Artificial neural networks applied in study of atmospheric parameters to high voltage substations concerning lightning

This gaper demonstrates that artificial neural networks can be used effectively for estimation of parameters related to study of atmospheric conditions to high voltage substations design. Specifically, the neural networks are used to compute the variation of electrical field intensity and critical disruptive voltage in substations taking into account several atmospheric factors, such as pressure, temperature, humidity, so on. Examples of simulation of tests are presented to validate the proposed approach. The results that were obtained by experimental evidences and numerical simulations allowed the verification of the influence of the atmospheric conditions on design of substations concerning lightning.

A modified Hopfield model for solving the N-Queens problem

A neural network model for solving the N-Queens problem is presented in this paper. More specifically, a modified Hopfield network is developed and its internal parameters are computed using the valid-subspace technique. These parameters guarantee the convergence of the network to the equilibrium points. The network is shown to be completely stable and globally convergent to the solutions of the N-Queens problem. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed approach.

Using neural networks for estimation of aquifer dynamical behavior

The systems of water distribution from groundwater wells can be monitored using the changes observed on its dynamical behavior. In this paper, artificial neural networks are used to estimate the depth of the dynamical water level of groundwater wells in relation to water flow, operation time and rest time. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. These results have shown that artificial neural networks can be effectively used for the identification and estimation of parameters related to systems of water distribution.

Um enfoque psicológico da educação ambiental no contexto da gestão: uma experiência de Fernando de Noronha

Currently, many companies pay attention to the necessities of change of attitude in relation to the use of the natural resources and the environment quality of its products, mainly to keep a positive and competitive image in the market. This new concept of management associates the productive activities to the care with environment using the education of environment as a tool of programs of qualification directed toward the promotion of pro-environment behaviors. For effectiveness of this management it is essential the attachment of the employees and the major understanding of the importance of the preservation of the environment. This was the objective of the qualification process carried out in a lodge in Fernando de Noronha island. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to verify the power of this management system which fulfills the objectives of the environmental education. It was applied questionnaires to employees of three Inns and carried out a interview, in one Inn, with the participants of the program of qualification. The analysis of the data showed that the actions as care with the environment are strongly associates to the management system, which includes garbage control, as well water economy. It was observed that the environment accomplishment (EcoAntro) of the employees with environment decreases in proportion to their qualification. In the same way, as higher the instruction level, of the speaker and/or of the father, less is the apathy for environmental questions. It was also noticed that the knowledge about the development sustainability was very poorly used by the interviewed. The pro-environment behavior mentioned before, is not necessarily related to a local autonomy posture that could express a behavior related to job but not to environment it self. Therefore, a complete understanding about the reverberation of environment information an all the placed factors in a life stile facing a construction of sustainability remains as a question to be studied in future researches

Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany / Bacchus und die bürgerliche Ordnung. Die Kultur des Trinkens im frühneuzeitlichen Augsburg

Lining the streets inside the city's gates, clustered in its center, and thinly scattered among its back quarters were Augsburg's taverns and drinking rooms. These institutions ranged from the poorly lit rooms of backstreet wine sellers to the elaborate marble halls frequented by society's most privileged members. Urban drinking rooms provided more than food, drink, and lodging for their guests. They also conferred upon their visitors a sense of social identity commensurate with their status. Like all German cities, Augsburg during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had a history shaped by the political events attending the Reformation, the post-Reformation, and the Thirty Years' War; its social and political character was also reflected and supported by its public and private drinking rooms. In Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany, Ann Tlusty examines the social and cultural functions served by drinking and tavern life in Germany between 1500 and 1700, and challenges existing theories about urban identity, sociability, and power. Through her reconstruction of the social history of Augsburg, from beggars to council members, Tlusty also sheds light on such diverse topics as social ritual, gender and household relations, medical practice, and the concerns of civic leaders with public health and poverty. Drunkenness, dueling, and other forms of tavern comportment that may appear "disorderly" to us today turn out to be the inevitable, even desirable result of a society functioning according to its own rules.

