The impact of geometric non-linearities on the fatigue analysis of trailing edge bond lines in wind turbine rotor blades

The accurate prediction of stress histories for the fatigue analysis is of utmost importance for the design process of wind turbine rotor blades. As detailed, transient, and geometrically non-linear three-dimensional finite element analyses are computationally weigh too expensive, it is commonly regarded sufficient to calculate the stresses with a geometrically linear analysis and superimpose different stress states in order to obtain the complete stress histories. In order to quantify the error from geometrically linear simulations for the calculation of stress histories and to verify the practical applicability of the superposition principal in fatigue analyses, this paper studies the influence of geometric non-linearity in the example of a trailing edge bond line, as this subcomponent suffers from high strains in span-wise direction. The blade under consideration is that of the IWES IWT-7.5-164 reference wind turbine. From turbine simulations the highest edgewise loading scenario from the fatigue load cases is used as the reference. A 3D finite element model of the blade is created and the bond line fatigue assessment is performed according to the GL certification guidelines in its 2010 edition, and in comparison to the latest DNV GL standard from end of 2015. The results show a significant difference between the geometrically linear and non-linear stress analyses when the bending moments are approximated via a corresponding external loading, especially in case of the 2010 GL certification guidelines. This finding emphasizes the demand to reconsider the application of the superposition principal in fatigue analyses of modern flexible rotor blades, where geometrical nonlinearities become significant. In addition, a new load application methodology is introduced that reduces the geometrically non-linear behaviour of the blade in the finite element analysis.

ACE research vignette 004 : growing profitable or growing from profits?

This series of research vignettes is aimed at sharing current and interesting research findings from our team of international Entrepreneurship researchers. In this vignette, Professor Per Davidsson considers some of the dynamics associated with firm growth.

ACE research briefing paper 004 : emerging and young high potential start-ups

In this report we take a look at what separates high potential emerging and young start-ups from others. We compare the characteristics, intentions and behaviours of start-ups that we judge to be 'high potential' with other start-ups. We utilise the first two years of data from the CAUSEE study. We also compare Australian start-ups with a similar study conduced in the US.

Evaluation of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 004 (C004) aerosol retrievals at Kanpur, Indo-Gangetic basin

[1] We have compared the spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD, tau lambda) and aerosol fine mode fraction (AFMF) of Collection 004 (C004) derived from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Terra and Aqua platforms with that obtained from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) at Kanpur (26.45 degrees N, 80.35 degrees E), India for the period 2001-2005. The spatially-averaged (0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees centered at AERONET sunphotometer) MODIS Level-2 aerosol parameters (10 km at nadir) were compared with the temporally averaged AERONET-measured AOD (within +/- 30 minutes of MODIS overpass). We found that MODIS systematically overestimated AOD during the pre-monsoon season (March to June, known to be influenced by dust aerosols). The errors in AOD at 0.66 mu m were correlated with the apparent reflectance at 2.1 mu m (rho*(2.1)) which MODIS C004 uses to estimate the surface reflectance in the visible channels (rho(0.47) = rho*(2.1)/ 4, rho(0.66) = rho*(2.1)/ 2). The large errors in AOD (Delta tau(0.66) > 0.3) are found to be associated with the higher values of rho*(2.1) (0.18 to 0.25), where the uncertainty in the ratios of reflectance is large (Delta rho(0.66) +/- 0.04, Delta rho(0.47) +/- 0.02). This could have resulted in lower surface reflectance, higher aerosol path radiance and thus lead to overestimation in AOD. While MODIS-derived AFMF has binary distribution (1 or 0) with too low (AFMF < 0.2) during dust-loading period, and similar to 1 for the rest of the retrievals, AERONET showed range of values (0.4 to 0.9). The errors in tau(0.66) were also high in the scattering angle range 110 degrees - 140 degrees, where the optical effects of nonspherical dust particles are different from that of spherical particles.

Efecto de tres distancias de siembra sobre el rendimiento de tres variedades de tabaco habano (Nicotiana tabacum L.), en el municipio de Condega, Esteli

El presente estudio se desarrolló en la finca Cerro Azul, Comunidad de San Pedro, municipio de Condega, Estelí, situado a 620 msnm, 14° 72' 24'' Latitud Norte y 86° 56' 30'' Longitud Oeste, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de tres distancia de siembra de siembra (30.48, 35.56 y 40.64 cm) sobre el rendimiento de tres variedades de tabaco (Habano Criollo 751, Habano 2,000 y Habano 98). El ensayo se estableció en febrero del año 2,004. Se utilizó un diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con arreglos en Parcelas Divididas con cuatro réplicas, ubicando en las parcelas grandes las distancias de siembra. A los resultados obtenidos se les realizó un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias a través de la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey con un 95 % de confianza (8=0.05). Los resultados del estudio determinaron que las densidades estudiadas no presentaron efecto significativo en las variables evaluadas. Por otro lado, las variedades de Habano evaluadas demostraron alta significación estadística en la altura de planta y cortes realizados. Para el caso de la distancia entre plantas, los mayores promedios se observaron a los 60 DDT en la densidad de 30,629 plantas ha-1 con 127.78 cm y el menor valor la densidad de 26 814 plantas ha-1 con 120.98 cm. La variedad Habano 2 000 mostró la mayor altura con 128.92 cm, y 121.28 cm la variedad Habano Criollo con 121.28 cm. La mayor longitud de hoja se obtuvo en la densidad de 30 629 plantas ha-1 con un valor promedio de 49.41 cm, y la menor longitud de obtuvo en 35,725 plantas ha-1. Habano Criollo y Habano 2000 presentaron longitud de 49.55 y 49.10 cm. El peso final al beneficiado presentó diferencias estadísticas a los 94 y 102 ddt, siendo la densidad de 35,725 plantas ha-1 la de mayores valores (582.78 y 692.06kg ha-1) y la de menor promedio la densidad 26,814 (483.92 y 628.57 kg ha-1). La variedad Habano 98 evaluada a los 102 ddt mostró 684.78 kg ha-1 y 624.41 kg ha-1 para Habano Criollo. El cultivar Habano 98 con la menor distancia de siembra presentó la mejor relación Beneficio/Costo, obteniendo una ganancia de 2.03 dólar por cada dólar invertido.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 004]

