The commercial bark harvest of the African cherry (Prunus africana) on Mount Oku, Cameroon: Effects on traditional uses and population dynamics

Bark extracts of the African cherry (Prunus africana) are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study examined the effects of commercial bark harvest on population dynamics in the Kilum-Ijim Forest Preserve on Mount Oku, Cameroon and on traditional uses. P. africana is valued for its timber and as fuel although its greatest value is as a traditional medicine for human and animal ailments. Harvest has depleted the resource and has eroded traditional forest protection practices. I constructed matrix models to examine the effects of bark harvest on population structure and on population dynamics in harvested and unharvested populations. Harvesting simulations examined the effect on the population growth rate (λ) with differing levels of mortality of harvest-sized and large trees and differing harvest frequencies. Size class frequencies for the entire forest decreased in a reverse j-shaped curve, indicating adequate recruitment in the absence of harvest. Individual plots showed differences from the overall forest data, suggesting effects of natural and man-made perturbations, particularly due to bark harvest. One plot (harvested in the 1980s) showed a temporal difference in λ and fluctuated around one, due to alternating high and low fruiting years; other unharvested plots showed smaller temporal differences. Harvested plots (harvested illegally in 1997) had values of λ less than one and showed small temporal differences. The control plot also showed λ less than one, due to poor recruitment in the closed canopy forest. The value of λ for the combined data was 0.9931 suggesting a slightly declining population. The elasticity matrix for the combined data indicated the population growth rate was most sensitive to the survival of the large reproductive trees (42.5% of the elasticity). In perturbation analyses, reducing the survival of the large trees caused the largest reductions in λ. Simulations involving harvesting frequency indicated λ returns to pre-harvest conditions if trees are re-harvested after 10–15 years, but only if the large trees are left unharvested. Management scenarios suggest harvest can be sustainable if seedlings and small saplings are planted in the forest and actively managed, although large-scale plantations may be the only feasible option to meet market demand. ^

A tapestry of land uses and land covers typify our study site. Here, a commercial farm surrounds a new residential development.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DBI-0620409 and #DEB-9910514. This image is made available for non-commercial or educational use only.

Circular migration and the Internet: The role of social networks in the sociocultural context of Mexican residents in Barcelona

This work focuses on the study of the circular migration between America and Europe, particularly in the discussion about knowledge transfer and the way that social networks reconfigure the form of information distribution among people, that due to labor and academic issues have left their own country. The main purpose of this work is to study the impact of social media use in migration flows between Mexico and Spain, more specifically the use by Mexican migrants who have moved for  multiple years principally for educational purposes and then have returned to their respective locations in Mexico seeking to integrate themselves into the labor market. Our data collection concentrated exclusively on a group created on Facebook by Mexicans who mostly reside in Barcelona, Spain or wish to travel to the city for economic, educational or tourist reasons.  The results of this research show that while social networks are spaces for exchange and integration, there is a clear tendency by this group to "narrow lines" and to look back to their homeland, slowing the process of opening socially in their new context.

A importância dos média e da língua de acolhimento na integração de imigrantes. Estudos de caso : a comunidade nepalesa de Portugal e a comunidade portuguesa em Macau

Esta pesquisa foca-se na comunidade imigrante portuguesa em Macau e na comunidade imigrante nepalesa em Portugal. Analisa os usos dos média – étnicos, mainstream e transnacionais - por imigrantes durante o processo de integração: na manutenção de laços com o país de origem e na adaptação à sociedade de acolhimento, em que a língua de acolhimento assume um papel crucial. A investigação enquadra-se nos estudos de audiências e baseia-se na teoria dos Usos e Gratificações dos Média (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974). No que respeita à integração assenta no modelo de estratégias de aculturação de Berry & Sam (2001, 2006). Quanto à língua, assenta na teoria do poder e da prática de Bourdieu (1991), especificamente na parte relativa ao poder simbólico da língua. Quanto à metodologia, foram realizadas oito entrevistas em profundidade na comunidade nepalesa e 29 entrevistas na comunidade portuguesa. A amostra foi de conveniência e teoricamente sustentada. A seguir às entrevistas, foi feita uma análise de conteúdo individual e transversal. Esta tese pretende contribuir para o enriquecimento de linhas de investigação sobre audiências activas dos média. Poderá servir de fonte de informação para políticas relacionadas com a integração de imigrantes, nomeadamente, para reformulação de políticas relacionadas com os média e com a língua de acolhimento. No caso de empresas de comunicação, a informação obtida poderá ser útil para adaptarem melhor os seus conteúdos a este público específico.

