The risk premium on brazilian government debt, 1996-2002

The goal of this paper is to identify the determinants of the risk premium on Brazilian government debt. As the risk premium is a component of the interest rate set by the Brazilian central bank, its reduction would make it possible for the central bank to cut interest rates to levels compatible with a higher economic growth environment. The empirical evidence presented in this paper does not reject the hypotheses that fiscal solvency and the size of the public debt affect the risk premium as measured by the spread over treasury bills of the Brazilian C-bond.

Foreign funding to an emerging market: the Monetary Premium Theory and the Brazilian Case, 1991 - 1998

We develop a framework to explain the private capital flows between the rest of the world and an emerging economy. The model, based on the monetary premium theory, relates an endogenous supply of foreign capitals to an endogenous differential of interest rates; its estimation uses the econometric techniques initiated by Heckman. Four questions regarding the capital flows phenomenon are explored, including the statistical process that governs the events of default and the impact of the probability of default on the interest rate differential. Using the methodology, we analyse the dynamics of foreign capital movements in Brazil during the 1991- 1998 period.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a pricing kernel using only US domestic assets data and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our stochastic discount factor as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)'s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)’s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by comparing this out-of-sample results with the one obtained performing an in-sample exercise, where the return-based SDF captures sources of risk of a representative set of developed and emerging economies government bonds. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward and the equity-premium puzzles: a straightforward test of whether they are two symptoms of the same illness

We build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— using information on US domestic financial data only, and provide evidence that it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape SDF’s generated by consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of the pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. In our tests, we address predictability, a defining feature of the Forward Premium Puzzle—FPP— by using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations both in the equity and the foreign markets.

Os desafios de comunicação da empresa com posicionamento mais premium frente a classe média emergente

Sob o acrônimo BOP (Bottom of Pyramid), muito se tem discutido sobre as vantagens empresariais de atender a uma classe emergente de aproximadamente 4 bilhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo (Prahalad 2005), como uma das formas de se defender da estagnação do consumo nos países mais desenvolvidos. Se hoje a discussão já está mais bem delineada, é muito em função de artigos de estudiosos como Prahalad, Hammond e Yunus que colocaram a base da pirâmide no centro do debate. Há empresas referência mundial nessa transição de atendimento para o BOP, como a GE na China ou a Unilever na Índia. Mas para o caso brasileiro, parece ainda não haver igual expressão, sendo a emergência do BOP mais recente. Algumas dessas empresas orientadas para as classes emergentes têm mudado seu modelo de negócios. Outras criam submarcas voltadas às classes emergentes e sofrem os impactos dessas decisões sobre a arquitetura de marcas. E, finalmente, há empresas que utilizam um conjunto de signos e códigos de comunicação na oferta de seus produtos e serviços que acreditam ser bem aceitos transversalmente nas classes sociais. O objetivo geral da dissertação foi avaliar quais códigos e signos de comunicação as empresas com posicionamento premium devem utilizar numa comunicação com essa classe emergente, sem correr o risco de afastar seu público-alvo original (das classes AB). O método inclui a ferramenta denominada Value Reframing (Reenquadramento de Valor), para a busca de novos valores para um produto ou serviço em um novo contexto de mercado. Tal ferramenta não prevê teste de rejeição dentro do público original. Então foram coletados: 1) os valores mais bem aceitos pela nova classe média; 2) os valores avaliados e não rejeitados por consumidores da classe AB. Em conclusão, é possível utilizar signos e códigos com aceitação nas duas classes (como uso do humor nas mensagens ou a sensação de que a mensagem foi direcionada para a pessoa). A adoção desses elementos podem ser mais bem sucedidos se acompanhados de uma discussão sobre o modelo de negócios vigente, para atender melhor a nova classe média.

A note on the forward and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— using information on US domestic financial data only, and provide evidence that it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape SDF’s generated by consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of the pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. In our tests, we address predictability, a defining feature of the Forward Premium Puzzle—FPP— by using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations both in the equity and the foreign markets.

