Simple ABCD matrix method for evaluating optical coupling system of laser diode to single-mode fiber with a lensed-tip

In this paper, we present a simple technique to determine the coupling efficiency between a laser diode and a lensed-tip based on the ABCD transformation matrix method. We have compared our analysis technique to that of previous work and have found that the presented method is reliable in predicting the coupling efficiency of lensed-tip and has the advantage of simplicity of coupling efficiency calculation even by a pocket calculator. The results can be useful for designing coupling optics. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A multivariate statistical study with a factor analysis of recent planktonic foraminiferal distribution in the Coromandel Coast of India

A study of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from 19 stations in the neritic and oceanic regions off the Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal has been made using a multivariate statistical method termed as factor analysis. On the basis of abundance, 17 foraminiferal species, species were clustered into 5 groups with row normalisation and varimax rotation for Q-mode factor analysis. The 19 stations were also grouped into 5 groups with only 2 groups statistically significant using column normalisation and varimax rotation for R-mode analysis. This assemblage grouping method is suitable because groups of species/stations can explain the maximum amount of variation in them in relation to prevailing environmental conditions in the area of study.

Bonding and correlation analysis of various SiCO isomers

The structural properties for various SiCO isomers in the singlet and triplet states have been investigated using CASSCF methods with a 6-311 +G* basis set and also using three DFT and MP2 with same basis set for those systems except for the linear singlet state. The detailed bonding character is discussed, and the state-state correlations and the isomerization mechanism are also determined. Results indicate that there are four different isomers for each spin state, and for all isomers, the triplet state is more stable than the corresponding singlet state. The most stable is the linear SiCO ((3)Sigma(-)) species and may be refer-red to the ground state. At the CASSCF-MP2(full)/6-311+G* level, the state-state energy separations of the other triplet states relative to the ground state are 43.2 (cyclic), 45.2 (linear SiOC), and 75.6 kcal/mol (linear CSiO), respectively, whereas the triplet-singlet state excitation energies for each configuration are 17.3 (linear SiCO), 2.2 (cyclic SiCO), 10.2 (linear SiOC), and 18.5 kcal/mol (linear CSiO), respectively. SiCo ((3)Sigma(-)) may be classified as silene (carbonylsilene), and its COdelta- moiety possesses CO- property. The dissociation energy of the ground state is 42.5 kcal/mol at the CASSCF-MP2(full)/6-311+G* level and falls within a range of 36.5-41.5 kcal/mol at DFT level, and of 23.7-28.9 kcal/mol at the wave function-correlated level, whereas the vertical IP is 188.8 kcal/mol at the CASSCF-MP2(full)/6-311+G* level and is very close to the first IP of Si atom. Three linear isomers (SiCO, SiOC, and CSiO) have similar structural bonding character. SiOC may be referred to the iso-carbonyl Si instead of the aether compound, whereas the CSiO isomer may be considered as the combination of C (the analogue of Si) with SiO (the analogue of CO). The bonding is weak for all linear species, and the corresponding potential energy surfaces are flat, and thus these linear molecules are facile. Another important isomer is of cyclic structure, it may be considered as the combination of CO with Si by the side pi bond. This structure has the smallest triplet state-singlet state excitation energy (similar to2.2 kcal/mol); the C-O bonds are longer, and the corresponding vibrational frequencies are significantly smaller than those of the other linear species. This cyclic species is not classified as an epoxy compound. State-state correlation analysis and the isomerization pathway searches have indicated that there are no direct correlations among three linear structures for each spin state, but they may interchange by experiencing two transition states and one cyclic intermediate. The easiest pathway is to break the Si-O bond to go to the linear SiCO, but its inverse process is very difficult. The most difficult process is to break the C-O bond and to go to the linear CSiO.

Correlation analysis of the structures and gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of amines

Quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) was studied for amines to gas-liquid chromatography on three stationary phases of different polarities with the topological indices A(m) (A(m1), A(m2), A(m3)) and gravitational index GI. The algorithm of "Leaps and Bounds" was performed for selection of the variables. And the multi-regression and the quasi-Newton neural networks were employed for the calculation with better results.

CORRELATION-ANALYSIS IN STRUCTURE AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC DATA OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS BY GAI

This approach is undertaken to examine the correlation ability of the general a(N)-index (GAI) to predict chromatographic behavior. The test is performed on various types of organophosphorus compounds. The results demonstrate that the GAI possesses a good correlation with chromatographic properties.

