A superação da pobreza através da distribuição justa das riquezas sociais: uma análise da consistência teórica do Programa Bolsa Família e das perspectivas dos beneficiários de saída autosustentada do programa

Bolsa Família is the major brazilian conditional cash transfer program. It provides money to poor families contingent on investments in human capital, such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centers. This work aims to investigate if this program, in its normative structure, can be considered an appropriate policy of income redistribution and if it is able, appliances of the Welfare State model in the brazilian society and to approach the program in two different ways: as an alternative to more traditional social assistance programs and as a demand-side complement to the supply of other social needs. We will work on the thesis that the program by itself can not provide vulnerable populations with enough means to overcome poverty and to participate effectively on the market. According to this assumption, this paper is going to consider the reasons why tackling income necessary, along with the program, that the Government - in both federal and local spheres shall place major investments in critical areas like education and health.

Uma investigação das relações familiares na peça "Do Fundo do Lago Escuro (Assunto de Família)", de Domingos de Oliveira

A partir de três conceitos fundamentais para a compreensão da dinâmica das relações familiares: a pseudo-mutualidade, elaborada por Wynne, nos Estados Unidos, o postulado fusional, desenvolvido por Hochmann, na França e a mistificação, por Laing, na Inglaterra, investigou-se a estrutura de relações familiares em um texto teatral brasileiro, atual, "Do Fundo do Lago Escuro", de Domingos de Oliveira. Os três conceitos acima citados, fundamentais para a compreensão da dinâmica das relações familiares dentro de uma perspectiva sistêmica (não-psicanalítica),estão interrelacionados entre si e surgiram apartir de estudos realizados com famílias com um membro esquizofrênico, em três diferentes paises. Buscou-se estabelecer os pontos de contato, as divergências metodológicas, teóricas e ideológicas e os aspectos complementares dos referidos conceitos, bem como verificar sua aplicabilidade a uma estrutura familiar considerada representativa de certa parcela da sociedade brasileira, em determinada ocasião. Concluiu-se pela aplicabilidade dos conceitos, desenvolvidos em três diferentes países, a uma dada estrutura familiar brasileira em um dado momento histórico, e pela aplicabilidade dos conceitos a um grupo familiar que não apresenta, através de qualquer de seus membros, um quadro esquizofrênico manifesto.

“...como se fosse lógico”: considerações críticas da medicalização do corpo infantil pelo TDAH na perspectiva da sociedade normalizada.

Esta pesquisa insere-se no debate que considera estarmos vivendo na era da medicalização, dos transtornos ou das patologizações (CONRAD, 1992; ROSE, 2001; VICENTIN, 2010). Com efeito, nas últimas décadas, tem crescido o número de doenças mentais diagnosticadas em crianças, especificamente, que consideraríamos normais pela perspectiva de Canguilhem (2010), mas que o olhar médico-científico as considera portadoras de doenças mentais. Assim, discursos ou dispositivos de poder psiquiátricos são constituídos para transformar comportamentos diferentes em patologias de modo que possam agir sobre os corpos, autorizadamente. Dentre eles, está o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), analisado como objeto empírico nesta pesquisa, que se constitui num campo discursivo mais amplo denominado medicalização (CONRAD, 1992; ROSE, 2001; FOUCAULT, 1988; ILLICH, 1975), composta por diversas instituições como: psiquiatria, indústrias farmacêuticas, escolas, família, leis, associações de portadores do transtorno e mídias não especializadas. Esta constituição ocorre pelo deslocamento analítico de um comportamento do âmbito sociocultural para o campo médico que passa a ser diagnosticado e tratado como se fosse patológico. Para levantar as informações a respeito do TDAH, analisamos as falas de 5 psiquiatras, obtida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, 114 reportagens do jornal Folha de São Paulo, publicadas no período compreendido entre 1997 e 2011, o site da Associação Brasileira de Déficit de Atenção (ABDA) e algumas de suas produções (congressos, materiais informativos e textos de seus membros) e, finalmente, os Projetos de Lei (PL’s) em tramitação nas casas legislativas da cidade e do estado de São Paulo e da Federação. Valendo-nos de importantes conceituações pertinentes à Genealogia do Poder e à Arqueologia do Saber (FOUCAULT, 2007; VEYNE, 2011), bem como à Teoria do Discurso (HOWARTH, 2000), procuramos compreender de que modo o discurso medicalizante produz efeitos de poder sobre os corpos, transformando a falta de atenção e o excesso de atividade da criança em transtorno mental. Percebemos que isto é feito, dentre outras finalidades, para ampliar a performance ou o desempenho dos indivíduos, exigido tanto pelas escolas quanto pela economia de nossa sociedade. Tal exigência constitui-se na sociedade denominada normalizada (FOUCAULT, 2006), de risco (BAUMAN, 2008; BECK, 2010) ou de controle (DELEUZE, 1992), em que os possíveis prejuízos para o indivíduo e para a sociedade devem ser contidos por meio do controle dos corpos. Para tanto, a ciência, baseada nos conhecimentos da genética e da neurologia, disseca o corpo em suas partes doentes, constituindo uma nova forma de sujeição (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 1996), o anormal. A anormalidade se apresenta na fronteira entre os comportamentos esperados e os desviantes, na medida em que estes últimos surgem como embaraço à sociabilidade e, principalmente, à produtividade. Normalizar seria então a função tanto do poder disciplinar quanto do biopoder, poderes sobre a vida (FOUCAULT, 1988) que agem sobre os corpos e a população, respectivamente, sintetizados nesta pesquisa com o nome crítico de medicalização. Além disso, ao constituirmos este campo discursivo, percebemos que, embora haja resistências, a medicalização da criança por meio do TDAH no Brasil tem triunfado em suas pretensões, tendo, na promulgação das leis e na identificação do transtorno apropriada pelo senso comum, as derradeiras fronteiras do poder sobre os corpos.

