Sugarcane tolerance to ratoon eradication with glyphosate determined by physiological responses

This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of sugarcane cultivars to ratoon eradication under different glyphosate rates by means of physiological responses. Therefore, a trial was carried out in randomized complete blocks with 4 x 4 factorial design (cultivars x rates) totaling 16 treatments with four replicates. The cultivars IAC91-5155, IACSP93-3046, and IAC86-2480 and IAC87-3396 and the glyphosate rates 0 g ha-1; 1,920 g ha-1; 2,400 g ha-1; 2,880 g ha-1 were tested. The variables analyzed were percentage of tiller mortality, quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and SPAD index. The results showed that there are differences among sugarcane cultivars for tiller eradication and for physiological responses with glyphosate different rates. The rate of 2,880 g ha-1 was the most efficient in eliminating sugarcane tillers. The cultivars IAC86-2480, IAC87-3396 and IACSP93-3046 were the most sensitive and the IAC91-5155 tolerated, for a longer period of time, the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the ratoons caused by glyphosate desiccation. Due to different responses, different managements should be considered for eliminating ratoons of different cultivars.

Glyphosate Herbicide Use in Urochloa brizantha Management in Intercropping With Herbicide-Resistant Maize

The success of the intercropping among cultivated species depends on the adoption of practices that provide, in due course, greater competitive ability of a species over another. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of glyphosate herbicide in the suppression of Brachiaria (signalgrass) intercropped with maize. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, the first factor corresponding to the doses of glyphosate (48, 96, 144, 240, 480 g ha-1 of the acid equivalent (a.e)) and the second one to the vegetative stages of the signalgrass at the time of application (2 and 4 tillers). Two controls were added to the treatment list, comprising controls without herbicide application and hand removal of the signalgrass. The number of plants, tillers and dry matter of signalgrass was reduced with glyphosate. The increase of the glyphosate doses enhanced the injure to the forage plants, mainly when the compound was sprayed at the two-tiller vegetative stage. The dry matter of maize plants increased proportionally to the glyphosate dose. However, the height of the maize plants was not affected. The grain mass and productivity of maize grain increased with increasing dose of glyphosate. The maize yield was negatively influenced on the untreated control. Glyphosate at 96 and 144 g ha-1, when applied at 2 and 4 tiller stage, respectively, reduces the growth of signalgrass and does not affect the maize grain yield.

Sistema vascular e controle do desenvolvimento de perfilhos em cereais de estação fria

As causas da ausência e/ou baixa sobrevivência dos perfilhos foram estudadas pela conexão vascular entre os perfilhos e o resto da planta. Foram conduzidos ensaios em telado e câmara de crescimento com genótipos de trigo, IPF-49865 (unicolmo), EMBRAPA-16 e BR-23 (multicolmo), de aveia, UFRGS-10 e UFRGS-15 e de cevada, FM-519. Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento foliar do colmo principal e dos perfilhos primários, o número de perfilhos primários e secundários, o número de perfilhos férteis e a vascularização e conexão vascular dos perfilhos com o resto da planta. A conexão vascular poderia explicar a inibição dos perfilhos pois, todos estavam conectados vascularmente com o resto da planta.

Dinâmica de foliação e perfilhamento de duas gramíneas C4 e uma C3 nativas do Cerrado

Este estudo comparou a fenologia de três gramíneas nativas do Cerrado em dois níveis estruturais: variação do número de folhas por perfilho (colmo) e do número de perfilhos por planta. As espécies C4 Axonopus marginatus (Trin.) Chase e Trachypogon marginatus (L.f.) Kuntze e a C3 Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase foram estudadas na Reserva Ecológica do IBGE em Brasília, Distrito Federal, entre novembro de 1996 e junho de 1998. A fenologia de perfilhos foi comparada em três comunidades vegetais: cerrado denso protegido de fogo por 26 anos, campo sujo protegido de fogo por 22 anos e campo sujo queimado bienalmente. A fenologia de folhas foi estudada apenas no cerrado denso. O número de folhas da espécie C3 foi sempre maior que das C4. A área foliar foi constante durante todo o período na espécie C3, mas decresceu nas espécies C4 durante a estação seca. Para as espécies A. marginatus e E. inflexa, o número de perfilhos foi maior no campo sujo protegido, seguido de cerrado denso protegido e do campo sujo queimado. O número de perfilhos de T. spicatus no campo sujo protegido foi o dobro do encontrado no campo sujo queimado; o campo sujo queimado, não diferiu do cerrado denso. As diferenças fenológicas foram mais claras no nível foliar que no de perfilhos. O fogo promoveu a simplificação da arquitetura da planta nas três espécies.