Virtual Professional Network as a Value Creator in the Dental Business

The research of virtual professional networks has been enormous but the lack of research in the dental field was obvious. This study focuses on those uses and gratifications, and motives of participants that a virtual pro-fessional network should fulfil. The aim of this study is to understand the factors behind the successful virtual professional network, and motives of participants that support a particular business network’s building up for contributing its further success. In this study the focus is on particular mo-tives, needs and benefits of participants that are significant for the net-work’s further development. The study will explore relevant scientific research and theory that is char-acteristic in networking, and theories of user’s needs and motives. Empiri-cal data was collected from dental professionals by net based question-naire that was sent by e-mail. Data analysis was done by quantitative fac-tor analysis. The findings of this study were obvious that virtual knowledge of implantology is inadequate and knowledge is rather difficult to find in the Internet. Sharing of virtual knowledge, net-learning and communication were seen to improve the quality of impolantological professionalism and also the development of these areas was experienced essential. On the grounds of this study a host of a virtual professional network can focus on those aspects that serve the users at best, can develop professionalism in implantology and can profit in its own business operations.

Value Co-Creation Through Virtual Community environment, Case: Oma Olivia

The purpose of this thesis is to examine what elements of value co-creation create value for participants of Oma Olivia magazine through Olivia magazine’s virtual community environment. Furthermore the aim is to discover why readers take part in creating Oma Olivia in order to discover is Oma Olivia worth publishing in the future. The data is collected from secondary and primary sources by scanning the existing academic literature and by conducting interviews and surveys. The empirical results state that the hypothesis model created from the academic literature is statistically significant and the elements of value co- creation process create value for readers. Magazine publishing organization may want to consider publishing Oma Olivia also in the future due to its nature of creating value for customers.

Understanding Online Game Players' Post-adoption Behavior: an Investigation of Social Network Games in China

Retaining players and re-attracting switching players has long been a central topic for SNG providers with regard to the post-adoption stage of playing an online game. However, there has not been much research which has explored players’ post-adoption behavior by incorporating the continuance intention and the switching intention. In addition, traditional IS continuance theories were mainly developed to investigate users’ continued use of utilitarian IS, and thus they may fall short when trying to explain the continued use of hedonic IS. Furthermore, compared to the richer literature on IS continuance, far too little attention has been paid to IS switching, leading to a dearth of knowledge on the subject, despite the increased incidence of the switching phenomenon in the IS field. By addressing the limitations of prior literature, this study seeks to examine the determinants of SNG players’ two different post-adoption behaviors, including the continuance intention and the switching intention. This study takes a positivist approach and uses survey research method to test five proposed research models based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2; Use and Gratification Theory; Push-Pull-Mooring model; Cognitive Dissonance Theory; and a self-developed model respectively with empirical data collected from the SNG players of one of the biggest SNG providers in China. A total of 3919 valid responses and 541 valid responses were used to examine the continuance intention and the switching intention, respectively. SEM is utilized as the data analysis method. The proposed research models are supported by the empirical data. The continuance intention is determined by enjoyment, fantasy, escapism, social interaction, social presence, social influence, achievement and habit. The switching intention is determined by enjoyment, satisfaction, subjective norms, descriptive norms, alternative attractiveness, the need for variety, change experience, and adaptation cost. This study contributes to IS theories in three important ways. Firstly, it shows IS switching should be included in IS post-adoption research together with IS continuance. Secondly, a modern IS is usually multi-functional and SNG players have multiple reasons for using a SNG, thus a player’s beliefs about the hedonic, social and utilitarian perceptions of their continued use of the SNG exert significant effects on the continuance intention. Thirdly, the determinants of the switch ing intention mainly exert push, pull, and mooring effects. Players’ beliefs about their current SNG and the available alternatives, as well as their individual characteristics are all significant determinants of the switching intention. SNG players combine these effects in order to formulate the switching intention. Finally, this study presents limitations and suggestions for future research.