Direitos sociais e Bolsa Família na ordem constitucional brasileira: virtudes e fragilidades de um "meta-direito"

Apesar de uma Constituição carregada de direitos sociais visando à transformação da sociedade brasileira, foi somente a partir de 2003 que o país ganhou destaque internacional nas ações de combate à pobreza e desigualdade, tornando-se uma referência. O grande protagonista teria sido o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), um programa de transferência de renda condicionada que, combinado aos direitos sociais, teria permitido o alívio imediato de situações de extrema pobreza, mas também o desenvolvimento do capital humano atingindo resultados positivos multidimensionais nos seus mais de 10 anos de existência. Tal processo iniciou um debate acerca da necessidade de institucionalizar o programa como uma política de Estado, que para alguns interlocutores significaria transformar o PBF em um “direito” aos moldes dos direitos sociais, impondo uma obrigação aos governos futuros. Diante disso, este trabalho busca identificar, do ponto de vista jurídico e comparado aos direitos sociais, quais as vantagens e desvantagens do PBF na sua configuração atual. Compondo o movimento que busca compreender o papel do direito nas políticas públicas, adotando uma abordagem intra e interdisciplinar, e uma perspectiva funcional; a reflexão é alicerçada em três “eixos”: a cidadania, a judicialização e a vinculação orçamentária. Esse “tripé” foi escolhido em função da estrutura constitucional acerca dos direitos sociais, que em uma leitura funcional representam uma obrigação de fazer ao Estado para a concretização de uma noção de cidadania abrangente; uma dotação orçamentária vinculativa, garantido que parte da receita será destinada a ações de cumprimento dessas obrigações; e os instrumentos para adjudicação, permitindo a exigência dessas ações estatais pelos cidadãos. Assim, este trabalho não buscar descrever ou tentar prescrever a natureza ou alcance das obrigações que a transformação do PBF em direito geraria ao Estado; mas sim refletir sobre as vantagens e desvantagens dessa eventual mudança do programa diante das características estruturais do país, do modelo de sociedade abstratamente desenhado na lei maior e de nossa cultura jurídica acerca dos direitos sociais.

Interferência da palha de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) na emergência de espécies de plantas daninhas da família convolvulaceae

Este trabalho foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal-UNESP, com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar deixadas na superfície do solo sobre a emergência de algumas espécies de plantas daninhas pertencentes à família Convolvulaceae. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com a quantidade de palha nas parcelas de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1, as variedades SP 79 2233 e RB 83 5486 nas subparcelas e as espécies de plantas daninhas nas subsubparcelas. Aos 45 dias após semeadura (DAS), a presença de 15 t ha-1 de palha reduziu em 46 e 62% o número de plantas de I. quamoclit e M. cissoides, respectivamente. Entretanto, a presença de 20 t ha-1 reduziu em 82, 65, 62, 70, 60 e 88% o número de plantas de I. quamoclit, I. purpurea, I. grandifolia, I. hederifolia, I. nil e M. cissoides, respectivamente, quando comparadas à ausência de palha.

