Improvement of the ferroelectric properties of ABO(3) (A= Pb, Ca, Ba; B=Ti, Zr) films

High-quality ABO(3)/LaNiO3 (A = Ph, Ca, Ba; B = Ti, Zr) hetero structures have been grown on LaAlO3 (1 0 0) substrate by the chemical solution deposition method and crystallized by a microwave oven technique. The structural, morphological and electric properties were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), and dielectric and ferroelectric measurements. XRD patterns revealed single-phase polycrystalline and oriented thin films whose feature depends on the composition of the films. The AFM surface morphologies showed a smooth and crack-free surface with the average grain size ranging from 116 to 300 nm for both LaNiO3 electrode and the ferroelectric films. Dielectric measurements on these samples revealed dielectric constants as high as 1800 at frequency of 100 KHz. Such results showed that the combination of the chemical solution method with the microwave process provides a promising technique to grow high-quality thin films with good dielectric and ferroelectric properties. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of MHD duct flow by the penalty function formulation

A numerical scheme based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is presented to calculate the full solution of a three-dimensional steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow with moderately high Hartmann numbers and interaction parameters. An incompressible, viscous and electrically conducting liquid-metal is considered. Assuming a low magnetic Reynolds number, the solution method solves the coupled Navier-Stokes and Maxwell's equations through the use of a penalty function method. Results are presented for Hartmann numbers in the range 10(2)-10(3).

Gli infortuni sul lavoro in Brasile. Studio nello Stato di San Paolo del Brasile, regione di Botucatu, utilizzando il metodo dell'albero delle cause

This paper discusses, within the prevaling Brazilian situation, the possibility of applying 'Causal Tree' (CT) method in investigating occupational accidents by safety personnel in the public health services and workers' unions. The method was developed during the seventies in France, for use by plant safety personnel. The authors used this method in Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to investigate 40 serious occupational accidents that occurred in industrial plants during the second half of 1993, that had been registered by Social Security. In these cases, the predominance of situations in which the lack of safety measures were identified by inspection indicates that in most instances, the use of CT is unnecessary. However, the authors discuss its use by safety personnel from the public health services and workers' unions to investigate certain accidents to contribute to the knowledge base and help overcome the cultural based guilt which, in Brazil, has turned the victim into the person responsible for the accident.

Flujo de potencia AC descentralizado para sistemas de potencia multi-área usando un método de descomposición basado en relajación Lagrangiana

A decentralized solution method to the AC power flow problem in power systems with interconnected areas is presented. The proposed methodology allows finding the operation point of a particular area without explicit knowledge of network data of adjacent areas, being only necessary to exchange border information related to the interconnection lines between areas. The methodology is based on the decomposition of the first-order optimality conditions of the AC power flow, which is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. A 9-bus didactic system, the IEEE Three Area RTS-96 and the IEEE 118 bus test systems are used in order to show the operation and effectiveness of the distributed AC power flow.

Limitantes inferiores par ao problema de dimensionamento de lotes em máquinas paralelas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reformulações e relaxação Lagrangiana para o problema de dimensionamento de lotes com várias plantas

Pós-graduação em Matemática - IBILCE

Métodos de determinação da densidade básica e aparente da madeira de Eucalyptus sp

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Avaliação da tolerância ao alumínio em Urochloa spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relaxação Lagrangiana Aplicada ao Problema de Dimensionamento de Lotes em Máquinas Paralelas: Limitantes Inferiores

This paper addresses the single stage lot-sizing problem in parallel machines. Each item can be produced on any machine, and incurs a setup time before to start the production. The objective of this paper is to obtain lower bounds of good quality for this problem. A solution method is developed based on a reformulation of the problem and the Lagrangian relaxation of a set of constraints. Some computational results are presented comparing the proposed method with a method from the literature and with a computational package.

Sero-epidemiological evaluation of changes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission patterns over the rainy season in Cambodia

Background: In Cambodia, malaria transmission is low and most cases occur in forested areas. Seroepidemiological techniques can be used to identify both areas of ongoing transmission and high-risk groups to be targeted by control interventions. This study utilizes repeated cross-sectional data to assess the risk of being malaria sero-positive at two consecutive time points during the rainy season and investigates who is most likely to sero-convert over the transmission season. Methods: In 2005, two cross-sectional surveys, one in the middle and the other at the end of the malaria transmission season, were carried out in two ecologically distinct regions in Cambodia. Parasitological and serological data were collected in four districts. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP) and Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-119 (MSP-119) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The force of infection was estimated using a simple catalytic model fitted using maximum likelihood methods. Risks for sero-converting during the rainy season were analysed using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method. Results: A total of 804 individuals participating in both surveys were analysed. The overall parasite prevalence was low (4.6% and 2.0% for P. falciparum and 7.9% and 6.0% for P. vivax in August and November respectively). P. falciparum force of infection was higher in the eastern region and increased between August and November, whilst P. vivax force of infection was higher in the western region and remained similar in both surveys. In the western region, malaria transmission changed very little across the season (for both species). CART analysis for P. falciparum in the east highlighted age, ethnicity, village of residence and forest work as important predictors for malaria exposure during the rainy season. Adults were more likely to increase their antibody responses to P. falciparum during the transmission season than children, whilst members of the Charay ethnic group demonstrated the largest increases. Discussion: In areas of low transmission intensity, such as in Cambodia, the analysis of longitudinal serological data enables a sensitive evaluation of transmission dynamics. Consecutive serological surveys allow an insight into spatio-temporal patterns of malaria transmission. The use of CART enabled multiple interactions to be accounted for simultaneously and permitted risk factors for exposure to be clearly identified.