Development of mechanical methods for cell-tray propagation and field transplanting of dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.)

Since dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) must be propagated vegetatively due to lack of viable seeds, root splitting and stem cuttings are generally used to obtain true-to-type plant populations. These ordinary methods are laborious and costly, and are the greatest barriers for expanding the cultivation area of this crop. The objectives of this research were to develop nursery production of dwarf napiergrass in cell trays and to compare the efficiency of mechanical versus manual methods for cell-tray propagation and field transplanting. After defoliation of herbage either by a sickle (manually) or hand-mowing machine, every potential aerial tiller bud was cut to a single one for transplanting into cell trays as stem cuttings and placed in a glasshouse over winter. The following June, nursery plants were trimmed to a 25–cm length and transplanted in an experimental field (sandy soil) with 20,000 plants ha^(−1) either by shovel (manually) or Welsh onion planter. Labour time was recorded for each process. The manual defoliation of plants required 44% more labour time for preparing the stem cuttings (0.73 person-min. stemcutting^(−1)) compared to using hand-mowing machinery (0.51 person-min. stem-cutting^(−1)). In contrast, labour time for transplanting required an extra 0.30 person-min. m^(−2) (14%) using the machinery compared to manual transplanting, possibly due to the limited plot size for machinery operation. The transplanting method had no significant effect on plant establishment or plant growth, except for herbage yield 110 days after planting. Defoliation of herbage by machinery, production using a cell-tray nursery and mechanical transplanting reduced the labour intensity of dwarf napiergrass propagation.

Ruby Holler.

Historia que relata las aventuras unos mellizos huérfanos: Florida, una niña, y Dallas, un niño. Cuando la historia comienza tienen trece años, y viven en la Casa de los Niños, un miserable orfanato dirigido por los codiciosos señor y señora Trepid. Cada cierto tiempo son adoptados por una cruel o peculiar familia. Los hermanos dependen el uno del otro en lugar de buscar apoyo en los adultos y cada cual es el único amigo del otro. Un día el señor Trepid les informa de que van a un lugar llamado Ruby Holler para acompañar al viejo señor Tiller y a la señora Morey, por separado, en vacaciones. Tiller y Sairy Morey son una inusual pareja. Florida es la compañera de viaje del señor Tiller y Dallas ayuda a Sairy Morey a perseguir a un ave. Florida y Dallas, aunque no siempre obedecen las normas, hacer descubrimientos acerca de unos con los otros, así como de un tranquilo medio rural. Para edades comprendidas entre ocho y doce años.

La evaluación en un sistema educativo descentralizado : ¿dónde nos encontramos?, ¿hacia dónde nos dirigimos?

Se examina la descentralización del sistema educativo noruego. Con la descentralización las escuelas reciben un mandato de desarrollo más amplio que exige el aumento y la autoimposición de una evaluación y un control cualitativos. Se exponen las condiciones básicas para que la escuela pueda gestionar satisfactoriamente esas tareas y algunos consejos para profesores y autoridades escolares. Se examinan la utilidad y las ventajas de esta descentralización en relación con el carácter y los objetivos peculiares de la escuela noruega.