Família e TV: mais que dominação e subordinação.

This work analises the social relationship between Television and the Family though the resignification of individuals about Television messages and the speeches that they make about Family. Firstly, the objective is to understand if the principles, values and beliefs constructed and communicated (repassed) inside the Family filter the messages from the Mass Media. Secondly, if there still exists a family culture able to forge identity against so many cultural exchanges. Thirdly, what the function of this identity in the production of senses is. In session 1 and 2, a general approach about the dissemination of Mass Media in Society and the pertinence of the work is presented. Session 3 is about the method used: a qualitative research, with thirteen families from Natal-RN, situated in the Middle Class. The theorical base is considered in the fourth session where the reference to the evolution of the Family is made, with enphasis on the Middle Class and some theories that analyze the pheomenom of the Mass Media , specially in the second half of twentieth century. In session 5 and 6, the research data is presented and analyzed. Finally, in the last session, as a conclusion it can be said that the value of the Family as emotional support is reforced by the speeches and practices that interfere in the signification procces, singular aspects, as well as the social repertoire constructed per si and by institutions (including the family) moreover, mediative message is assimilated by the receiver and becomes understood inside the learned speeches during the receiver‟s history of life, although these messsages are also components in the construction of these repertoire.

As práticas educativas na saúde da família: uma cartografia simbólica

This qualitative research aimed to understand the educational activities carried out in Family Health Units, of the municipality of Mossoró-RN. It was used symbolic cartography to organize and present data from reality. It started on the approach of Health Education and knowledge transformation practice, aiming at the development of autonomy and responsibility of individuals and healthcare, publicized by the appreciation of the interpersonal relations area established in services, such as educational emancipator practices contexts. Individual and collective interviews were realized, conducted with health professionals and users of ESF, about themes, activities, membership, the difficulties, the potential and the design of health education that permeate everyday Family Health Strategy. From what was apprehended, thematic maps were done with the analysis of educational practices of professionals belonging to the Family‟s Health. Links are built with the wires of conceptions of education reflected on themes and activities of family health teams. The storylines are rebinded by voices about the difficulties and the potential of educational processes for emancipator postures. For users, health education means proper care and information on disease prevention. Professionals understand that it is all information that is given to users, about health, social well-being, economic and general condition of human being as a way of preventing and treating disease. Mark printed on voices denote that activities and themes worked don‟t motivate users enough for their participation, being that physicians and dentists also get excluded themselves from educational practices. Elderly groups are those who get most involved with the activities. The size of the contained area and its seclusion from community make harder the access of users, as well as diminishing the quality of educational actions and links users-professionals. Therefore, the searching for medicines, medical consultations and wish to be well served are trademarks of voices from the users that interconnect with enlightening information and guidelines offered by professionals to users. It brings out practices that need to incorporate the social, the subjective and act with practices of prevention and health promotion, on the basis of lifestyles. The dialogical model, which needs to be approached since planning phase of health education actions could arouse interest of involved groups; promoting a relationship of dialogue and listening; discussing the local reality; stimulating practical methodological dialetics; promoting processes of deconstruction of concepts, values and attitudes, as more necessary than construction, using multiple languages. The defended thesis denotes paths to other studies aimed at understanding a dialogical template committed to exchanges of knowledge, and discover strategies that encourage formation of critical consciousness and the discovery of how is the training of new generations of healthcare professionals to belong to the project of society, in its technical, scientific, pedagogical, ethical, political and humanistic dimensions