Início dos trabalhos na Comissões e Subcomissões da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). O 1º Vice-Presidente da Comissão dos Municípios e Regiões, Mauro Miranda, esclarece sobre o cronograma da Subcomissão. A Subcomissão da União, Distrito Federal e Territórios teve a sua primeira reunião. O Relator da Subcomissão da União, Distrito Federal e Territórios, Sigmaringa Seixas relata sobre a norma de funcionamento da Subcomissão. O Presidente da Subcomissão dos Estados, Chagas Rodrigues relata que o assunto mais polêmico desta Subcomissão é a questão da divisão dos Estados. A Subcomissão do Poder Legislativo definiu que o tema sistema de governo deverá ser o primeiro assunto a ser debatido. Instalação e eleição dos membros da Comissão de Sistematização. Disputa para o cargo de relator da Comissão de Sistematização os deputados Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM) e Pimenta da Veiga (PMDB-MG) e do senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP). Após empate entre Bernardo Cabral e Pimenta da Veiga realizou-se outra eleição, com vitória do Deputado Bernardo Cabral.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 620]

Líderes negociam os últimos artigos das Disposições Transitórias. São discutidas a aprovação dos jogos de azar no país.Constituintes pedem a aprovação de um Plebiscito para decidir sobre a implantação da Pena de Morte. Também é discutida a anistia para a dívida das microempresas.

The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico

This document is intended for use by scientists and other citizens concerned with the ecological condition of estuaries, as well as by managers and lawmakers interested in the sustained use of estuaries for commercial and recreational purposes. It also addresses public concerns about the aesthetic quality of coastal areas vital to tourism and recreation. By producing this report on the ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico, we have taken one step in assessing the health of this environmental resource. We have produced an environmental report card to be used as a guide in the evaluation of management decisions and research directions. This report is organized in three parts: (1) an introduction that gives background information on the Gulf of Mexico, estuarine ecology, and the factors that impact estuaries in the gulf, (2) the main section on priority ecological indicators used to measure the condition of estuaries in the gulf and (3) an ecological report card that summarizes the data on ecological indicators and provides a rating of the condition of estuaries in each gulf state and for gulf estuaries overall. Many of the ratings were based on the percent area of estuaries in each state exhibiting degraded or adverse levels of an indicator.

Assessment of the structural properties of GaAs/Si epilayers using X-ray (004) and (220) reflections

We improved the method previously used to determine the lattice constants and misorientation of GaAs/Si by recording the patterns of X-ray (004) and (220) reflections. The (220) reflection was measured from the (110) cross section of a GaAs/Si epilayer. The structural properties of the GaAs/Si epilayers grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD) using an ultrathin a-Si buffer layer were investigated. The rotation angle of GaAs/Si epilayers grown by MOCVD using an a-Si buffer layer is very small and the lattice constants of these GaAs/Si epilayers agree quite well with elastic theory.

Competências das entidades inspectoras ou organismos de inspecção de acordo com a norma NP EN 45 004

O regulamento técnico relativo ao projecto, construção, exploração e manutenção de redes de gás combustível canalizado tem sofrido algumas alterações ao longo dos últimos treze anos. Este facto está directamente relacionado com o projecto de introdução do gás natural (GN) no território nacional, considerado como uma das prioridades na política energética dos últimos governos. A área geográfica de concessão de serviço público de importação de gás natural e do seu transporte e fornecimento através da rede de alta pressão encontra-se actualmente alargada a todos os municípios do continente, por força da Portaria n.º 2/2001, de 2 de Janeiro.

Face recogniton based on the optimal combination of neural networks, eigenfaces and least squares matching methods

Report of a research project of the Fachhochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Information Technologies. Automatic face recognition increases the security standards at public places and border checkpoints. The picture inside the identification documents could widely differ from the face, that is scanned under random lighting conditions and for unknown poses. The paper describes an optimal combination of three key algorithms of object recognition, that are able to perform in real time. The camera scan is processed by a recurrent neural network, by a Eigenfaces (PCA) method and by a least squares matching algorithm. Several examples demonstrate the achieved robustness and high recognition rate.