Public Drinking in the Early Modern World: Voices from the Tavern, 1500-1800

Until recently the role of the public drinking house has been approached from elitist, folkloric and anecdotal perspectives. The work of a new generation of social historians, however, has raised the tavern’s profile in the academic consciousness and confirmed its position within the mainstream of social and cultural history. It is now recognized that an understanding of the centrality of public drinking to the development of both elite and popular culture is vital to studies of social behaviour. The study of taverns has also been at the forefront of emerging interest in the history of consumption and material culture, and has contributed to a richer understanding of economic history. Constructions of gender and identity are also visible through research into the patterns of behaviour and discourse in and around the public house. This four-volume reset edition presents a wide-ranging collection of primary sources which uncover the language and behaviour of local and state authorities, of peasants and town-dwellers, and of drinking companions and irate wives. The documents are translated and set in their social and historical context, providing a multidisciplinary collection that will be of great importance to scholars of all areas of social and cultural history of the early modern period. The vast majority of this material is published here for the first time, ensuring that the collection will open up new avenues of research. Volume 1 draws heavily from the Parisian police archives and includes inspectors’ reports, complaints by the general public and details of court cases to build a picture of drinking in early modern France. Volumes 2 and 3 address public drinking in the Holy Roman Empire through a variety of chronicles, civic ordinances, court records, travel reports and surveys of public houses. Volume 4 locates taverns within a broader analysis of America’s public houses, drawing on visual material as well as journal entries, business reports and newspaper articles. Each volume is accompanied by editorial introductions and is annotated to provide readers with a high-quality resource of scholarly material.

Evolución histórica de la cartografía geológica en España, desde sus orígenes hasta los mapas de Verneuil y Collomb (1864) y Maestre (1865)