FLUXO INTERNACIONAL DE FICÇÃO: A TELENOVELA BRASILEIRA NA BOLÍVIA

O fluxo internacional da telenovela brasileira na América Latina sempre enfrentou a concorrência daqueles tradicionais países produtores, México e Venezuela. Entretanto, na Bolívia, país de tradição cultural hispânica e indígena, as telenovelas da Rede Globo alcançam altos índices de audiência. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi descobrir como essa telenovela é vista pelos telespectadores bolivianos e o motivo dessa preferência. A partir da teoria dos Usos e Gratificações, de Elihu Katz, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa em Santa Cruz de la Sierra, com a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas, buscando compreender a recepção da telenovela nessa cidade. Foram analisadas, também, as grades de programação das principais emissoras deste país e seus índices de audiência. As principais conclusões foram: o sucesso das telenovelas brasileiras na Bolívia deve-se às temáticas abordadas, ao reconhecimento da qualidade de sua produção e das imagens veiculadas, assim como às estratégias de venda da emissora brasileira. Os telespectadores desse país utilizam o conteúdo das telenovelas como instrumento de informação e de aprendizagem e o gênero satisfaz a necessidade de evasão da realidade e as necessidades afetivas.(AU)

FLUXO INTERNACIONAL DE FICÇÃO: A TELENOVELA BRASILEIRA NA BOLÍVIA

O fluxo internacional da telenovela brasileira na América Latina sempre enfrentou a concorrência daqueles tradicionais países produtores, México e Venezuela. Entretanto, na Bolívia, país de tradição cultural hispânica e indígena, as telenovelas da Rede Globo alcançam altos índices de audiência. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi descobrir como essa telenovela é vista pelos telespectadores bolivianos e o motivo dessa preferência. A partir da teoria dos Usos e Gratificações, de Elihu Katz, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa em Santa Cruz de la Sierra, com a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas, buscando compreender a recepção da telenovela nessa cidade. Foram analisadas, também, as grades de programação das principais emissoras deste país e seus índices de audiência. As principais conclusões foram: o sucesso das telenovelas brasileiras na Bolívia deve-se às temáticas abordadas, ao reconhecimento da qualidade de sua produção e das imagens veiculadas, assim como às estratégias de venda da emissora brasileira. Os telespectadores desse país utilizam o conteúdo das telenovelas como instrumento de informação e de aprendizagem e o gênero satisfaz a necessidade de evasão da realidade e as necessidades afetivas.(AU)

"That's what social media is all about - engagement" : Hur märkesinnehavare använder visuell storytelling på Instagram för att skapa märkesgemenskaper

Utvecklingen av sociala medier såsom t.ex. Facebook och Instagram har inneburit nya möjligheter att kommunicera sin livsstil och sina personliga val, som överskrider såväl kulturella som geografiska gränser. Nya gemenskaper skapas. Detta får betydelse för hur konsumenter kommunicerar med varandra samt hur märkesinnehavarna kommunicerar med sina kunder. Syftet med min studie är att undersöka hur en märkesinnehavare inom mode använder sociala medier, i detta fall Instagram, i sin kommunikation med kunderna för att skapa engagemang kring sitt varumärke. Aktuell forskning visar att värde i varumärket skapas genom en ömsesidig kommunikation mellan märkesinnehavaren och konsumenterna. Kommunikationen sker både mellan märkesinnehavare och konsumenter samt mellan konsumenterna i en märkesgemenskap. Storytelling är ett verksamt medel i denna meningsskapande process. En semiotisk analys användes för att analysera bilderna och hur de bidrar till märkets storytelling. Resultatet visar att Instagram ger märkesinnehavare och konsumenter möjlighet att gemensamt skapa värde. De tekniska funktionerna i applikationen gör det lätt för märkesinnehavare att interagera med sina konsumenter och skapa en dynamisk märkesgemenskap. På Sabo Skirts instagramkonto är märkesinnehavaren och följarna tillsammans märkets författare. Följarna använder kläderna och ger dem betydelse i sin egen vardag samtidigt som märkesinnehavaren skapar möjligheter för dem att synas på ett instagramkonto med 1,5 miljoner följare. Detta kan tolkas med hjälp av teorin uses and gratifications som säger att användningen av media alltid är målinriktad. Människor väljer aktivt media efter vilka deras behov är och hur väl användningen tillfredsställer dessa behov.