Vertical distribution, size and composition of the weed seedbank under various tillage and herbicide treatments in a sequence of industrial crops

Investigations were conducted during the 2003, 2004 and 2005 growing seasons in northern Greece to evaluate effects of tillage regime (mouldboard plough, chisel plough and rotary tiller), cropping sequence (continuous cotton, cotton-sugar beet rotation and continuous tobacco) and herbicide treatment on weed seedbank dynamics. Amaranthus spp. and Portulaca oleracea were the most abundant species, ranging from 76% to 89% of total weed seeds found in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths during the 3 years. With the mouldboard plough, 48% and 52% of the weed seedbank was found in the 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil horizons, while approximately 60% was concentrated in the upper 15 cm soil horizon for chisel plough and rotary tillage. Mouldboard ploughing significantly buried more Echinochloa crus-galli seeds in the 15-30 cm soil horizon compared with the other tillage regimes. Total seedbank (0-30 cm) of P. oleracea was significantly reduced in cotton-sugar beet rotation compared with cotton and tobacco monocultures, while the opposite occurred for E. crus-galli. Total seed densities of most annual broad-leaved weed species (Amaranthus spp., P. oleracea, Solanum nigrum) and E. crus-galli were lower in herbicide treated than in untreated plots. The results suggest that in light textured soils, conventional tillage with herbicide use gradually reduces seed density of small seeded weed species in the top 15 cm over several years. In contrast, crop rotation with the early established sugar beet favours spring-germinating grass weed species, but also prevents establishment of summer-germinating weed species by the early developing crop canopy.

Tritrophic effects of organic and conventional fertilisers on a cereal-aphid-parasitoid system

The impact of parasitoids on pests varies between conventional and low-intensity agricultural systems. Although the impacts on parasitoid natural enemies of many practices within these agricultural systems are well understood, the role of fertilisers has been less well studied. The effects of organic-based and conventional fertilisers on Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum Walker (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was investigated using cage release experiments and measures of aphid and parasitoid fitness were taken. Barley tiller number and aphid weight were increased by fertilisers, particularly under conventional treatments. Adult parasitoid size correlated positively with that of the host, M. dirhodum, whereas percentage parasitism was not affected by fertiliser treatment or host size. The results suggest that the increased parasitoid impact observed in some low-intensity or organic systems is not a direct result of fertiliser treatment. Our results indicate that fertiliser treatments that improve cereal-aphid fitness will improve parasitoid fitness as measured by parasitoid size but may not influence percentage parasitism.

A tillering inhibition gene influences root-shoot carbon partitioning and pattern of water use to improve wheat productivity in rainfed environments

Genetic modification of shoot and root morphology has potential to improve water and nutrient 19 uptake of wheat crops in rainfed environments. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying for a tillering 20 inhibition (tin) gene and representing multiple genetic backgrounds were investigated in contrasting 21 controlled environments for shoot and root growth. Leaf area, shoot and root biomass were similar 22 until tillering whereupon reduced tillering in tin-containing NILs produced reductions of up to 60% in 23 total leaf area and biomass, and increases in total root length of up to 120% and root biomass to 24 145%. Together, root-to-shoot ratio increased two-fold with the tin gene. The influence of tin on shoot 25 and root growth was greatest in the cv. Banks genetic background, particularly in the biculm-selected 26 NIL, and was typically strongest in cooler environments. A separate de-tillering study confirmed 27 greater root-to-shoot ratios with regular tiller removal in non-tin containing genotypes. In validating 28 these observations in a rainfed field study, the tin allele had a negligible effect on seedling growth but 29 was associated with significantly (P<0.05) reduced tiller number (-37%), leaf area index (-26%) and 30 spike number (-35%) to reduce plant biomass (-19%) at anthesis. Root biomass, root-to-shoot ratio at 31 early stem elongation and root depth at maturity were increased in tin-containing NILs. Soil water use 32 was slowed in tin-containing NILs resulting in greater water availability, greater stomatal 33 conductance, cooler canopy temperatures and maintenance of green leaf area during grain-filling. 34 Together these effects contributed to increases in harvest index and grain yield. In both the controlled 35 and field environments, the tin gene was commonly associated with increased root length and biomass 36 but the significant influence of genetic background and environment suggests careful assessment of 37 tin-containing progeny in selection for genotypic increases in root growth.

