Skin lesions in envenoming by cnidarians (Portuguese man-of-war and jellyfish): etiology and severity of accidents on the Brazilian coast

This work attempts to establish dermatological identification patterns for Brazilian cnidarian species and a probable correlation with envenoming severity. In an observational prospective study, one hundred and twenty-eight patients from the North Coast region of São Paulo State, Brazil were seen between 2002 and 2008. About 80% of these showed only local effects (erythema, edema, and pain) with small, less than 20 cm, oval or round skin marks and impressions from small tentacles. Approximately 20% of the victims had long, more than 20 cm, linear and crossed marks with frequent systemic phenomena, such as malaise, vomiting, dyspnea, and tachycardia. The former is compatible with the common hydromedusa from Southeast and Southern Brazil (Olindias sambaquiensis). The long linear marks with intense pain and systemic phenomena are compatible with envenoming by the box jellyfish Tamoya haplonema and Chiropsalmus quadrumanus and the hydrozoan Portuguese man-of-war (Physalis physalis). There was an association between skin marks and probable accident etiology. This simple observation rule can be indicative of severity, as the Cubozoa Class (box jellyfish) and Portuguese man-of-war cause the most severe accidents. In such cases, medical attention, including intensive care, is important, as the systemic manifestations can be associated with death.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SNAKEBITE ACCIDENTS IN A METROPOLITAN AREA OF NORTHEAST BRAZIL

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of snakebite accidents reported by the toxicological assistance center in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Database information on snakebite accidents was analyzed regarding the period from January 2003 to December 2011. A total of 1063 cases were found. The accidents occurred during the rainy months (March, April and May), in urban areas (52.3%), affecting individuals younger than 50 years and predominantly among males (70.7%). The lower limbs were the most frequently affected body area (33.7%). Most accidents involved non-venomous snakes (76.1%). The genus Bothrops was the main one involved in venomous accidents (83%). It is expected that this study can be used as the substrate to improve healthcare surveillance and implementing better measures for the treatment of this population.

Training-related accidents during teacher-student-assistance activities of medical students

A survey was done to determine the most common hospital accidents with biologically contaminated material among students at the Medical College of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Six hundred and ninety-four students (between fifth and twelfth semesters of the college course) answered the questionnaire individually. Three-hundred and forty-nine accidents were reported. The accident rate was found to be 33.9% in the third semester of the course, and increased over time, reaching 52.3% in the last semester. Sixty-three percent of the accidents were needlestick or sharp object injuries; 18.3% mucous membrane exposure; 16.6% were on the skin, and 1.7% were simultaneously on the skin and mucous membrane exposure. The contaminating substances were: blood (88.3%), vaginal secretion (1.7%), and others (9.1%). The parts of the body most frequently affected were: hands (67%), eyes (18.9%), mouth (1.7%), and others (6.3%). The procedures being performed when the accidents occurred were: suture (34.1%), applying anesthesia (16.6%), assisting surgery (8.9%), disposing of needles (8.6%), assisting delivery (6.3%), and others (25.9%). Forty-nine percent of those involved reported the accident to the accident control department. Of these 29.2% did not receive adequate medical assistance. Eight percent of those involved used antiretroviral drugs and of these 86% discontinued the treatment on receiving the Elisa method applied to the patient (HIV-negative); 6.4% discontinued the treatment due to its side-effects; and 16% completed the treatment.

Venomous mollusks: the risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: conidae) in Brazil

Mollusks of the genus Conus present a venomous apparatus composed of radulae, a chitin structure linked to glands, which injects potent neurotoxic peptides, causing serious human envenomation and even death, associated with the blockage of certain receptors and muscular paralysis. No reported envenomation has occurred in Brazil, but certain populations are at risk of accidents.

Accidents caused by Bothrops and Bothropoides in the State of Paraiba: epidemiological and clinical aspects