Coordenação na cadeia produtiva de ovinocultura : o caso do Conselho Regulador Herval Premium

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de identificar iniciativas de coordenação na cadeia de ovinocultura. Após um período de desvalorização da ovinocultura, a cadeia produtiva encontra-se em um novo cenário frente as oportunidades de mercado para carne ovina e ao potencial produtivo da ovinocultura no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Diante deste novo cenário, produtores rurais da região da Serra do Sudeste buscaram uma forma de atuação diferenciada na cadeia vislumbrando obter resultados econômicos mais satisfatórios a partir da produção, através da agregação de valor aos produtos e integração dos agentes, aumentando a competitividade da cadeia de ovinocultura. Esta proposta de atuação originou o Conselho Regulador do Cordeiro Herval Premium. Objetivo geral do estudo é analisar a forma de atuação da iniciativa de coordenação do Conselho Regulador do Cordeiro Herval Premium na cadeia de ovinocultura do Rio Grande do Sul. Para atingir este objetivo no referencial teórico foram utilizadas as teorias de cadeia produtiva, cadeia de suprimentos, canais de distribuição, coordenação e alianças estratégicas. Como método de pesquisa foi utilizado o estudo de caso do Conselho Regulador do Cordeiro Herval Premium. A análise dos dados primários coletados a partir das entrevistas com os agentes participantes e dos dados secundários referentes a atuação da iniciativa de coordenação, permitiu a descrição do caso e obtenção dos resultados da pesquisa. Quais sejam: o Conselho Regulador do Cordeiro Herval Premium atua na cadeia da carne ovina como uma organização associativa de produtores com objetivo de coordenar a oferta de cordeiros oriundos de distintos estabelecimentos na região da Serra do Sudeste, através de um programa de seleção que garante padrão de qualidade e origem dos produtos, agregando valor a carne ovina. A coordenação na cadeia produtiva é exercida via aliança estratégica formada entre o Conselho e dois distribuidores. O Conselho coordena a cadeia de suprimentos de carne ovina, na medida que organiza o abate de cordeiros e fornece o produto de acordo com as exigências dos consumidores para atender a demanda do mercado. Por sua vez a aliança do Conselho com os distribuidores garante a estabilidade de um canal de distribuição constante para o escoamento da produção dos participantes do programa, o que lhes permite segurança de remuneração e fluxo de renda ao longo do ano.

Essays on illiquidity premium

This dissertation is composed of three related essays on the relationship between illiquidity and returns. Chapter 1 describes the time-series properties of the relationship between market illiquidity and market return using both yearly and monthly datasets. We find that stationarized versions of the illiquidity measure have a positive, significant, and puzzling high premium. In Chapter 2, we estimate the response of illiquidity to a shock to returns, assuming that causality runs from returns to illiquidity and find that an increase in firms' returns lowers illiquidity. In Chapter 3 we take both effects into account and account for the endogeneity of returns and illiquidity to estimate the liquidity premium. We find evidence that the illiquidity premium is a smaller than the previous evidence suggests. Finally, Chapter 4 shows topics for future research where we describe a return decomposition with illiquidity costs.

The forward and the equity premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

The Forward Premium Puzzle (FPP) is how the empirical observation of a negative relation between future changes in the spot rates and the forward premium is known. Modeling this forward bias as a risk premium and under weak assumptions on the behavior of the pricing kernel, we characterize the potential bias that is present in the regressions where the FPP is observed and we identify the necessary and sufficient conditions that the pricing kernel has to satisfy to account for the predictability of exchange rate movements. Next, we estimate the pricing kernel applying two methods: i) one, du.e to Araújo et aI. (2005), that exploits the fact that the pricing kernel is a serial correlation common feature of asset prices, and ii) a traditional principal component analysis used as a procedure 1;0 generate a statistical factor modeI. Then, using on the sample and out of the sample exercises, we are able to show that the same kernel that explains the Equity Premi um Puzzle (EPP) accounts for the FPP in all our data sets. This suggests that the quest for an economic mo deI that generates a pricing kernel which solves the EPP may double its prize by simultaneously accounting for the FPP.

The firm size wage premium : a quantile analysis

Empirical evidence shows that larger firms pay higher wages than smaller ones. This wage premium is called the firm size wage effect. The firm size effect on wages may be attributed to many factors, as differentials on productivity, efficiency wage, to prevent union formation, or rent sharing. The present study uses quantile regression to investigate the finn size wage effect. By offering insight into who benefits from the wage premi um, quantile regression helps eliminate and refine possible explanations. Estimated results are consistent with the hypothesis that the higher wages paid by large firms can be explained by the difference in monitoring costs that large firms face. Results also suggest that more highly skilled workers are more often found at larger firms .