Improved endothelial function with simvastatin but unchanged insulin sensitivity with simvastatin or ezetimibe

In addition to their expected effects on lipid profile, lipid-lowering agents may reduce cardiovascular events because of effects on nonclassic risk factors such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Ezetimibe specifically blocks the absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol as well as plant sterols. Although it is known that an additional reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels can be induced by the combination of ezetimibe with statins, it is not known if this can enhance some pleiotropic effects, which may be useful in slowing the atherosclerotic process. This study assessed the effects of simvastatin and ezetimibe, in monotherapy or in combination, on markers of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity. Fifty prediabetic subjects with normo- or mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly allocated to 2 groups receiving either ezetimibe (10 mg/d) or simvastatin (20 mg/d) for 12 weeks, after which the drugs were combined for both groups for an additional 12-week period. Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and the area under the curve of insulin were calculated. As expected, both groups receiving drugs in isolation significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride levels; and additional reductions were found after the combination period (P <.05). After 12 weeks of monotherapy, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and urinary albumin excretion were lower in the simvastatin than in the ezetimibe group. No change in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, area under the curve of insulin, and adiponectin levels was observed tiller either the monotherapies or the combined therapy. However, simvastatin combined with ezetimibe provoked significant reductions in E-selectin and intravascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels that were independent of LDL-C changes. Our findings support claims that simvastatin may be beneficial in preserving endothelial function in prediabetic subjects with normo- or mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia. Alternatively, a deleterious effect of ezetimibe on the endothelial function is suggested, considering the increase in intravascular cellular adhesion molecule I and E-selectin levels. Simvastatin and ezetimibe, in isolation or in combination, do not interfere with insulin sensitivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Forskningscirkeln en arbetsform för att utveckla skolan mot en lärande organisationlärande organisation?

När samhället blir mera komplext ställs generellt sett allt större krav på enskilda individer och organisationer. Detta innebär också att t ex kraven på skolan som organisation ökar i motsva-rande grad. Om förändringar i skolan skall lyckas måste lärarna involveras (Hargreaves, 1998). Förändringen måste helt enkelt utgå från lärarna själva. “It is teachers who, in the end, will change the world of the school by understanding it“ (Lawrence Stenhouse, citerad i Egerbladh & Tiller, 1998). För många lärare är kärnpunkten när verksamheten skall förändras om den går att genomföra i praktiken. På det sätt som lärare förstår hur skolan fungerar kan även antas ha betydelse för hur de utför sina arbetsuppgifter. Det är mot en sådan bakgrund som s k forskningscirklar, som ett forum för ett möte mellan lärare och forskare, blir av intresse. Kan då också s k lärande organisationer innehålla forskningscirklar som en möjlig arbetsform för att både förstå och att utveckla skolans verksamhet i praktiken? Med utgångspunkt från den bakgrund som skisserats upp är syftet med detta paper sålunda att diskutera: a) Under vilka förutsättningar är det möjligt att tala om skolan som en lärande organisa-tion?b) Är det möjligt att betrakta forskningscirkeln som ett, av flera tänkbara, medel för att utveckla skolan mot en lärande organisation?Jag utgår från två av Senges (1995) huvudkriterier, personlig utveckling (Personal Mastery) och team-lärande, för att diskutera några aspekter av de frågeställningar som anges i syftet. För att ge en mer fullständig bild skulle det självfallet ha varit att föredra att de tre övriga kriterierna som Senge använder hade kunnat behandlas på ett motsvarande sätt. Jag väljer dock bort dessa då det inte finns möjlighet att klara av en sådan uppgift inom den begränsade ram som ett paper av den här typen ger utrymme för.