INTRODUCTION: Bothrops and Bothropoides snakes cause 70% of the ophidic accidents in Brazil. The species that cause ophidic accidents in State of Paraíba are Bothropoides erythromelas, Bothrops leucurus and Bothropoides neuwiedi. METHODS: This is a prospective and transverse study, following a quantitative approach of accidents involving Bothrops and Bothropoides admitted to the Toxicological Assistance and Information Centers of Campina Grande and João Pessoa (Ceatox-CG and Ceatox-JP), aimed at identifying the epidemiological and clinical profile of such accidents. All of the patients admitted had medical diagnoses and were monitored at Ceatox-CG or Ceatox-JP. RESULTS: The genera Bothrops and Bothropoides caused 91.7% of the ophidic accidents reported. Snake bites were frequent in men (75.1%), rural workers (65.1%), literate individuals (69%) between 11 and 20 years-old (21.7%), and toes the most common area attacked (52.7%). Most (86.6%) patients were admitted within 6 hours after the accident/bite, with a predominance of mild cases (64.6%). The annual occurrence in Paraíba was 5.5 accidents/100,000 inhabitants and lethality was 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Positive changes in the profiles of these accidents were verified, such as the non-application of inadequate solutions, including the use of tourniquet, coffee grounds, garlic, suction and/or cutting the bitten area. Moreover, the Itinerant Laboratory project, linked to Paraíba State University in partnership with Ceatox-CG, has contributed positively, providing several cities of the state with information regarding the prevention of accidents involving venomous animals. The local press has also contributed, reporting the educational work developed by the centers.

Regulación de la distribución eléctrica en España: análisis económico de una década, 1987-1997

A principis dels anys 80 es va implementar a Espanya un sistema de regulació pel sector elèctric conegut com a Marco Legal Estable, que pretenia donar una solució a la situació de precarietat econòmica i financera per la que passava la indústria en aquests moments. Aquest marc legal es basava en un sitema multiproducte, en el que es retribuïa a les empreses no pels costos efectivaments 'incurridos', sino per uns costos estàndards calculats pel regulador d'igual manera per a totes les empreses. En aquest treball s'analitzan les conseqüències que va tenir l'aplicació d'aquest sistema de regulació en l'activitat de distribució elèctrica.

Proceso del desarrollo exportador de las empresas industriales españolas que participan en un consorcio de exportación: un estudio de caso

El proceso de internacionalización ha dejado de ser visto como una aventura individual por parte de las empresas, porque cada vez se convierten en parte de una red de acuerdos que trascienden fronteras. Por lo tanto, el camino directo a la proyección internacional ha sido reemplazado por nuevos métodos de cooperación; de tal forma que, la elección de los socios, y el ámbito de los acuerdos y fórmulas contractuales se ha convertido en aspectos claves en la estrategia internacional de las empresas. En éste ámbito, han surgido los denominados consorcios de exportación los cuales se vienen desarrollando en España durante las últimas décadas a través de los programas de promoción para la creación de consorcios de exportación, a través del Instituto Español de Comercio Exterior (ICEX) y el Consorcio de Promoción Comercial de Cataluña (COPCA). Sin embargo, son pocos los consorcios existentes en España y muchos de los que se intentan, no llegan a constituirse. Por otra parte, son pocos los estudios existentes en éste área, por lo que se detecta un vacío en el cuerpo de la literatura existente sobre la internacionalización de las empresas. Razón por la cual, la presente investigación está dirigida al análisis de las fases del proceso del desarrollo de internacionalización de algunas empresas industriales españolas que participan en un prototipo real de consorcio de exportación, y a la identificación de los factores que influyen en la elección del mismo como una vía alternativa para penetrar en los mercados extranjeros, por parte de las empresas.

Governance mechanisms in Spanish financial intermediaries

This paper examines the governance of Spanish Banks around two main issues. First, does a poor economic performance activate those governance interventions that favor the removal of executive directors and the merger of non-performing banks? And second, does the relationship between governance intervention and economic performance vary with the ownership form of the bank? Our results show that a bad performance does activate governance mechanisms in banks, although for the case of Savings Banks intervention is confined to a merger or acquisition. Nevertheless, the distinct ownership structure of Savings Banks does not fully protect non-performing banks from disappearing. Product-market competition compensates for those weak internal governance mechanisms that result from an ownership form which gives voice to several stakeholder groups.

Innovación tecnológica y resultado exportador: un análisis empírico aplicado al sector textil-confección español

En los últimos años, la relación entre tecnología y resultado exportador ha sido objeto de algunos estudios centrados en explicar la relación existente entre los distintos indicadores de las actividades tecnológicas y la performance internacional de las empresas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones centradas en este tema tienden a aproximar la estrategia innovadora de una empresa a partir de sus gastos en actividades de I+D cuando, en realidad, el concepto de innovación tecnológica podría resultar más amplio que la mera realización formal de actividades de I+D. En este trabajo en primer lugar se identifican aquellos factores que aproximan, de una forma más exhaustiva, las actividades de innovación tecnológica que realiza una empresa y, en segundo lugar, se averiguará su relación con el resultado exportador de la misma. Los resultados que se obtienen son satisfactorios ya que demuestran que la probabilidad y la intensidad exportadora de las empresas españolas del sector textil-confección dependen no sólo de sus inversiones en I+D, sino también de otras variables vinculadas a su estrategia innovadora.