The Brazilian class C women perception regarding premium mass products in the beauty industry

Recentemente, os mercados emergentes se tornaram um alvo potencial para a indústria da beleza e o Brasil está se tornando um mercado lucrativo para os produtos cosméticos Premium (Euromonitor International, 2013). A população de baixa renda no Brasil representa 70% de seus habitantes ao considerar as classes C, D e E (Barki e Parente, 2010), sendo a classe C representada por 56% da população (Neri, 2012). Este é um mercado potencial para as empresas multinacionais (MNCs), que enfrentam desafios de fazer negócios no país, visto que a classe C opta por gastar parte de sua renda com produtos relacionados a beleza (Silva e Parente, 2007) e ainda há um pouco conhecimento sobre o comportamento de consumo na base da pirâmide. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar e descrever o comportamento de consumo das mulheres brasileiras da classe C no setor de beleza, em relação aos produtos Mass Premium, melhorando o conhecimento no que diz respeito a essa população e ao tema proposto. Para atingir esse objetivo, o autor utilizou uma metodologia baseada em uma análise descritivas qualitativa em que foram entrevistadas 20 mulheres de todas as faixas etárias, que pertencem à classe C brasileira e citações foram usadas para fornecer a confirmação dos resultados da análise. Os resultados sugerem que, ao longo dos anos, houve de fato um movimento de trade up no consumo de produtos de beleza. Além disso, foram identificados cinco aspectos principais, que conduzem decisão de compra das mulheres de classe C, no setor de beleza: confiabilidade, qualidade, status, autoestima e bem-estar. Apesar das limitações de um estudo exploratório, espera-se que a pesquisa aumente o conhecimento sobre o mercado da base da pirâmide, especialmente no que diz respeito à indústria da beleza.

A systematic component of the jump-risk premium in an AJD model

We develop an affine jump diffusion (AJD) model with the jump-risk premium being determined by both idiosyncratic and systematic sources of risk. While we maintain the classical affine setting of the model, we add a finite set of new state variables that affect the paths of the primitive, under both the actual and the risk-neutral measure, by being related to the primitive's jump process. Those new variables are assumed to be commom to all the primitives. We present simulations to ensure that the model generates the volatility smile and compute the "discounted conditional characteristic function'' transform that permits the pricing of a wide range of derivatives.

Ecommerce as internationalization strategy: an exploratory study based on premium fashion brazilian brands: case study of farfetch

As stated by Hoffmann and Coste-Manière (2012) “The web is a mass medium that contrast completely with the traditional codes of exclusivity associated with the luxury industry, and has long been simply rejected by the luxury industry for being an illegitimate distribution channel.” Meanwhile this market presents an incomparable pace of growth and is gradually changing the existing retailing business model and companies must be aware of this change and capable to adapt to it. The internet and cross-border sales already changed the competition throughout retailing and it will increase even more, so companies must be ready to face it. Internet has shown its great opportunity for all markets, although luxury/premium market is not yet taking the proper advantage of its potential, but the necessity to be an omnichannel business strategy is growing. This paper presents an exploratory research based on a case study of how premium fashion Brazilian brands are using Farfetch, e-commerce, as an entry market strategy and how this affects them. The research question of this study is: How is Farfetch helping on the internationalization of Brazilian premium fashion brands?, and in order to answer it was conducted an in-depth interview with the Brazilian head of business development of Farfetch, apart an extensive secondary data research. As expected the study found a list of trade-offs of using an e-commerce, luxury specialized, with a marketplace approach to the brands willing to internationalize. As stated by Altagamma and McKinsey (2015) study “[...] luxury brands have no choice but to embrace the digital era and become truly omnichannel. This will require them a radical rethinking of both their customer experience of their consumer engagement strategy.” Looking either from the Farfetch point of view, trying to understand why they offer this opportunity to the brands, or also from the brand side if this is a manageable approach. This study presents a contribution for both sides, trying to give tools to the brands on understanding the internationalization reasons and approach, as well as explaining Farfetch business model, and the advantages it can bring to them, at the same time of a general market trend analysis for Farfecth.