Lehçe-i osmani.

Mode of access: Internet.

Kavaʼidi osmaniye /

Mode of access: Internet.

Mill̂ı arûz.

Mode of access: Internet.

Der türkische Dollmetsch für deutsche Zeitungsleser und Reisende nach der Lewante : eine Erklärung aller, sowohl in früherer Zeit bestandenen als auch seit den neuesten Veränderungen im osmanischen Reiche eingeführten Hofämter, geistlichen Würden, Militär- und Civil-Anstellungen, deren verschiedene Grade und ihrer Wirkungskreise, nebst mehreren häufig in der Conversation vorkommenden Ausdrücken : nach den vorzüglichsten Quellen in alphabetischer Ordnung zusammengestellt.

Mode of access: Internet.

Élémens de la langue Turque, ou tables analytiques de la langue Turque usuelle, avec leur développement ...

"Essai de vocabulaire françois-turc": p. 351-456.

Rapp vē gurtʻarěchěměz Yisus Kʻristōsun eēnki ahtě.

Translated by William Goodell.

Tinin tʻēmēlli pōrchlarěněn kēnch kʻristoneayē tʻarifi /

Translation of: The young Christian.

Pnakan astowadzapanowt'iwn... /

Turkish language written in Armenian script.

Neueste grammatik der türkischen sprache für deutsche zum selbstunterricht : nebst einer reichhaltigen sammlung von gesprächen, so wie einer türkisch-deutschen und deutsch-türkischen wörtersammlung /

Mode of access: Internet.

Éléments de la grammaire turke ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Türkisch : praktische Türkische Sprachlehre für Anfänger /

Mode of access: Internet.

S̆ejx Sulejman Efendi's C̆agataj-Osmanisches Wörterbuch : Verkürzte und mit deutscher Übersetzung versehene Ausgabe /

Mode of access: Internet.

Occupational titles and supposed gender-neutrality : A corpus-based diachronic study on gender-neutral occupational titles in American English

Traditionally, some occupational titles have been explicitly marked for the gender of the group dominating the occupation. For example, in male-dominated occupations, titles often end with -man. However, since the second-wave feminist movement, several of the previously gender-biased titles have been supplemented by new, gender-neutral titles. Previous research has shown a discrepancy between researchers regarding the implications of these new titles. Some argue that the gender-neutral titles are only used for female referents, whereas others claim that gender-neutral titles, especially for male- dominated occupations, tend to still presuppose maleness. In the present paper, a corpus-based study is conducted on a few selected occupational titles. The aim is to investigate whether the gender-neutral alternatives have increased in usage over time, and whether the gender-biased ones have decreased. In addition, the study aims at examining whether the gender-neutral forms tend to be used primarily for women or men. The present study is corpus-based, examining the particular terms in the TIME Magazine Corpus. The results of the study show that there has been an increase of the gender-neutral forms since their introduction to English, and that they are primarily used when there is no explicit gender referencing. Proposed explanations for these results are that it may depend on the type of work involved in the selected occupations, as well as them being male-dominated. Furthermore, the results indicate that the gender- neutral terms are opted for when gender is either unknown or irrelevant for the context. 

The linguistic situation in Kirkuk:a sociolinguistic study

This study is concerned with the linguistic situation in the town of Kirkuk in north eastern Iraq. In this town there are three main ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs and Turkmana with some very smell minorities such as Chaldeene, Assyrians and Armenians. The languages spoken by these three ethnic groups belong to different language Family groups. In the First cart of the study the historical background of the population, a review of the literature, both of the present linguistic situation in Kirkuk end of relevant sociolinguistics in general, and the theoretical Framework, have been discussed in detail in order to provide background to this study which is mainly concerned with the Following areas: 1. The relationships existing between ethnic background and language usage and language loyalty in Kirkuk. 2. The attitudes of Kirkukiane towards language maintenance and language shift in Kirkuk. 3. Bilingual, multilingual individual communicative competence of Kurds, Arabs and Turkmans in the languages concerned, including the degree to which such a speaker is bilingual or multilingual and the nature of bilingualism or multilingualism in different domains and situations in Kirkuk. To throw light a these areas a situationally-oriented language survey was conducted; the relevant data was collected by randomly distributed questionnaire, by parsonal interview, by personal observation of language use and language attitudes in this town. The data subjected to commuter analysis and the results proved that the were no significant and substantial correlations between the language use, attitudes and competence based on the socio-economic status of respondents in this town, on the other hand, the correlations between the ethnic backgrounds and the language, use, attitudes and competence are indisoutable.

Expresiones no verbales como enunciados realizativos: construcciones preposicionales y apelaciones enfáticas

El presente estudio revisa la caracterización de los enunciados realizativos, deteniéndose en aquellos que no presentan estructura oracional. Así, analizaremos las expresiones no verbales que presentan las características propiamente performativas: construcciones preposicionales encabezadas por núcleos ´locativos`, ´sumativos` y ´sustractivos` y apelaciones enfáticas. En este sentido, podremos determinar el valor de las preposiciones que introducen sintagmas equivalentes a predicados con sentido realizativo. Por otro lado, distinguiremos dos modos de enunciar en relación con la descortesía y la adulación: insultos y halagos. Dichas expresiones se describirán desde una perspectiva gramatical y prosódica, de modo que se atenderá a su capacidad para reproducir enunciados realizativos convencionales y de orientar el acento y la inflexión melódica a la transformación cognitiva y emocional de la realidad del individuo receptor.