Efficiency and quality in local government management: the case of Spanish local authorities

This study analyses efficiency levels in Spanish local governments and their determining factors through the application of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methodology. It aims to find out to what extent inefficiency arises from external factors beyond the control of the entity, or on the other hand, how much it is due to inadequate management of productive resources. The results show that on the whole, there is still a wide margin within which managers could increase local government efficiency levels, although it is revealed that a great deal of inefficiency is due to exogenous factors. It is specifically found that the size of the entity, per capita tax revenue, the per capita grants or the amount of commercial activity are some of the factors determining local government inefficiency.

Enfoque estructural vs recursos y capacidades: un estudio de los factores clave de éxito de las agencias de viajes en España

El objetivo principal de la investigación es, por una parte, contribuir al debate científico en curso en cuanto a los dos enfoques: enfoque estructural y enfoque de los recursos y capacidades, y, por tanto, sobre la fuente de la ventaja competitiva sostenible. Por otra, aportar evidencia empírica al respecto que pueda ser útil a las empresas para la formulación de su estrategia. La investigación trata, pues, de averiguar los factores clave de éxito y, por tanto, las fuentes de la ventaja competitiva. Los resultados que se presentan en este trabajo forman parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el tema de los factores condicionantes de la ventaja competitiva y de los resultados económicos de las agencias de viajes que se ha realizado en este Departamento de la UAB.

Seniority-based pay: is it used as a motivation device?

The purpose of this article is to explain what factors determine the use of seniority-based pay for production workers in Spanish manufacturing industry. The data used in order to achieve these objectives was taken from 774 Spanish industrial plants. The estimation of several ordered probit models enabled us to see that in firms where it was more costly for management to engage in opportunistic behaviour, deferred payment shows a negative relation to the use of devices, like monitoring or incentive payment, designed to align workers’ objectives with those of the company.

Modelo para la idenfiticación de grupos estratégicos basado en el análisis envolvente de datos: aplicación al sector bancario español

Este trabajo explora la formación de grupos estratégicos en el Sector Bancario Español, a partir de una definición alternativa de grupo estratégico (GE). Un GE se define como un conjunto de empresas capaces de responder del mismo modo a perturbaciones. La capacidad de respuesta, o capacidad de adaptar la estrategia competitiva, se define a partir de las relaciones marginales (RM) entre las variables estratégicas (la pendiente de la frontera en un punto), y sirve de base para examinar la presencia de barreras a la movilidad. El Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) es la herramienta utilizada para el cómputo de las RM, aunque su uso genera dos problemas que son solucionados en este trabajo; la multiplicidad de RM para las empresas situadas en la frontera (líderes estratégicos), y la imposibilidad de encontrar RM para las empresas situadas por debajo de la misma (seguidores estratégicos).

Variaciones regionales de los precios de consumo y de las dietas en España, en los inicios de la transición demográfica

El principal objetivo de este artículo es proponer un nuevo procedimiento para analizar las variaciones en la composición de las dietas en las poblaciones del pasado, a partir de los precios al consumo de los alimentos. Nuestro interés por esta cuestión, surge en primer lugar de la estrecha relación que sugieren distintos autores, entre los cambios en la composición de la dieta y la mortalidad en las primeras fases de la transición demográfica europea. En el presente artículo analizaremos pues nuevamente las relaciones entre alimentación y mortalidad, pero centraremos principalmente la atención en dos cuestiones: (a) precisar mejor las diferencias regionales en la composición de la dieta de la población española a principios del siglo XX, cuando los niveles de la mortalidad todavía eran muy elevados y sus diferencias muy acusadas; y (b) mostrar que los índices de precios relativos de las subsistencias, pueden ser de mucha utilidad para detectar aquellas diferencias en las dietas.

Material flow accounting of Spain

Material throughput is a means of measuring the so-called social metabolism, or physical dimensions of a society’s consumption, and can be taken as an indirect and approximate indicator of sustainability. Material flow accounting can be used to test the dematerialisation hypothesis, the idea that technological progress causes a decrease in total material used (strong dematerialisation) or material used per monetary unit of output (weak dematerialisation). This paper sets out the results of a material flow analysis for Spain for the period from 1980 to 2000. The analysis reveals that neither strong nor weak dematerialisation took place during the period analysed. Although the population did not increase considerably, materials mobilised by the Spanish economy (DMI) increased by 85% in absolute terms, surpassing GDP growth. In addition, Spain became more dependent on external trade in physical terms. In fact, its imports are more than twice the amount of its exports in terms of weight.