La presente Tesis muestra una visión en conjunto de la evolución de la cartografía geológica en España desde sus orígenes hasta el año 1864, cuando aparecieron, de forma simultánea, los dos mapas geológicos completos de España. El estudio se divide en doce capítulos. El primero es una introducción, con los objetivos y metodología del trabajo, así como en los antecedentes de estos trabajos. El segundo capítulo aborda la representación temprana del paisaje y de los elementos geológicos, desde las piedras grabadas de Abauntz, de hace 13.000 años, que se han interpretado como un mapa geomorfológico y de recursos naturales o el mapa con el volcán Çatalhöyuc en Turquía de 6.600 a.C., hasta las primeras representaciones cartográficas que surgieron con el desarrollo de las primigenias sociedades urbanas. El Papiro de Turín es un mapa del 1.150 a.C. con contenido geológico real que muestra con precisión la distribución geográfica de los distintos tipos de roca en la que se incluye información sobre minería. El tercer capítulo trata sobre cómo se establecieron las bases para la representación científica de la superficie terrestre en el Mundo clásico. Se hace un somero repaso a como se desarrollaron sus concepciones filosóficas sobre la naturaleza y de la cartografía en la Antigua Grecia y el Imperio Romano. En el cuarto capítulo se sintetiza la evolución de los conceptos cartográficos en el mundo medieval, desde las interpretaciones teológicas del mundo en los mapamundis en O-T de Las Etimologías del siglo VIII, o los Beatos, al nacimiento de una representación cartográfica verdaderamente científica en los siglos XIII y XIV, como son los portulanos, destacando el especial interés de la "Escuela Mallorquina". En el quinto capítulo se estudia el Renacimiento y la Edad Moderna, incidiendo en la importancia de la cartografía en los viajes de los descubrimientos, que marcan el mayor avance conceptual en la comprensión de la Tierra. La carta de Juan de la Cosa (1500) es la primera representación de América y además es el primer exponente de la cartografía producida por la Casa de la Contratación de Sevilla. Se presta especial atención a la representación de fenómenos volcánicos, con el ejemplo de las observaciones geológicas que realizó Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1478-1557), en las que se encuentran varios croquis sobre los volcanes de Nicaragua. Finalmente, se estudian las representaciones del subsuelo en la minería, que en esa época inauguraron un nuevo lenguaje pictórico, y las técnicas y saberes mineros en el ámbito hispanoamericano. El capítulo sexto es muy amplio, estudia el contexto científico internacional donde nacieron los primeros mapas geológicos, desde los primeros cortes geológicos realizados a principios del siglo XVIII, hasta el primer mapa geológico del mundo de Amí Boué (1843). En este estudio se estudian también los distintos avances científicos que se fueron produciendo y que permitieron que se levantaran los mapas geológicos. Se analiza la importancia del desarrollo de la cartografía topográfica, que permitió que se pudieran representar distintos elementos geológicos sobre ellos, dando lugar a los primeros mapas temáticos, como por ejemplo, el mapa de los recursos mineros del obispado de Salzburgo (1716). Se dedica un amplio capítulo a la influencia de la Academia de Minas de Freiberg, dónde Abraham G. Werner (1749-1817) impartía clases. Werner sistematizó los materiales geológicos que componen el edificio terrestre dividiéndolo en grandes unidades, de este modo se sentaron las bases que propiciaron la representación cartográfica. A partir de este momento se levantaron un buen número de mapas geognósticos. A principios del siglo XIX, las teorías de Werner empezaron a perder aceptación internacional, incluso entre sus discípulos, como Leopold von Buch (1774-1853) que desarrolló una teoría sobre el levantamiento de las montañas a partir del empuje causado por intrusiones ígneas. Desde la historiografía de la cartografía geológica, se considera un hito la aparición del mapa geológico de Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia, Smith (1815), sin embargo, desde el punto de vista conceptual, el mapa de Cuvier y Brogniart (1808) representa un verdadero mapa geológico con un claro relato histórico. Después se repasan las distintas ideas sobre los mecanismos orogénicos, en especial las de Élie de Beaumont, que ejercieron una gran influencia entre los geólogos de nuestro país. A continuación se trata la figura de Lyell y el desarrollo del actualismo. Finalmente se analiza el primer mapa geológico del mundo, obra de Boué (1843). El capítulo séptimo trata sobre las primeras representaciones gráficas de la Geología española que tuvieron lugar en la época del Reformismo Borbónico. Se empieza con un repaso al estado de la Geología en España en esa época a la que sigue un estudio de los principales hitos en la representación cartográfica con indicaciones geológicas. De este modo se analizan los escasos planos mineros realizados en América que representen los filones, los cortes mineros de Guadalcanal y Cazalla de Hoppensack, (1796) y la utilización de la cartografía en la remediación de los desastres naturales. Los cortes geológicos de Teruel al Collado de la Plata, Herrgen y Thalacker (1800), suponen la primera descripción moderna de un terreno que se realizó en España. A continuación, se menciona la importancia de las cartografías geognósticas, financiadas por la Corona española, realizadas en los Alpes por Carlos de Gimbernat a principios del siglo XIX. Por último, se estudian los caracteres geológicos de los planos para la investigación del carbón en Mallorca, de Taverns (1811). El capítulo octavo constituye el núcleo principal de la presente tesis, y se ha titulado la Época Histórica de la Geología española, en el que se estudian el desarrollo de la cartografía geológica en nuestro país, en el periodo comprendido entre la promulgación de la Ley de Minas de 1825, hasta la constitución de la Carta Geológica de Madrid y General del Reino, en 1849. Se hace primero un repaso a las circunstancias políticas del país, a continuación se sintetiza el estado de la Geología en España en dicho periodo, las instituciones, y las publicaciones. Después se estudia la contribución de los autores extranjeros al conocimiento de la Geología en España, como Charpentier, que en su mapa de los Pirineos está cartografiando parte del territorio español, o Leopold von Buch, Lyell, Silvertop, Cook, Haussmann, entre otros. A continuación se estudia ya la cartografía de distintas cuencas mineras o regiones de España. Se analizan los mapas por separado, estudiando las memorias que las acompañan y la biografía de sus autores. Se empieza por las tempranas contribuciones con estudios de las cuencas carboníferas en los que ya se encuentran cortes geológicos formales. Se incide con mucho mayor detalle en el análisis de las tres cartografías geológicas que aparecieron simultáneamente hacia 1834: las de La Mármora en Baleares, de Le Play en Extremadura y de Schulz en Galicia, tres productos muy distintos, pero que fueron los pilares fundantes de esta disciplina en España. Por una parte, la primera tiene un interés exclusivamente científico, mientras que las otras dos, se enmarcan en un proyecto de cartografía geológica nacional, de un carácter más aplicado. A continuación se aborda el estudio del conjunto de cartografías que van apareciendo sobre la Geología de España, empezando por la de Naranjo (1841) en Burgos, de Collette (1848) en Vizcaya, de Prado (1848) en el Noreste de León; Rodríguez (1849) en Teruel y de Luxan (1850) en el Suroeste de España. La última parte del capítulo analiza dos cartografías (todavía parciales) del conjunto del país, que aparecieron en Alemania hacia 1850: la de Ezquerra (1851) y la de Willkomm (1852). El capítulo noveno trata sobre la institucionalización de la cartografía geológica en España, que se inicia con la fundación de una comisión, en 1849, para levantar el mapa geológico del Reino. Durante este periodo, de todas formas, la Comisión sufrió diversos avatares, aunque, en resumen se puede considerar que se produjeron tres proyectos de cartografía: el primero es la serie de cartografías geológicas provinciales a escala 1:400.000, que se iniciaron con la de Madrid; el segundo son los estudios de cuencas carboníferas, gracias a los cuales se levantaron mapas geológicos en Sant Joan de les Abadeses, Maestre, (1855) y el Norte de la provincia de Palencia, Prado (1861), el tercero y último es el mapa geológico general de España, Maestre (1865). De todas formas, en este periodo también aparecieron cartografías geológicas realizadas por la Dirección General de Minas. El hito cartográfico final de esta tesis es doble, entre 1864 y 1865, se publicaron, por fin, dos mapas geológico completos de España: el de Verneuil y Collomb (1864) y el de Maestre (1865). Finalmente, en el décimo y último capítulo se analizan en conjunto todas las producciones cartográficas que se han ido estudiando a lo largo del trabajo y se exponen, a modo de conclusiones, las principales aportaciones de esta Tesis.