Analysis of the sea-level variability along the Chinese coast and estimation of the impact of a CO2-perturbed atmospheric circulation

The relationship between monthly sea-level data measured at stations located along the Chinese coast and concurrent large-scale atmospheric forcing in the period 1960-1990 is examined. It is found that sea-level varies quite coherently along the whole coast, despite the geographical extension of the station set. A canonical correlation analysis between sea-level and sea-level pressure (SLP) indicates that a great part of the sea-level variability can be explained by the action of the wind stress on the ocean surface. The relationship between sea-level and sea-level pressure is analyzed separately for the summer and winter half-years. In winter, one factor affecting sea-level variability at all stations is the SLP contrast between the continent and the Pacific Ocean, hence the intensity of the winter Monsoon circulation. Another factor that affects coherently all stations is the intensity of the zonal circulation at mid-latitudes. In the summer half year, on the other hand, the influence of SLP on sea-level is spatially less coherent: the stations in the Yellow Sea are affected by a more localized circulation anomaly pattern, whereas the rest of the stations is more directly connected to the intensity of the zonal circulation. Based on this analysis, statistical models (different for summer and winter) to hindcast coastal sealevel anomalies from the large-scale SLP field are formulated. These models have been tested by fitting their internal parameters in a test period and reproducing reasonably the sea-level evolution in an independent period. These statistical models are also used to estimate the contribution of the changes of the atmospheric circulation on sea-level along the Chinese coast in an altered climate. For this purpose the ouput of 150 year-long experiment with the coupled ocean-atmosphere model ECHAM1-LSG has been analyzed, in which the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases was continuously increased from 1940 until 2090, according to the Scenario A projection of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. In this experiment the meridional (zonal) circulation relevant for sea-level tends to become weaker (stronger) in the winter half year and stronger (weaker) in summer. The estimated contribution of this atmospheric circulation changes to coastal sea-level is of the order of a few centimeters at the end of the integration, being in winter negative in the Yellow Sea and positive in the China Sea with opposite signs in the summer half-year.

中高层大气对低层大气声重波响应的分析

Acoustic Gravity waves (AGW) play an important role in balancing the atmospheric energy and momentum budget. Propagation of gravity wave in the atmosphere is one of the important factors of changing middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the propagation of gravity wave in a compression atmosphere whit means of numerical simulation and to analyze the response of middle and upper atmosphere to pulse disturbance from lower atmosphere. This work begins with the establishment of 2-D fully nonlinear compressible atmospheric dynamic model in polar coordinate, which is used ton numerically study gravity wave propagation. Then the propagation characteristics of acoustic gravity wave packets are investigated and discussed. We also simulate the response of middle and upper atmosphere to pulse disturbance of lower atmosphere in background winds or without background winds by using this model and analyze the data we obtained by using Fourier Transform (FT), Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method which is an important part of Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT). The research content is summarized in the following: 1. By using a two-dimensional full-implicit-continuous-Eulerian (FICE) scheme and taking the atmospheric basic motion equations as the governing equations, a numerical model for nonlinear propagation of acoustic gravity wave disturbance in two-dimensional polar coordinates is solved. 2. Then the propagation characteristics of acoustic gravity wave packets are investigated and discussed. Results of numerical simulation show that the acoustic gravity wave packets propagate steadily upward and keep its shape well after several periods. 3. We simulate the response of middle and upper atmosphere to pulse disturbance of lower atmosphere in background winds or without background winds by using this model, and obtain the distribution of a certain physical quantity in time and space from earth’s surface to 300km above. The results reveal that the response of ionosphere occurs at a large horizontal distance from the source and the disturbance becomes greater with increasing of height. The situation when the direction of the background wind is opposite to or the same as the direction of disturbed velocity of gravity-wave is studied. The results show that gravity wave propagating against winds is easier than those propagating along winds and the background wind can accelerate gravity wave propagation. Just upon the source, an acoustic wave component with period of 6 min can be found. These images of simulation are similar to observations of the total electron content (TEC) disturbances caused by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26 in 2004. 4. Using the EMD method the disturbed velocity data of a certain physical quantity in time and space can be decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and a trend mode respectively. The results of EMD reveal impact of the gravity wave frequency under the background winds.

