Surface electrode switching of a 16-electrode wireless EIT system using RF-based digital data transmission scheme with 8 channel encoder/decoder ICs

A Radio Frequency (RF) based digital data transmission scheme with 8 channel encoder/decoder ICs is proposed for surface electrode switching of a 16-electrode wireless Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) system. A RF based wireless digital data transmission module (WDDTM) is developed and the electrode switching of a EIT system is studied by analyzing the boundary data collected and the resistivity images of practical phantoms. An analog multiplexers based electrode switching module (ESM) is developed with analog multiplexers and switched with parallel digital data transmitted by a wireless transmitter/receiver (T-x/R-x) module working with radio frequency technology. Parallel digital bits are generated using NI USB 6251 card working in LabVIEW platform and sent to transmission module to transmit the digital data to the receiver end. The transmitter/receiver module developed is properly interfaced with the personal computer (PC) and practical phantoms through the ESM and USB based DAQ system respectively. It is observed that the digital bits required for multiplexer operation are sequentially generated by the digital output (D/O) ports of the DAQ card. Parallel to serial and serial to parallel conversion of digital data are suitably done by encoder and decoder ICs. Wireless digital data transmission module successfully transmitted and received the parallel data required for switching the current and voltage electrodes wirelessly. 1 mA, 50 kHz sinusoidal constant current is injected at the phantom boundary using common ground current injection protocol and the boundary potentials developed at the voltage electrodes are measured. Resistivity images of the practical phantoms are reconstructed from boundary data using EIDORS. Boundary data and the resistivity images reconstructed from the surface potentials are studied to assess the wireless digital data transmission system. Boundary data profiles of the practical phantom with different configurations show that the multiplexers are operating in the required sequence for common ground current injection protocol. The voltage peaks obtained at the proper positions in the boundary data profiles proved the sequential operation of multiplexers and successful wireless transmission of digital bits. Reconstructed images and their image parameters proved that the boundary data are successfully acquired by the DAQ system which in turn again indicates a sequential and proper operation of multiplexers as well as the successful wireless transmission of digital bits. Hence the developed RF based wireless digital data transmission module (WDDTM) is found suitable for transmitting digital bits required for electrode switching in wireless EIT data acquisition system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Common Ground Method of Current Injection in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Surface electrodes are essentially required to be switched for boundary data collection in electrical impedance tomography (Ell). Parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers used, generally, for electrode switching in ELT. More the electrodes in an EIT system more the digital data bits are needed. For a sixteen electrode system. 16 parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers in opposite or neighbouring current injection method. In this paper a common ground current injection is proposed for EIT and the resistivity imaging is studied. Common ground method needs only two analog multiplexers each of which need only 4 digital data bits and hence only 8 digital bits are required to switch the 16 surface electrodes. Results show that the USB based data acquisition system sequentially generate digital data required for multiplexers operating in common ground current injection method. The profile of the boundary data collected from practical phantom show that the multiplexers are operating in the required sequence in common ground current injection protocol. The voltage peaks obtained for all the inhomogeneity configurations are found at the accurate positions in the boundary data matrix which proved the sequential operation of multiplexers. Resistivity images reconstructed from the boundary data collected from the practical phantom with different configurations also show that the entire digital data generation module is functioning properly. Reconstructed images and their image parameters proved that the boundary data are successfully acquired by the DAQ system which in turn indicates a sequential and proper operation of multiplexers.

Switching of a Sixteen Electrode Array for Wireless EIT System Using a RF-Based 8-Bit Digital Data Transmission Technique

Surface electrode switching of 16-electrode wireless EIT is studied using a Radio Frequency (RF) based digital data transmission technique operating with 8 channel encoder/decoder ICs. An electrode switching module is developed the analog multiplexers and switched with 8-bit parallel digital data transferred by transmitter/receiver module developed with radio frequency technology. 8-bit parallel digital data collected from the receiver module are converted to 16-bit digital data by using binary adder circuits and then used for switching the electrodes in opposite current injection protocol. 8-bit parallel digital data are generated using NI USB 6251 DAQ card in LabVIEW software and sent to the transmission module which transmits the digital data bits to the receiver end. Receiver module supplies the parallel digital bits to the binary adder circuits and adder circuit outputs are fed to the multiplexers of the electrode switching module for surface electrode switching. 1 mA, 50 kHz sinusoidal constant current is injected at the phantom boundary using opposite current injection protocol. The boundary potentials developed at the voltage electrodes are measured and studied to assess the wireless data transmission.

