A proposal of categorisation for analysing inductive reasoning

We present an analysis of the inductive reasoning of twelve Spanish secondary students in a mathematical problem-solving context. Students were interviewed while they worked on two different problems. Based on Polya´s steps and Reid’s stages for a process of inductive reasoning, we propose a more precise categorization for analyzing this kind of reasoning in our particular context. In this paper we present some results of a wider investigation (Cañadas, 2002).

Inductive reasoning in the justification of the result of adding two even numbers

In this paper we present an analysis of the inductive reasoning of twelve secondary students in a mathematical problem-solving context. Students were proposed to justify what is the result of adding two even numbers. Starting from the theoretical framework, which is based on Pólya’s stages of inductive reasoning, and our empirical work, we created a category system that allowed us to make a qualitative data analysis. We show in this paper some of the results obtained in a previous study.

Atomic oxygen surface loss coefficient measurements in a capacitive/inductive radio-frequency plasma

Spatially resolved measurements of the atomic oxygen densities close to a sample surface in a dual mode (capacitive/inductive) rf plasma are used to measure the atomic oxygen surface loss coefficient beta on stainless steel and aluminum substrates, silicon and silicon dioxide wafers, and on polypropylene samples. beta is found to be particularly sensitive to the gas pressure for both operating modes. It is concluded that this is due to the effect of changing atom and ion flux to the surface. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Inductive reasoning and semantic cognition: More than just different names for the same thing?

We describe evidence that certain inductive phenomena are associated with IQ, that different inductive phenomena emerge at different ages, and that the effects of causal knowledge on induction are decreased under conditions of memory load. On the basis of this evidence we argue that there is more to inductive reasoning than semantic cognition.

Relations between premise similarity and inductive strength

According to the diversity principle, diverse evidence is strong evidence. There has been considerable evidence that people respect this principle in inductive reasoning. However, exceptions may be particularly informative. Medin, Coley, Storms, and Hayes (2003) introduced a relevance theory of inductive reasoning and used this theory to predict exceptions, including the nondiversity-by-property-reinforcement effect. A new experiment in which this phenomenon was investigated is reported here. Subjects made inductive strength judgments and similarity judgments for stimuli from Medin et al. (2003). The inductive strength judgments showed the same pattern as that in Medin et al. (2003); however, the similarity judgments suggested that the pattern should be interpreted as a diversity effect, rather than as a nondiversity effect. It is concluded that the evidence regarding the predicted nondiversity-by-property-reinforcement effect does not give distinctive support for relevance theory, although this theory does address other results.

A defeasible reasoning model of inductive concept learning from examples and communication

This paper introduces a logical model of inductive generalization, and specifically of the machine learning task of inductive concept learning (ICL). We argue that some inductive processes, like ICL, can be seen as a form of defeasible reasoning. We define a consequence relation characterizing which hypotheses can be induced from given sets of examples, and study its properties, showing they correspond to a rather well-behaved non-monotonic logic. We will also show that with the addition of a preference relation on inductive theories we can characterize the inductive bias of ICL algorithms. The second part of the paper shows how this logical characterization of inductive generalization can be integrated with another form of non-monotonic reasoning (argumentation), to define a model of multiagent ICL. This integration allows two or more agents to learn, in a consistent way, both from induction and from arguments used in the communication between them. We show that the inductive theories achieved by multiagent induction plus argumentation are sound, i.e. they are precisely the same as the inductive theories built by a single agent with all data. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Causal knowledge and the development of inductive reasoning

We explored the development of sensitivity to causal relations in children’s inductive reasoning. Children (5-, 8-, and 12-year-olds) and adults were given trials in which they decided whether a property known to be possessed by members of one category was also possessed by members of (a) a taxonomically related category or (b) a causally related category. The direction of the causal link was either predictive (prey → predator) or diagnostic (predator → prey), and the property that participants reasoned about established either a taxonomic or causal context. There was a causal asymmetry effect across all age groups, with more causal choices when the causal link was predictive than when it was diagnostic. Furthermore, context-sensitive causal reasoning showed a curvilinear development, with causal choices being most frequent for 8-year-olds regardless of context. Causal inductions decreased thereafter because 12-year-olds and adults made more taxonomic choices when reasoning in the taxonomic context. These findings suggest that simple causal relations may often be the default knowledge structure in young children’s inductive reasoning, that sensitivity to causal direction is present early on, and that children over-generalize their causal knowledge when reasoning.

La publication en libre accès : étude sur les niveaux de connaissance et d'intérêt de la communauté de recherche des Facultés d'administration, de droit, d'éducation, d'éducation physique et sportive, de lettres et sciences humaines et de théologie et d'études religieuses de l'Université de Sherbrooke

Le présent essai est l'aboutissement d'une réflexion sur la place qu'occupe le libre accès dans la communauté scientifique. Bien que le libre accès ne constitue pas en soi une nouveauté, il occupe une place relativement marginale. L'auteur s'est d'abord penché sur l'évolution du libre accès dans le monde avant d'entreprendre une recherche terrain a l'Université de Sherbrooke pour mesurer l'intérêt et les connaissances de la communauté de recherche. Au terme de cette recherche, l'auteur a produit une analyse à partir des données qu'il a récoltées. Des recommandations ont par la suite été produites à l'intention de la direction du Service des bibliothèques et archives (SBA) dans le but de promouvoir le libre accès, porteur selon l'auteur d'économies potentielles pour les universités et d'une plus grande accessibilité au savoir autant pour les chercheurs que pour le grand public. Voici un bref aperçu desdites recommandations: Recommandation 1: Mettre sur pied une séance d'information et une brochure présentant le libre accès aux professeurs et aux étudiants de l'Université de Sherbrooke. Recommandation 2: Encourager les facultés à faire en sorte que soient déposés sur Savoirs UdeS les articles publiés par les professeurs. Recommandation 3: Entamer un dialogue personnalise avec les représentants de l'ensemble des facultés de l'Université de Sherbrooke pour établir la voie verte au libre accès. Recommandation 4: Assurer la synergie des dépôts institutionnels des universités québécoises. Recommandation 5: Assurer la défense des intérêts universitaires par un réseautage auprès des organismes subventionnaires.

Fractional order inductive phenomena based on the skin effect

The Maxwell equations play a fundamental role in the electromagnetic theory and lead to models useful in physics and engineering. This formalism involves integer-order differential calculus, but the electromagnetic diffusion points towards the adoption of a fractional calculus approach. This study addresses the skin effect and develops a new method for implementing fractional-order inductive elements. Two genetic algorithms are adopted, one for the system numerical evaluation and another for the parameter identification, both with good results.