HHT在电磁信号处理中的应用

In modem signal Processing，non－linear，non－Gaussian and non－stable signals are usually the analyzed and Processed objects，especially non－stable signals. The convention always to analyze and Process non－stable signals are： short time Fourier transform，Wigner－Ville distribution，wavelet Transform and so on. But the above three algorithms are all based on Fourier Transform，so they all have the shortcoming of Fourier Analysis and cannot get rid of the localization of it. Hilbert－Huang Transform is a new non－stable signal processing technology，proposed by N. E. Huang in 1998. It is composed of Empirical Mode Decomposition (referred to as EMD) and Hilbert Spectral Analysis (referred to as HSA). After EMD Processing，any non－stable signal will be decomposed to a series of data sequences with different scales. Each sequence is called an Intrinsic Mode Function (referred to as IMF). And then the energy distribution plots of the original non－stable signal can be found by summing all the Hilbert spectrums of each IMF. In essence，this algorithm makes the non－stable signals become stable and decomposes the fluctuations and tendencies of different scales by degrees and at last describes the frequency components with instantaneous frequency and energy instead of the total frequency and energy in Fourier Spectral Analysis. In this case，the shortcoming of using many fake harmonic waves to describe non－linear and non－stable signals in Fourier Transform can be avoided. This Paper researches in the following parts： Firstly，This paper introduce the history and development of HHT，subsequently the characters and main issues of HHT. This paper briefly introduced the basic realization principles and algorithms of Hilbert－Huang transformation and confirms its validity by simulations. Secondly, This paper discuss on some shortcoming of HHT. By using FFT interpolation, we solve the problem of IMF instability and instantaneous frequency undulate which are caused by the insufficiency of sampling rate. As to the bound effect caused by the limitation of envelop algorithm of HHT, we use the wave characteristic matching method, and have good result. Thirdly, This paper do some deeply research on the application of HHT in electromagnetism signals processing. Based on the analysis of actual data examples, we discussed its application in electromagnetism signals processing and noise suppression. Using empirical mode decomposition method and multi-scale filter characteristics can effectively analyze the noise distribution of electromagnetism signal and suppress interference processing and information interpretability. It has been founded that selecting electromagnetism signal sessions using Hilbert time-frequency energy spectrum is helpful to improve signal quality and enhance the quality of data.

Measurement of intracellular strain on deformable substrates with texture correlation.

Mechanical stimuli are important factors that regulate cell proliferation, survival, metabolism and motility in a variety of cell types. The relationship between mechanical deformation of the extracellular matrix and intracellular deformation of cellular sub-regions and organelles has not been fully elucidated, but may provide new insight into the mechanisms involved in transducing mechanical stimuli to biological responses. In this study, a novel fluorescence microscopy and image analysis method was applied to examine the hypothesis that mechanical strains are fully transferred from a planar, deformable substrate to cytoplasmic and intranuclear regions within attached cells. Intracellular strains were measured in cells derived from the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc when attached to an elastic silicone membrane that was subjected to tensile stretch. Measurements indicated cytoplasmic strains were similar to those of the underlying substrate, with a strain transfer ratio (STR) of 0.79. In contrast, nuclear strains were much smaller than those of the substrate, with an STR of 0.17. These findings are consistent with previous studies indicating nuclear stiffness is significantly greater than cytoplasmic stiffness, as measured using other methods. This study provides a novel method for the study of cellular mechanics, including a new technique for measuring intranuclear deformations, with evidence of differential magnitudes and patterns of strain transferred from the substrate to cell cytoplasm and nucleus.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis Applied to an IL6 Signal Transduction Model in Hepatocytes

This paper introduces the application of linear multivariate statistical techniques, including partial least squares (PLS), canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR), into the area of Systems Biology. This new approach aims to extract the important proteins embedded in complex signal transduction pathway models.The analysis is performed on a model of intracellular signalling along the janus-associated kinases/signal transducers and transcription factors (JAK/STAT) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal transduction pathways in interleukin-6 (IL6) stimulated hepatocytes, which produce signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3).A region of redundancy within the MAPK pathway that does not affect the STAT3 transcription was identified using CCA. This is the core finding of this analysis and cannot be obtained by inspecting the model by eye. In addition, RRR was found to isolate terms that do not significantly contribute to changes in protein concentrations, while the application of PLS does not provide such a detailed picture by virtue of its construction.This analysis has a similar objective to conventional model reduction techniques with the advantage of maintaining the meaning of the states prior to and after the reduction process. A significant model reduction is performed, with a marginal loss in accuracy, offering a more concise model while maintaining the main influencing factors on the STAT3 transcription.The findings offer a deeper understanding of the reaction terms involved, confirm the relevance of several proteins to the production of Acute Phase Proteins and complement existing findings regarding cross-talk between the two signalling pathways.