Família e TV: mais que dominação e subordinação

This work analises the social relationship between Television and the Family though the resignification of individuals about Television messages and the speeches that they make about Family. Firstly, the objective is to understand if the principles, values and beliefs constructed and communicated (repassed) inside the Family filter the messages from the Mass Media. Secondly, if there still exists a family culture able to forge identity against so many cultural exchanges. Thirdly, what the function of this identity in the production of senses is. In session 1 and 2, a general approach about the dissemination of Mass Media in Society and the pertinence of the work is presented. Session 3 is about the method used: a qualitative research, with thirteen families from Natal-RN, situated in the Middle Class. The theorical base is considered in the fourth session where the reference to the evolution of the Family is made, with enphasis on the Middle Class and some theories that analyze the pheomenom of the Mass Media , specially in the second half of twentieth century. In session 5 and 6, the research data is presented and analyzed. Finally, in the last session, as a conclusion it can be said that the value of the Family as emotional support is reforced by the speeches and practices that interfere in the signification procces, singular aspects, as well as the social repertoire constructed per si and by institutions (including the family) moreover, mediative message is assimilated by the receiver and becomes understood inside the learned speeches during the receiver s history of life, although these messsages are also components in the construction of these repertoire

A construção de um estilo de vida: família e relações de gênero na participação do projeto ético-político renovado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Sociedade, mulher e educação nos romances de Graciliano Ramos

This paper, Society, woman and education in Graciliano Ramos' novels, is a study object from the history of woman's education in the 1930 s, it is shown as a reading of woman's representation and the configuration of the Brazilian society in that period. São Bernardo, Angustia and Vidas Secas written by Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953) from Alagoas, are used here as sources associated with the reading of the Constitutions, of the Civil Code and of some presidential messages of that decade, also with the texts produced by other scholars that present some relationship within the thematic of this approach. The representation concepts and the configuration are essential for the production of this text. I run over to the configuration concept given by Chartier (1988, p.21) a definition to representation that can be understood as a relationship between a present image and an absent object that having the value of this because it is hamonized with it. I fall back upon the configuration concept given by Elias (1969) that understands it as been a social group performed by an interdependent network that occurs within individuals as a whole joined by any reason. The totality of each individual actions with each other, permeated by tension points and balance, is what characterizes each configuration; it can be a teachers and students meeting in a classroom or a friends' encounter in the bar table, for instance. The attempt of understanding woman's representation, being educated or not, the hole attributed to her in society according to her instruction degree and the way that same society saw this woman guided me through categories that were defined throughout the successive readings: gender, civil status, education, language domain, sexuality, marriage, family, ideal woman. I accomplish this reading that was possible to do - with the pretension of not having lost the relationship between history and literature nor forgotten each one peculiarities

Inquérito epidemiológico sobre teníase em população do programa saúde da família no município de Uberaba, MG

Foi realizado inquérito para avaliar alguns aspectos epidemiológicos da teníase em 100.144 indivíduos do Programa Saúde da Família. Foram identificados 185 (0,2%) indivíduos com antecedentes de teníase. Destes, 112 (60,5%) receberam tratamento com praziquantel. em 97 (86,6%) dos casos, houve eliminação de proglotes que corresponderam a Taenia saginata e Taenia solium em 36 (37,1%) e 4 (4,1%), respectivamente.

Atenção à saúde mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família no Município de Parnamirim/RN: opinião dos profissionais, dos portadores de transtornos mentais e seus acompanhantes

This study aims to analyze and compare the opinion of professionals, managers and users about the mental health care in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). It is characterized as an Operations Research or Health System Research with a cross-sectional design and a descriptive quantitative nature. The study was developed from the application of the Opinion Measurement Scale allied to techniques of observation and structured interview in the city of Parnamirim / RN. The sample consists of 409 subjects, 209 professionals of the Family Health Strategy, 30 of the Oral Health Strategy, 19 of the Family Health Support Center, 24 directors of Basic Health Units, plus 68 users with mental disorders and 59 caregivers, respecting the ethical parameters of Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, trial registration number: CAAE 0003.0.051.000-11. Quantitative data were submitted to the Epi-info 3.5.2 for analysis. The network of mental health in Parnamirim involves the flow between the FHS, Psychosocial Care Centers, clinics and hospitals, having as main barriers the fragility of the referral and counter-referral system, of the municipal health conferences, of the FHS teams by the limitations in material and human resources as well as the population´s lack of acknowledge about the organization of the mental health network, issues that affect the integral attention. Even though the FHS professionals recognize the importance of their actions, they question their role in mental health care, experiencing difficulties in accessing psychiatric services (76.5%). Although most agree that the mentally ill is best treated in the family than in hospital (65.2%), the community health workers were the predominant category in the partial or total disagreement of this statement (40.8%), who is the professional in greater contact with the family. Nevertheless the caregivers miss the support of the FHS as the main focus of attention is on revenue control. The views of professionals, mental patients and caregivers converged in several statements, showing the main weaknesses to be focused by the mental health network of the city, as the perceptions that: (a) physical strength is needed to take care of mental patients for its tendency to aggression, requiring it to stay in the sanatorium for representing danger to society, (b) only a psychiatrist can help the person with emotional problems, (c) the user of alcohol and drugs does not necessarily develop mental illness, (d) the access barriers and doubts about the quality of psychiatric services, (e) caring of a mental health patient does not bring suffering to professionals. Therefore, the commitment to consensus building, monitoring and evaluation of the network are important mechanisms for an effective management system, reflecting in the importance of strengthening the health conferences and approximating different institutions. The results reinforce the importance of strengthening primary care through programs of continuing education focusing on the actions and functions of professionals in accordance with its competences and duties what contribute to the organization and response of mental health care, favoring user´s care and the promotion of family health