Half-sib progenies evaluation in velvet grass

O capim-lanudo (Holcus lanatus L.) possui grande potencial de utilização como pastagem de inverno nas regiões subtropicais, devido a seu bom estabelecimento, persistência, produção, resistência ao frio, palatabilidade e capacidade de afilhamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a variabilidade genética e a herdabilidade de caracteres agronômicos e identificar progênies superiores. Foram avaliadas 60 progênies de meios-irmãos, para altura (NH) e diâmetro da planta na fase vegetativa, duração do ciclo vegetativo (ciclo), altura final (FH) e número de afilhos. Houve diferença entre progênies para todos os caracteres. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 38%, 32%, 92%, 57% e 64% para NH, diâmetro, ciclo, FH e afilhos, respectivamente. O maior ganho genético estimado foi de 30,77 % para o número de afilhos. Existe variabilidade para todos os caracteres e são esperados ganhos na seleção entre progênies.

Componentes da Produção de Forragem em Pastagens dos Capins Tanzânia e Mombaça Adubadas com Quatro Doses de NPK

O trabalho foi conduzido na FCAV-Unesp, em Jaboticabal-SP, para avaliar os efeitos de quatro doses combinadas de NPK sobre os componentes da produção e das perdas de matéria seca (MS) em pastagens dos cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça de Panicum maximum Jacq., manejadas com 28 dias de descanso e com altura média de 30 cm de resíduo pós-pastejo. As avaliações foram realizadas em parcelas de 96 m² segundo um fatorial 2 (cultivares) x 4 (doses de NPK), em blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições. As adubações estudadas corresponderam ao decréscimo em 30 % e aos acréscimos em 30 e 60 % de uma dose padrão com 145; 21,6 e 180 kg/ha de N, P2O5 e K2O, respectivamente (referente a 1,2; a 0,08; e a 1,2 % de N, P e K na MS, com produção estimada em 12000 kg/ha). A MS verde (MSV) em pré-pastejo e no resíduo aumentou linearmente com a adubação, com maiores valores obtidos para o cv. Mombaça (9183 e 5227 kg/ha, respectivamente) do que para o cv. Tanzânia (6275 e 3808 kg/ha, respectivamente). A participação de lâminas foliares na MSV em pré-pastejo foi menor no cv. Tanzânia (51 %) do que no cv. Mombaça (54 %). A densidade de perfilhos não variou com a adubação. O aumento do peso de perfilho com a elevação das doses de NPK resultou em maiores produções de MSV. A MS senescida (média de 3108 kg/ha de MS) não diferiu entre cultivares. de modo geral, quanto maior a dose de adubo aplicado, maiores foram a taxa de acúmulo diário de MSV e a MSV perdida por pisoteio. O cv. Mombaça apresentou maior potencial de resposta à adubação do que o cv. Tanzânia, com taxas de lotação de 6,2 e 4,0 UA/ha, respectivamente.

Resposta de diferentes populações de Digitaria insularis ao herbicida glyphosate

Objetivou-se com estse trabalho avaliar o controle químico de diferentes populações de capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis) pelo herbicida glyphosate por meio de curva de dose-resposta, além de propor tratamentos alternativos para as populações mais tolerantes. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 9. As sementes de capim-amargoso foram coletadas em cinco locais: área de produção de grãos da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção da UNESP, Jaboticabal (SP); área de produção comercial de grãos, localizada nos municípios de Campo Florido-MG e Rio Verde-GO; pomar de laranja, localizado no município de Matão (SP); e área não agrícola sem histórico da aplicação de glyphosate (Jaboticabal-SP). O glyphosate (0D, 1/4D, 1/2D, D, 2D, 4D e 8D, em que D é a dose recomendada de 1,5 kg ha-1 de equivalente ácido) e as suas associações [glyphosate + fluazifop-p-butil (1,5 + 0,25 kg ha-1) e glyphosate (1,5 kg ha-1) com sequencial de diuron + paraquat (0,20 + 0,40 kg ha-1 + 0,2% de surfatante)] foram pulverizados em plantas de sete a oito perfilhos e altura média de 20 cm. As populações de capim-amargoso de Campo Florido e Rio Verde foram consideradas suscetíveis; as de Jaboticabal e Matão, tolerantes; e a da área não agrícola, de sensibilidade intermediária. A associação de glyphosate ao fluazifop ou a sua aplicação com sequencial de diuron + paraquat foram eficazes no controle das populações mais tolerantes de capim-amargoso.