III. Diary, 1799

This diary, which John Henry Tudor titled A Registry of College Adventures, documents his life as a student at Harvard College. The entries describe his daily activities and notable events, including trips to the theater, hunting outings to "shoot Robbins," adventures with other students in local taverns, visits with his family in Boston and at the family estate, Rockwood, and the illumination of Cambridge in honor of George Washington's birthday. Tudor created and recorded a humorous classology, describing his peers at Harvard in a sometimes scathing manner, and also recorded information about those obliged to leave the College, usually following pranks or other unacceptable behavior. He also recounts his own involvement in pranks and other antics, which he believed to be the only antidote to the dullness of college life, and in one entry he describes an evening when he and several friends "disguised [them]selves like Negroes" and wandered into scholars' rooms without detection. Tudor was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club and the Porcellian Club ("the Pig club") while at Harvard and describes club meetings in several entries. There are also more reflective and personal entries, describing Tudor's feelings about his aging grandmother, his brother William's departure for Holland, and his desire for a "wife who shall make [him] happy[,] an affectionate dog [and] a farm & garden."

III. Diary, 1799

This diary, which John Henry Tudor titled A Registry of College Adventures, documents his life as a student at Harvard College. The entries describe his daily activities and notable events, including trips to the theater, hunting outings to "shoot Robbins," adventures with other students in local taverns, visits with his family in Boston and at the family estate, Rockwood, and the illumination of Cambridge in honor of George Washington's birthday. Tudor created and recorded a humorous classology, describing his peers at Harvard in a sometimes scathing manner, and also recorded information about those obliged to leave the College, usually following pranks or other unacceptable behavior. He also recounts his own involvement in pranks and other antics, which he believed to be the only antidote to the dullness of college life, and in one entry he describes an evening when he and several friends "disguised [them]selves like Negroes" and wandered into scholars' rooms without detection. Tudor was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club and the Porcellian Club ("the Pig club") while at Harvard and describes club meetings in several entries. There are also more reflective and personal entries, describing Tudor's feelings about his aging grandmother, his brother William's departure for Holland, and his desire for a "wife who shall make [him] happy[,] an affectionate dog [and] a farm & garden."