Avaliação da estratégia saúde da família na capital potiguar

This research aimed to evaluate the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, through its managers, professionals and users, having as its support the Theory of Belief and the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. This is a multimethod research and is divided into three sub-studies. In the first study, nine managers answered to a semi-structured interview, to verify the knowledge and beliefs on SUS; the quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS software and the qualitative data were submitted to lexical analysis with support of ALCESTE software. In the second study, we have a descriptive correlational research in which the antecedent variables are related to working conditions in the family health units (FHUs) and to the professionals‟ profile; the corresponding variables refer to the evaluations of the FHS; a stratified probabilistic sample with 475 professionals, who answered to two scales, both consisting of three factors: Physical infrastructure, Material resources, and Treatment effectiveness, and data were analyzed using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics, with the aid of SPSS. The third study is a descriptive correlational research in which the antecedent variables refer to the treatment in the FHUs and to the users‟ profile, and the corresponding variables refer to the evaluations of the FHS, with a stratified non-probabilistic sample with 390 users, who contributed to the construction of a new scale with a factor, effectiveness in treatment, analyzed through descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics, with the aid of SPSS. The results showed problems which start from management, under the shape of admission due to political indication and lack of knowledge on SUS and the FHS; they pass through the low tenure of professionals and insufficient professional; and they end up spreading all over the analyzed items: infrastructure of FHUs, material resources, professionals‟ training, accessibility and referral system. One concludes that, despite following an ideal model, the FHS is in need of changes with regard to the barriers to its operational reality

Saúde mental na estratégia saúde da família: notas cartográficas sobre processos de trabalho em saúde

This study aims to map the working process in the health area starting from the meeting between the family and health teams and mental trouble carriers./MTC. The area of research was the Family Health Unit of Ozeas Sampaio, which is located in the county of Teresina-PI. As regard to the methodology procedure, we used a semi-structured interview timetable, aimed to detail the care practices, admittance and diagnostics that those teams realize with their users. Three teams of eleven workers each were interviewed. There was a doctor, a nurse and two health community agents in each team. The other tools we used were a camp logbook, in which we wrote down some informal dialogs, daily observations and feelings of the unit, and also the accompaniment of the staffs in house calls as well as the weekly meetings in the unit. Those meetings allowed us the construction of two analytic axes: 1) description of the establishment (Family Health Unit) of the organization, (municipal foundation of health and the service network), and the institutions and practice of health. 2) Analysis of the meetings between the worker and the user of Mental Trouble Carriers. In the first axis, we verified the repetition of the working logic focused on jobs in the hospital with the maintenance of the hierarchical relations between worker and the work processes which dissociate management and watchfulness in health care. We identified the lack of physical structure, the lack of self-confidence of the worker in the attention of the mental health care. At the second axis, we assess that the meetings, at the Family Health Unit (FHU) or at the dwelling of the users cause nuisance, discomfort and anxiety to the workers because they deal with issues that go beyond what is named as being the health order such as life stories, family conflicts, unemployment, hunger, sexual and psychological violence. As a matter of fact, they involve difficulties for having new relationships, reception and responsibility for this request