Foot-mounted INS for everybody - an open-source embedded implementation

We present an open-source, realtime, embedded implementation of a foot-mounted, zero-velocity-update-aided inertial navigation system. The implementation includes both hardware design and software, uses off-the-shelf components and assembly methods, and features a standard USB interface. The software is written in C and can easily be modified to run user implemented algorithms. The hardware design and the software are released under permissive open-source licenses and production files, source code, documentation, and further resources are available at www.openshoe.org. The reproduction cost for a single unit is below $800, with the inertial measurement unit making up the bulk ($700). The form factor of the implementation is small enough for it to be integrated in the sole of a shoe. A performance evaluation of the system shows a position errors for short trajectories (<;100 [m]) of ± 0.2-1% of the traveled distance, depending on the shape of trajectory.

A Vision-Based Micro-Newton Static Force Sensor Using a Displacement-Amplifying Compliant Mechanism (DaCM)

A micro-newton static force sensor is presented here as a packaged product. The sensor, which is based on the mechanics of deformable objects, consists of a compliant mechanism that amplifies the displacement caused by the force that is to be measured. The output displacement, captured using a digital microscope and analyzed using image processing techniques, is used to calculate the force using precalibrated force-displacement curve. Images are scanned in real time at a frequency of 15 frames per second and sampled at around half the scanning frequency. The sensor was built, packaged, calibrated, and tested. It has simulated and measured stiffness values of 2.60N/m and 2.57N/m, respectively. The smallest force it can reliably measure in the presence of noise is about 2 mu N over a range of 1.4mN. The off-the-shelf digital microscope aside, all of its other components are purely mechanical; they are inexpensive and can be easily made using simple machines. Another highlight of the sensor is that its movable and delicate components are easily replaceable. The sensor can be used in aqueous environment as it does not use electric, magnetic, thermal, or any other fields. Currently, it can only measure static forces or forces that vary at less than 1Hz because its response time and bandwidth are limited by the speed of imaging with a camera. With a universal serial bus (USB) connection of its digital microscope, custom-developed graphical user interface (GUI), and related software, the sensor is fully developed as a readily usable product.

A Gold Sensors Array for Imaging The Real Tissue Phantom in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Surface electrodes in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) phantoms usually reduce the SNR of the boundary potential data due to their design and development errors. A novel gold sensors array with high geometric precision is developed for EIT phantoms to improve the resistivity image quality. Gold thin films are deposited on a flexible FR4 sheet using electro-deposition process to make a sixteen electrode array with electrodes of identical geometry. A real tissue gold electrode phantom is developed with chicken tissue paste and the fat cylinders as the inhomogeneity. Boundary data are collected using a USB based high speed data acquisition system in a LabVIEW platform for different inhomogeneity positions. Resistivity images are reconstructed using EIDORS and compared with identical stainless steel electrode systems. Image contrast parameters are calculated from the resistivity matrix and the reconstructed images are evaluated for both the phantoms. Image contrast and image resolution of resistivity images are improved with gold electrode array.

Desarrollo de estándares y estrategias para el establecimiento de un archivo vivo del patrimonio digital alavés

[ES] Como parte de este proyecto de investigación se realizó el siguiente proyecto fin de carrera:

Enriching the content provided by cultural catalogues with data from institutional repositories

[EN] This paper is an outcome of the ERASMUS IP program called TOPCART, there are more information about this project that can be accessed from the following item:

Elektrokadiografo baten diseinu eta eraikuntza

Sistemen Informatikan Ingeniaritza Teknikoa (S.I.I.T.) karrerako amaierako proiektu honetan “ELEKTROKADIOGRAFO BATEN DISEINU ETA ERAIKUNTZA” aztertzen da. Sarrera gisa proiektuaren nondik-norakoak eta honen helburuak azalduko dira. Bigarren atalean elektrokardiograma (EKG), bere historia eta berarekin zuzenki lotuta dagoen elektrokardiografoa aztertzen dira. Bihotzaren aktibitate elektrikoak, EKG-rekin duen erlazioa azaltzen da eta azken honen atal desberdinak nola interpretatzen diren bihotzeko hainbat gaixotasunen diagnosia egiteko. Hirugarren atalean elektrokardiografoaren diseinu eta inplementazioa garatuko da lau azpiataletan banatuta. Lehenbizikoa, seinale bioelektrikoa eskuratzeko beharrezkoa den zirkuitu analogikoari dagokio. Bigarrena, seinalea mikrokontrolagailu baten bidez digitalizatu eta konputagailura USB bidez transmititzeko beharrezko zirkuitu digitala eta bere firmwareari. Hirugarrena, mikrokontrolagailutik datuak lortzeko Windows eta Linuxerako softwareari eta azkenik web aplikazio bati, gordetako datuak tratatu eta internet bidez aztertu ahal izateko. Ondorioetan lortutako emaitzak aztertuko dira eta elektrokardiografoaren diseinu eta inplementazioa hobetzeko proposamenak egingo dira. Bibliografian proiektua egiteko erabili diren web orrialde eta softwarera estekak zerrendatzen dira. Proiektuan lagundu didaten pertsona guztiei eskerrik beroenak, beraien laguntzarik gabe ezinezkoa izango baitzen hau aurrera eramatea. Azkenik eranskinetan CD bat atxikitzen da non garatu diren aplikazio guztiak, beraien iturburu kodea eta lortutako emaitzen datu fitxategiak dauden.