Hierarchical multi-label classification using local neural networks

Hierarchical multi-label classification is a complex classification task where the classes involved in the problem are hierarchically structured and each example may simultaneously belong to more than one class in each hierarchical level. In this paper, we extend our previous works, where we investigated a new local-based classification method that incrementally trains a multi-layer perceptron for each level of the classification hierarchy. Predictions made by a neural network in a given level are used as inputs to the neural network responsible for the prediction in the next level. We compare the proposed method with one state-of-the-art decision-tree induction method and two decision-tree induction methods, using several hierarchical multi-label classification datasets. We perform a thorough experimental analysis, showing that our method obtains competitive results to a robust global method regarding both precision and recall evaluation measures.

Magnetohydrodynamic Effects On Mixed Convection Flows In Channels And Ducts

This work focuses on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of electrically conducting fluids enclosed in simple 1D and 2D geometries in steady periodic regime. In particular, in Chapter one a short overview is given about the history of MHD, with reference to papers available in literature, and a listing of some of its most common technological applications, whereas Chapter two deals with the analytical formulation of the MHD problem, starting from the fluid dynamic and energy equations and adding the effects of an external imposed magnetic field using the Ohm's law and the definition of the Lorentz force. Moreover a description of the various kinds of boundary conditions is given, with particular emphasis given to their practical realization. Chapter three, four and five describe the solution procedure of mixed convective flows with MHD effects. In all cases a uniform parallel magnetic field is supposed to be present in the whole fluid domain transverse with respect to the velocity field. The steady-periodic regime will be analyzed, where the periodicity is induced by wall temperature boundary conditions, which vary in time with a sinusoidal law. Local balance equations of momentum, energy and charge will be solved analytically and numerically using as parameters either geometrical ratios or material properties. In particular, in Chapter three the solution method for the mixed convective flow in a 1D vertical parallel channel with MHD effects is illustrated. The influence of a transverse magnetic field will be studied in the steady periodic regime induced by an oscillating wall temperature. Analytical and numerical solutions will be provided in terms of velocity and temperature profiles, wall friction factors and average heat fluxes for several values of the governing parameters. In Chapter four the 2D problem of the mixed convective flow in a vertical round pipe with MHD effects is analyzed. Again, a transverse magnetic field influences the steady periodic regime induced by the oscillating wall temperature of the wall. A numerical solution is presented, obtained using a finite element approach, and as a result velocity and temperature profiles, wall friction factors and average heat fluxes are derived for several values of the Hartmann and Prandtl numbers. In Chapter five the 2D problem of the mixed convective flow in a vertical rectangular duct with MHD effects is discussed. As seen in the previous chapters, a transverse magnetic field influences the steady periodic regime induced by the oscillating wall temperature of the four walls. The numerical solution obtained using a finite element approach is presented, and a collection of results, including velocity and temperature profiles, wall friction factors and average heat fluxes, is provided for several values of, among other parameters, the duct aspect ratio. A comparison with analytical solutions is also provided, as a proof of the validity of the numerical method. Chapter six is the concluding chapter, where some reflections on the MHD effects on mixed convection flow will be made, in agreement with the experience and the results gathered in the analyses presented in the previous chapters. In the appendices special auxiliary functions and FORTRAN program listings are reported, to support the formulations used in the solution chapters.

Flüssigkristalline Ionomere zum Aufbau von Multischichtstrukturen

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von nematischen und smektischen LC-Polyestern, die mit ionischen Gruppen funktionalisiert wurden. Als ionische Gruppen wurden Phosphonsäure-salze und Phosphonium- oder Ammoniumgruppen verwendet. Je nach Polymerrückgrat erhält man LC-Ionomere, bei denen die ionischen Gruppen entweder an das Mesogen oder an den Hauptkettenspacer gebunden sind. Diese LC-Ionomere können zusammen mit amorphen Polyelektrolyten oder anorganischen Schichtmineralien für den Multischichtaufbau durch alternierende Adsorption von Polykation und Polyanion aus der Lösung verwendet werden (Methode von G. Decher). Die Multischichtbildung konnte mittels UV-Spektroskopie, IR-Spektroskopie, Kontaktwinkel-Messungen, Röntgenreflexionsmessungen und Oberflächen Plasmonen-Spektroskopie verfolgt werden. Die Subschichten sind zwischen 25 und 55 Å dick und hängen z.B. von der Polarität des Lösungsmittels ab. Erste cis-trans Isomerisierungen und Photoorientierungs-Versuche wurden durchgeführt.