Diary of Elias Mann, 1796-1800

Elias Mann kept this diary during his undergraduate years at Harvard College. The diary begins August 17, 1796 and ends in August of 1800 and also includes several undated sheets filled with excerpts of poems. The daily entries describe many aspects of Mann's life, including not only his experiences at Harvard but also his involvement in the larger community. Entries related to life at Harvard describe club meetings (coffee club, Hasty Pudding Club and Phi Beta Kappa); trips to the theater; dinners at taverns; games and recreation, including a card game called "Loo," cribbage, backgammon, bowling, playing ball, fishing, skating and going for sleigh rides; gathering, and sometimes taking from others' gardens, food (most often plums, peaches, nuts and apples); what he ate (including one breakfast of three raw eggs and two glasses of wine); what he read (including Tristram Shandy and one of "Mrs. Ratcliffe's novels"); his friends, often mentioned by name; and academic work and formalities. In one entry he mentions the theft of several possessions from his room, and there are several entries about trips to Fresh Pond.

New York, N.Y. and vicinity, 1836 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the country thirty miles round the city of New York, designed & drawn by I.H. Eddy. It was published by J. Disturnell in 1836. Scale [1:190,080]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, turnpikes and toll locations, railroads, drainage, canals, selected public buildings (industry locations, taverns, etc.), selected private residences with names of landowners, cities and towns, county and state boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

North Carolina, 1808 (Image 1 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: To David Stone and Peter Brown, Esq. : this first actual survey of the state of North Carolina taken by the subscribers is respectfully dedicated by their humble servants, Jona. Price and John Strother ; engraved by W. H. Harrison. It was printed by C.P. Harrison in 1808. Scale [ca. 1:506,880]. This layer is image 1 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the western portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North Carolina State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 3200). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, canals, cities and towns, selected public buildings (churches, inns), industry locations (e.g. mills, mines, etc.), selected private buildings with names of property owners, state and county boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially and by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

North Carolina, 1808 (Image 2 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: To David Stone and Peter Brown, Esq. : this first actual survey of the state of North Carolina taken by the subscribers is respectfully dedicated by their humble servants, Jona. Price and John Strother ; engraved by W. H. Harrison. It was printed by C.P. Harrison in 1808. Scale [ca. 1:506,880]. This layer is image 2 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North Carolina State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 3200). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, canals, cities and towns, selected public buildings (churches, inns), industry locations (e.g. mills, mines, etc.), selected private buildings with names of property owners, state and county boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially and by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

North Carolina, 1808 (Image 3 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: To David Stone and Peter Brown, Esq. : this first actual survey of the state of North Carolina taken by the subscribers is respectfully dedicated by their humble servants, Jona. Price and John Strother ; engraved by W. H. Harrison. It was printed by C.P. Harrison in 1808. Scale [ca. 1:506,880]. This layer is image 3 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the eastern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the North Carolina State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 3200). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, canals, cities and towns, selected public buildings (churches, inns), industry locations (e.g. mills, mines, etc.), selected private buildings with names of property owners, state and county boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially and by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Origines juridiciales, or Historical memorials of the English laws, courts of justice, forms of tryal, punishment in cases criminal, law-writers, law-books, grants and settlements of estates, degree of serjeant, Innes of court and chancery.

Head-pieces: a few manuscript marginal notes; the "Chronica series" covers the period 1067-1671, and is extended in manuscript through 1727 (with omission of last four columns, magist. rotulorum & c., for 1722-1727.