FLUXO INTERNACIONAL DE FICÇÃO: A TELENOVELA BRASILEIRA NA BOLÍVIA

O fluxo internacional da telenovela brasileira na América Latina sempre enfrentou a concorrência daqueles tradicionais países produtores, México e Venezuela. Entretanto, na Bolívia, país de tradição cultural hispânica e indígena, as telenovelas da Rede Globo alcançam altos índices de audiência. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi descobrir como essa telenovela é vista pelos telespectadores bolivianos e o motivo dessa preferência. A partir da teoria dos Usos e Gratificações, de Elihu Katz, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa em Santa Cruz de la Sierra, com a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas, buscando compreender a recepção da telenovela nessa cidade. Foram analisadas, também, as grades de programação das principais emissoras deste país e seus índices de audiência. As principais conclusões foram: o sucesso das telenovelas brasileiras na Bolívia deve-se às temáticas abordadas, ao reconhecimento da qualidade de sua produção e das imagens veiculadas, assim como às estratégias de venda da emissora brasileira. Os telespectadores desse país utilizam o conteúdo das telenovelas como instrumento de informação e de aprendizagem e o gênero satisfaz a necessidade de evasão da realidade e as necessidades afetivas.(AU)

COMPRESSIBLITY AND PENETRABILITY OF LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO DISTRÓFICO (OXISOL) UNDER VARIED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND LAND USES

Soil compaction is one of the main degradation causes, provoked by inappropriate agricultural practices that override the limitations of the soil physical properties. Preconsolidation pressure and penetration resistance have proved effective as alternative to assess and identify soil compaction. Based on the interpretation of these physico-mechanical parameters, compaction can be prevented with a better adjusted soil management. This study was performed to generate preconsolidation pressure and penetration resistance models for Latososlo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (Oxisol) under various managements and uses; and evaluate which of these would lead to degradation or degradation susceptibility. The study was carried out in Curvelo, MG. Two managements and one land use were evaluated: no-tillage, sheep grazing and natural forest. Undisturbed soil samples collected from the 0-5 cm layer were subjected to uniaxial compression and penetration resistance tests. Preconsolidation pressure models for forest and no-tillage soils were not statistically different, demonstrating a low degradation potential in no-tillage systems. Preconsolidation pressure was higher in soil under sheep grazing at all water retention tensions and penetration resistance values were higher than under native forest indicating animal trampling as a potential degradation factor. Neither management presented penetration resistance values above 2 MPa at field capacity moisture. Only under sheep grazing the soil penetrability was near 2 MPa at field capacity and values greater than 2 MPa at 0.2 kg kg-1.

Regulating industrial forest concessions in Central Africa and South America

Tropical countries face special specific problems in implementing sustainable forest management (SFM). In many countries, questions are raised on whether tropical forests should be publicly, commonly or privately owned and managed in order to enhance sustainability. Other debates also focus on whether small-scale enterprises are better positioned than large-scale industrial concessions to reduce poverty and attain sustainable management. In countries where large tracts of forest are state-owned, concessions are viewed as a means of delivering services of public and collective interest through an association of private investment and public regulation. However, the success of an industrial concession model in countries with large forest resource endowment to achieve multiple goals such as sustainable forest management and local/regional development depends on two critical assumptions. First, forest functions and services should be managed and maintained as public goods. In many cases, additional uses - and corresponding rights - can take place alongside logging activities. Industrial concessions can be more efficient than other tenure models (such as community-based forest management and small-scale enterprises) in achieving SFM, add value to raw material and comply with growing environmental norms. This is especially the case in market-remote areas with low population density and poor infrastructure. Secondly, to achieve these different outcomes, any concession system needs to be monitored and regulated, especially in contexts dominated by asymmetrical information between regulating authorities and concessionaires. New institutional responses have recently been put forward in several countries, providing valuable materials to design a renewed policy mix which associates public and private incentives. This paper provides a survey of the experience of forest concessions in several Central African and South American countries. The concession system is examined in order to clarify the issues involved, the problems encountered, and what can be learned from the shared experience of these countries in the last decade. This paper argues that despite a sometimes patchy record, concessions can help promote SFM so long as they are packaged with a certain number of specific measures. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.