Cargador fotovoltaico para Smartphones de última generación.

[ES]Este proyecto tiene como objetivo diseñar e implementar un prototipo de un cargador fotovoltaico para teléfonos móviles de última generación. Dicho prototipo constará de un panel fotovoltaico, reguladores de tensión y corriente, un MPPT, un regulador de carga de batería, una batería auxiliar y una conexión USB para conectarlo al dispositivo a cargar. Para su realización, se llevará a cabo un estudio previo para obtener conocimientos sobre el funcionamiento de las nuevas tecnologías en esta área, su oferta en el mercado, y se hará uso de las herramientas necesarias para su diseño, implementación y pruebas posteriores.

Implementação Eletrônica de Sistemas Fuzzy.

Este trabalho investiga a implementação de sistemas fuzzy com circuitos eletrônicos. Tais sistemas têm demonstrado sua capacidade de resolver diversos tipos de problemas em várias aplicações de engenharia, em especial nas relacionadas com controle de processos. Para processos mais complexos, o raciocínio aproximado da lógica fuzzy fornece uma maneira de compreender o comportamento do sistema, permitindo a interpolação aproximada entre situações observadas de entrada e saída. A implementação de um sistema fuzzy pode ser baseada em hardware, em software ou em ambos. Tipicamente, as implementações em software utilizam ambientes de programação integrados com simulação, de modo a facilitar o trabalho do projetista. As implementações em hardware, tradicionais ou evolutivas, podem ser analógicas ou digitais e viabilizam sistemas de maior desempenho. Este trabalho tem por objetivo pesquisar a implementação eletrônica de sistemas fuzzy, a fim de viabilizar a criação de sistemas reais capazes de realizar o mapeamento de entrada e saída adequado. O foco é a utilização de uma plataforma com uma arquitetura analógico-digital baseada em uma tabela de mapeamento armazenada em uma memória de alta capacidade. Memórias do tipo SD (Secure Digital) foram estudadas e utilizadas na construção do protótipo eletrônico da plataforma. Também foram desenvolvidos estudos sobre a quantização, especificamente sobre a possibilidade de redução do número de bits. Com a implementação realizada é possível desenvolver um sistema fuzzy num ambiente simulado (Matlab), configurar a plataforma e executar o sistema fuzzy diretamente na plataforma eletrônica. Os testes com o protótipo construído comprovaram seu bom funcionamento.

Lentivirus介导分泌神经营养因子-3的基因工程神经干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的实验研究

神经干细胞(NSC)是中枢神经系统中具有自我更新能力和多种分化潜能的细胞,是脊髓损伤(SCI)后再生修复的理想材料和基因载体。我们探讨了Lentivirus介导分泌神经营养因子-3(NT-3)的基因工程NSC移植治疗SCI的可行性,以期为SCI后功能恢复的实验研究以及进一步临床研究提供基础资料。材料与方法一、实验材料1.试剂与来源:DMEM/F12、B27、N2(Gibco公司),bFGF(Sigma公司),Nestin抗体、NF-200抗体、GFAP抗体(武汉博士德公司),羊抗鼠NT-3抗体(USB公司),超信号West Pico化学发光底物试剂盒(Pierce34079ZZ)、人胚肾293T细胞购自武汉大学保藏中心,携带NT-3和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的Lentivirus的各种质粒由美国迈阿密大学Oudega M教授提供。2.实验动物:Wistar大鼠由成都军区昆明总医院实验动物中心提供。二、实验方法1.NSC的分离培养:取孕14d的Wistar胎鼠皮层组织,分离筋膜和血管,反复剪碎,再用200目细胞筛过滤,转入DMEM/F12,加B27添加剂、bFGF(20ng/ml);6~7d传代。

RF system design and measurement of HIRFL-CSRe

An RF system for the CSRe (cooling storage experimental ring) is designed and manufactured domestically. The present paper mainly describes the RF system design in five main sections: ferrite ring, RF cavity, RF generator, low level system and cavity cooling. The cavity is based on a type of coaxial resonator which is shorted at the end with one gap and loaded with domestic ferrite rings. The RF generator is designed in the push-pull mode and the low level control system is based on a DSP+FGPA+DDS+USB inter...

基于AT91RM9200的触摸屏驱动及三点校正算法

凭借Internet的优势,随着性能的提高和价格的下降,嵌入式系统的应用也更加的普及和广泛.本文介绍了在ARM-Linux操作系统下,基于USB接口的五线电阻触摸屏的嵌入式驱动程序和一种可用于纠正一些常见机械性误差的触摸屏三点校准算法,驱动的编译配置和算法的实现。由于校准算法简单、灵活,用软件实现,可降低嵌入式系统中的成本,提高产品质量。