Correlation analysis as a tool to investigate the bioaccessibility of nickel, vanadium and zinc in Northern Ireland soils

Correlation analyses were conducted on nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) oral bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) and selected geochemistry parameters to identify specific controls exerted over trace element bioaccessibility. BAFs were determined by previous research using the unified BARGE method. Total trace element concentrations and soil geochemical parameters were analysed as part of the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland Tellus Project. Correlation analysis included Ni, V and Zn BAFs against their total concentrations, pH, estimated soil organic carbon (SOC) and a further eight element oxides. BAF data were divided into three separate generic bedrock classifications of basalt, lithic arenite and mudstone prior to analysis, resulting in an increase in average correlation coefficients between BAFs and geochemical parameters. Sulphur trioxide and SOC, spatially correlated with upland peat soils, exhibited significant positive correlations with all BAFs in gastric and gastro-intestinal digestion phases, with such effects being strongest in the lithic arenite bedrock group. Significant negative relationships with bioaccessible Ni, V and Zn and their associated total concentrations were observed for the basalt group. Major element oxides were associated with reduced oral trace element bioaccessibility, with Al2O3 resulting in the highest number of significant negative correlations followed by Fe2O3. spatial mapping showed that metal oxides were present at reduced levels in peat soils. The findings illustrate how specific geology and soil geochemistry exert controls over trace element bioaccessibility, with soil chemical factors having a stronger influence on BAF results than relative geogenic abundance. In general, higher Ni, V and Zn bioaccessibility is expected in peat soil types.

On the Multivariate Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ) Distribution with Arbitrary Correlation and Applications in Wireless Communications

The statistical properties of the multivariate GammaGamma (ΓΓ) distribution with arbitrary correlation have remained unknown. In this paper, we provide analytical expressions for the joint probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF) and moment generation function of the multivariate ΓΓ distribution with arbitrary correlation. Furthermore, we present novel approximating expressions for the PDF and CDF of the su m of ΓΓ random variables with arbitrary correlation. Based on this statistical analysis, we investigate the performance of radio frequency and optical wireless communication systems. It is noteworthy that the presented expressions include several previous results in the literature as special cases.

Estimating the Tobit Model with Serial Correlation: an Operational Approach

Several Authors Have Discussed Recently the Limited Dependent Variable Regression Model with Serial Correlation Between Residuals. the Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimators Obtained by Ignoring Serial Correlation Altogether, Have Been Shown to Be Consistent. We Present Alternative Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimators Which Are Obtained by Ignoring Serial Correlation Only Selectively. Monte Carlo Experiments on a Model with First Order Serial Correlation Suggest That Our Alternative Estimators Have Substantially Lower Mean-Squared Errors in Medium Size and Small Samples, Especially When the Serial Correlation Coefficient Is High. the Same Experiments Also Suggest That the True Level of the Confidence Intervals Established with Our Estimators by Assuming Asymptotic Normality, Is Somewhat Lower Than the Intended Level. Although the Paper Focuses on Models with Only First Order Serial Correlation, the Generalization of the Proposed Approach to Serial Correlation of Higher Order Is Also Discussed Briefly.

A novel spectral representation of electromyographic signals

Time/frequency and temporal analyses have been widely used in biomedical signal processing. These methods represent important characteristics of a signal in both time and frequency domain. In this way, essential features of the signal can be viewed and analysed in order to understand or model the physiological system. Historically, Fourier spectral analyses have provided a general method for examining the global energy/frequency distributions. However, an assumption inherent to these methods is the stationarity of the signal. As a result, Fourier methods are not generally an appropriate approach in the investigation of signals with transient components. This work presents the application of a new signal processing technique, empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum, in the analysis of electromyographic signals. The results show that this method may provide not only an increase in the spectral resolution but also an insight into the underlying process of the muscle contraction.

EMD: A novel technique for the study of tremor time series

This paper introduces the Hilbert Analysis (HA), which is a novel digital signal processing technique, for the investigation of tremor. The HA is formed by two complementary tools, i.e. the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert Spectrum (HS). In this work we show that the EMD can automatically detect and isolate tremulous and voluntary movements from experimental signals collected from 31 patients with different conditions. Our results also suggest that the tremor may be described by a new class of mathematical functions defined in the HA framework. In a further study, the HS was employed for visualization of the energy activities of signals. This tool introduces the concept of instantaneous frequency in the field of tremor. In addition, it could provide, in a time-frequency-energy plot, a clear visualization of local activities of tremor energy over the time. The HA demonstrated to be very useful to perform objective measurements of any kind of tremor and can therefore be used to perform functional assessment.