Entwicklung und Evaluierung einer Modellhierarchie zur Simulation der aktinischen Strahlung in aerosolbelasteter und bewölkter Atmosphäre

Das Verstaendnis der in der Atmosphaere stattfindendenOzonproduktions- und Ozonabbaumechanismen ist eines derwichtigsten Ziele der aktuellen Umweltforschung. Da Ozon inder Atmosphaere ausschliesslich durch photochemischeProzesse gebildet wird, ist die Kenntnis der aktinischenStrahlung eine grundlegende Voraussetzung fuer die Prognosevon Ozonkonzentrationen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sichdaher mit der Modellierung der aktinischen Strahlung alsBasis zur Untersuchung photochemischer Prozesse. Dazu wurde eine Modellhierarchie entwickelt, welcheausgehend von der Berechnung der optischen Eigenschaften deratmosphaerischen Extingenten den Strahlungstransport in derAtmosphaere bestimmt. Dazu wurden verschiedeneStrahlungstransportmodelle verwendet, welche sich durch dieLoesungsmethode der Strahlungstransportgleichung und dieAnzahl der raeumlichen Dimensionen unterscheiden. Zur Ueberpruefung der entwickelten Modellhierarchie und zurUntersuchung des Einflusses der verschiedenen Extingentenauf das atmosphaerische Strahlungsfeld wurden zahlreicheSensitivitaetsstudien durchgefuehrt. Dabei zeigte sich, dasssich der Einfluss von Ozon fast ausschliesslich auf denAnteil der Strahlung mit Wellenlaengen kleiner 340 nmauswirkt. Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses vonAerosolpartikeln und Wolkentropfen auf die aktinischeStrahlung wurde festgestellt, dass die chemischeZusammensetzung, das Vertikalprofil, die Groesse und dieGroessenverteilung der Partikel einen entscheidendenEinfluss nehmen. Eine Evaluierung des 1-dimensionalenStrahlungstransportmodells an Hand von Vergleichen mit denErgebnissen anderen Strahlungstransportmodelle undverschiedenen Messungen ergab, dass die entwickelteModellhierarchie sehr zuverlaessige Resultate liefert. Die Effekte durchbrochener Bewoelkung konnten mit einer2-dimensionalen Simulation untersucht werden. DieUntersuchungen zeigen, dass die haeufig durchgefuehrteapproximative Betrachtung von partieller Bewoelkung mit1-dimensionalen Strahlungstransportmodellen im Vergleich zuden Ergebnissen der 2-dimensionalen Simulation grosse Fehlerverursacht, da die Effekte an den seitlichen Wolkenraendernvon den 1-dimensionalen Strahlungstransportmodellen nichtberuecksichtigt werden koennen.

Exact Algorithms for Different Classes of Vehicle Routing Problems

We deal with five problems arising in the field of logistics: the Asymmetric TSP (ATSP), the TSP with Time Windows (TSPTW), the VRP with Time Windows (VRPTW), the Multi-Trip VRP (MTVRP), and the Two-Echelon Capacitated VRP (2E-CVRP). The ATSP requires finding a lest-cost Hamiltonian tour in a digraph. We survey models and classical relaxations, and describe the most effective exact algorithms from the literature. A survey and analysis of the polynomial formulations is provided. The considered algorithms and formulations are experimentally compared on benchmark instances. The TSPTW requires finding, in a weighted digraph, a least-cost Hamiltonian tour visiting each vertex within a given time window. We propose a new exact method, based on new tour relaxations and dynamic programming. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods. In the VRPTW, a fleet of identical capacitated vehicles located at a depot must be optimally routed to supply customers with known demands and time window constraints. Different column generation bounding procedures and an exact algorithm are developed. The new exact method closed four of the five open Solomon instances. The MTVRP is the problem of optimally routing capacitated vehicles located at a depot to supply customers without exceeding maximum driving time constraints. Two set-partitioning-like formulations of the problem are introduced. Lower bounds are derived and embedded into an exact solution method, that can solve benchmark instances with up to 120 customers. The 2E-CVRP requires designing the optimal routing plan to deliver goods from a depot to customers by using intermediate depots. The objective is to minimize the sum of routing and handling costs. A new mathematical formulation is introduced. Valid lower bounds and an exact method are derived. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the new exact algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods.