. • To establish an optimization strategy to improve both air quality and energy demand, applying a compared valorization methodology to obtain the Return On Investment (ROI).